1

2 بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم وَمِنْ آَيَاتِهِ خَلْقُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَاخْتِلَافُ أَلْسِنَتِكُمْ وَأَلْوَانِكُمْ إِنَّ فِي ذَلِكَ لَآَيَاتٍ لِلْعَالِمِينَ"(الروم:22)

3 IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE GRACIOUS, THE MERCIFUL

4 Shair Ali Khan Ms Sidra MahmoodTHE TRANSLATION OF THE VERSES OF QURAN PRAISING PROPHET MOHAMMAD SAW IN THE LIGHT OF THE ENGLISH TRANSLTIONS OF SUBCONTINENT: A SENTENCE STRUCTURE COMPARATIVE STUDY Presented in “ Problems of quran translation” conference held at international islamic university islamabad, pakistan, on April 2013 By Shair Ali Khan Assistant Professor Department of Translation & Interpretation Faculty of Arabic International Islamic University-Islamabad Ms Sidra Mahmood Lecturer English Virtual University Islamabad Campus

5 We have selected 11 verses that praise the Holy Prophet SAW.And two English Translations : The Holy Qur'an by Abdul Majid Daryabadi The Noble Quran by Dr. Mohsin Khan

6 Analysis of Verses (Aayats)

7 Verse No.(1) Surah At-Taubah (The Repentance) 9:128لَقَدْ جَاءكُمْ رَسُولٌ مِّنْ أَنفُسِكُمْ عَزِيزٌ عَلَيْهِ مَا عَنِتُّمْ حَرِيصٌ عَلَيْكُم بِالْمُؤْمِنِينَ رَؤُوفٌ رَّحِيم (Majid Darya Abadi) Assuredly there hath come unto you an apostle from amongst yourselves: heavy upon him is that which harasseth you, solicitous for you, and with the believers tender and merciful. (Dr. Muhammad Mohsin Khan) Verily, there has come unto you a Messenger (Muhammad SAW) from amongst yourselves (i.e. whom you know well). It grieves him that you should receive any injury or difficulty. He (Muhammad SAW) is anxious over you (to be rightly guided, to repent to Allâh, and beg Him to pardon and forgive your sins, in order that you may enter Paradise and be saved from the punishment of the Hell-fire), for the believers (he SAW is) full of pity, kind, and merciful.

8 Sentence Analysis: لَقَدْ جَاءكُمْ رَسُولٌ مِّنْ أَنفُسِكُمْQuran Text Sentence Arabic Darya Abadi Mohsin Khan لَقَدْ جَاءكُمْ رَسُولٌ مِّنْ أَنفُسِكُمْ Verbal sentence in present perfect form starting with a stress particle Verbal with stress عَزِيزٌ عَلَيْهِ مَا عَنِتُّمْ Nominal/ in place of adjective Nominal/ Adjective Verbal/ independent حَرِيصٌ عَلَيْكُم Nominal/in place of adjective Word to word Extensive commentary بِالْمُؤْمِنِينَ رَؤُوفٌ رَّحِيمٌ Nominal/ in place of adjective, predicate mentioned prior for rhetorical meaning

9 Full of pity, kind and mercifulSemantic Analysis: QURAN DARYA ABADI DR MOHSIN لَقَدْ assuredly verily رَسُولٌ apostle Messenger عَزِيزٌ Heavy Upon grieves عَنِتُّمْ harrasseth injury or difficulty حَرِيصٌ solicitous anxious رَؤُوفٌ رَّحِيمٌ tender and merciful Full of pity, kind and merciful

10 Verse No. (2) Surah Al Ahzab (The Confederates)33:40مَّا كَانَ مُحَمَّدٌ أَبَا أَحَدٍ مِّن رِّجَالِكُمْ وَلَكِن رَّسُولَ اللَّهِ وَخَاتَمَ النَّبِيِّينَ وَكَانَ اللَّهُ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلِيماً (Majid Darya Abadi) Muhammad is not the father of any of your males, but the apostle of Allah and the seal of the prophets; and Allah of everything is ever the Knower. (Dr. Muhammad Mohsin Khan) Muhammad (SAW) is not the father of any of your men, but he is the Messenger of Allâh and the last (end) of the Prophets[]. And Allâh is Ever All¬Aware of everything.

11 Sentence Analysis: Quran Text Arabic Type Darya Abadi Mohsin Khanَّ مَّا كَانَ مُحَمَّدٌ أَبَا أَحَدٍ مِّن رِّجَالِكُمْ: Nominal with rhetorical features Nominal, careful literal to the text of Quran Nominal with a praise abbreviation after the word Mohammad, careful literal وَلَكِن رَّسُولَ اللَّهِ وَخَاتَمَ النَّبِيِّينَ: Nominal according to the Quran text literal meaning of words. Nominal with semantic meaning of words وَكَانَ اللَّهُ بِكُلِّ شَيْءٍ عَلِيماً Nominal with rhetorical features Nominal, according to the word sequence of Quran, definite meaning of the last indefinite word in the text. Nominal, in plain sequence of the sentence , explanatory meaning of the indefinite Arabic last word in the text

12 Semantic Analysis: رِّجَالِ خَاتَمَ QURAN DARYA ABADI DR MOHSINmales men خَاتَمَ seal Last ( end ) عَلِيماً ever the knower Ever all aware

13 Verse No.(3) Surah Al Anbiya" (The Prophets)21:107 وَمَا أَرْسَلْنَاكَ إِلَّا رَحْمَةً لِّلْعَالَمِينَ (Majid Darya Abadi) And We have not sent thee except as a mercy unto the Worlds. (Dr. Muhammad Mohsin Khan) And We have sent you (O Muhammad SAW) not but as a mercy for the 'Alamîn (mankind, jinn and all that exists).

14 Sentence Analysis: Quran Text Arabic Type Darya Abadi Mohsin Khanوَمَا أَرْسَلْنَاكَ إِلَّا رَحْمَةً لِّلْعَالَمِينَ Negative verbal in past tense with rhetorical features Negative verbal in present perfect form Positive verbal in present perfect form with explanatory words just after the 2nd person pronoun and the last word

15 for the Alamin (mankind, jinn and all that exists(Semantic Analysis: QURAN DARYA ABADI DR MOHSIN ك thee You (O Muhammad SAW) إلا except not but as لِّلْعَالَمِينَ unto the worlds for the Alamin (mankind, jinn and all that exists(

16 Verse No. (4) Surah Al Ahzab (The Confederates)33:56إِنَّ اللَّهَ وَمَلَائِكَتَهُ يُصَلُّونَ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا صَلُّوا عَلَيْهِ وَسَلِّمُوا تَسْلِيماً (Majid Darya Abadi) Verily Allah and His angels send their benedictions upon the prophet. O ye who believe! send your benedictions upon him and salute him with a goodly Salutation. (Dr. Muhammad Mohsin Khan) Allâh sends His Salât (Graces, Honours, Blessings, Mercy) on the Prophet (Muhammad SAW) and also His angels (ask Allâh to bless and forgive him). O you who believe! Send your Salât[] on (ask Allâh to bless) him (Muhammad SAW), and (you should) greet (salute) him with the Islâmic way of greeting (salutation i.e. As¬Salâmu 'Alaikum).

17 Sentence Analysis: Quran Text ARABIC TYPE DARYA ABADI MOHSIN KHAN إِنَّ اللَّهَ وَمَلَائِكَتَهُ يُصَلُّونَ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ Nominal with stress word Verbal with stress word according the visible shape of Quran Stressless Verbal mentioning the missing singular verb for Allah; the first subject, according to the majority of grammarian with so many explaining words in brackets. يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا Nominal nominal صَلُّوا عَلَيْهِ Imperative imperative Imperative with many explanatory words in brackets. وَسَلِّمُوا تَسْلِيماً Imperative with absolute object Imperative with explanatory wording

18 Semantic Analysis: QURAN DARYA ABADI DR MOHSIN يُصَلُّونَ يَا أَيُّهَاsend their benedictions sends His Salat (Graces, Honours, Blessings, Mercy) يَا أَيُّهَا O ye O you سَلِّمُوا salute (you should) greet (salute) تَسْلِيماً with a goodly Salutation. with the Islâmic way of greeting (salutation i.e. As¬Salâmu 'Alaikum).

19 Verse No. (5) Surah Al-'Imran (The Family of 'Imran)3:31قُلْ إِن كُنتُمْ تُحِبُّونَ اللّهَ فَاتَّبِعُونِي يُحْبِبْكُمُ اللّهُ وَيَغْفِرْ لَكُمْ ذُنُوبَكُمْ وَاللّهُ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ (Majid Darya Abadi) Say thou: if ye, are wont to love Allah, then follow me, and Allah shall rove you and forgive you your sins; and Allah is Forgiving, Merciful. (Dr. Muhammad Mohsin Khan) Say (O Muhammad SAW to mankind): "If you (really) love Allâh then follow me (i.e. accept Islâmic Monotheism, follow the Qur'ân and the Sunnah), Allâh will love you and forgive you your sins. And Allâh is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful."

20 Sentence Analysis: Quran Text ARABIC TYPE DARYA ABADI MOHSIN KHANقُلْ إِن كُنتُمْ تُحِبُّونَ اللّهَ Imperative subject hide, conditional, verbal in place of predicate of defective verb (كُنتُمْ) Imperative with visible subject pronoun, conditional nominal, Imperative visible subject in brackets addressed with extra words, conditional verbal. فَاتَّبِعُونِي imperative Imperative with many explanatory words in brackets يُحْبِبْكُمُ اللّهُ Imperfective jussive with future meaning future وَيَغْفِرْ لَكُمْ ذُنُوبَكُمْ Attracting sentence Word for word translation, future Word for word without similar qualitative meaning, nominal وَاللّهُ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ Independent nominal sentence Independent, simple word for word Independent, with similar qualitative meaning, nominal.

21 Semantic Analysis: QURAN DARYA ABADI DR MOHSIN قُلْ فَاتَّبِعُونِيSay thou Say (O Muhammad SAW to mankind) فَاتَّبِعُونِي then follow me Then follow me (i.e. accept Islâmic Monotheism, follow the Qur'ân and the Sunnah), يُحْبِبْكُمُ shall rove you will love you

22 Verse No. (6) Surah Al-Qalam (The Pen)68:04وَإِنَّكَ لَعَلى خُلُقٍ عَظِيمٍ (Majid Darya Abadi) And verily thou art of a high and noble disposition. (Dr. Muhammad Mohsin Khan) And verily, you (O Muhammad SAW) are on an exalted (standard of) character.

23 Sentence Analysis: Quran Text ARABIC TYPE DARYA ABADI MOHSIN KHANوَإِنَّكَ لَعَلى خُلُقٍ عَظِيمٍ Nominal starting with the word of emphasis and containing rhetorical meaning Nominal with classical language, more words for one Arabic word. Nominal simple language, mentioning the addressee person and the adjective in brackets.

24 Semantic Analysis: QURAN DARYA ABADI DR MOHSIN َكَ عَظِيمٍ خُلُقٍThou art you (O Muhammad SAW) are عَظِيمٍ high and noble exalted (standard of) خُلُقٍ disposition character

25 Verse No. (7) Surah Al-'Imran (The Family of 'Imran) 3:132وَأَطِيعُواْ اللّهَ وَالرَّسُولَ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُرْحَمُونَ (Majid Darya Abadi) And obey Allah and the apostle, haply ye may be shewn mercy. (Dr. Muhammad Mohsin Khan) And obey Allâh and the Messenger (Muhammad SAW) that you may obtain mercy.[]

26 Sentence Analysis: Quran Text ARABIC TYPE DARYA ABADI MOHSIN KHANوَأَطِيعُواْ اللّهَ وَالرَّسُولَ Imperative sentence, attracted to the previous verse Imperative Imperative with proper name in bracket for the last proper noun. لَعَلَّكُمْ تُرْحَمُونَ Independent nominal sentence containing dependent passive verbal sentence in place of predicate. Passive translation of the dependent verbal sentence: the predicate. Active translation of the dependent verbal sentence: the predicate.

27 Semantic Analysis: QURAN DARYA ABADI DR MOHSIN الرَّسُولَ The apostleThe Messenger (Muhammad SAW) لَعَلَّكُمْ haply ye may that you may تُرْحَمُونَ be shewn mercy obtain mercy

28 Verse No. (8) Surah Al Ahzab (The Confederates) 33:21لَقَدْ كَانَ لَكُمْ فِي رَسُولِ اللَّهِ أُسْوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌ لِّمَن كَانَ يَرْجُو اللَّهَ وَالْيَوْمَ الْآخِرَ وَذَكَرَ اللَّهَ كَثِيراً (Majid Darya Abadi) Assuredly there hath been for you: in the apostle of Allah an excellent pattern for him who hopeth in Allah and the Last Day and remembereth Allah much. (Dr. Muhammad Mohsin Khan) Indeed in the Messenger of Allâh (Muhammad SAW) you have a good example to follow for him who hopes for (the Meeting with) Allâh and the Last Day and remembers Allâh much.

29 لَقَدْ كَانَ لَكُمْ فِي رَسُولِ اللَّهِ أُسْوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌQuran Text ARABIC TYPE DARYA ABADI MOHSIN KHAN لَقَدْ كَانَ لَكُمْ فِي رَسُولِ اللَّهِ أُسْوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌ Nominal sentence starting with words of emphasis, rhetorical and grammatical structure. Nominal according to the word structure of the Quran. Nominal focusing on the meaning of the verse.

30 A good example to followSemantic Analysis: QURAN DARYA ABADI DR MOHSIN لَقَدْ assuredly indeed رَسُولِ اللَّهِ the apostle of Allah the Messenger of Allâh (Muhammad SAW) أُسْوَةٌ حَسَنَةٌ an excellent pattern A good example to follow

31 Verse No. (9) Surah al-Fath (The Victory)48:9لِتُؤْمِنُوا بِاللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ وَتُعَزِّرُوهُ وَتُوَقِّرُوهُ وَتُسَبِّحُوهُ بُكْرَةً وَأَصِيلاً (Majid Darya Abadi) That ye may believe in Allah and His apostle, and may assist Him and honour Him, and may hallow Him at dawn and evening. (Dr. Muhammad Mohsin Khan) In order that you (O mankind) may believe in Allâh and His Messenger (SAW), and that you assist and honour him (SAW), and (that you) glorify (Allâh's) praises morning and afternoon.

32 Sentence Analysis: Quran Text ARABIC TYPE DARYA ABADI MOHSIN KHANلِتُؤْمِنُوا بِاللَّهِ وَرَسُولِهِ Verbal imperfective with subject attached pronoun and noun objects Verbal Verbal with explanatory word in brackets وَتُعَزِّرُوه Verbal with subject and object pronouns attracting to the previous sentence Verbal without subject, mentioning object attracting the previous but missing the meaning of the first ( ل) verbal with subject and object both mentioning the meaning of the first ( ل) َتُوَقِّرُوهُ و verbal with subject and object both mentioning the meaning the first وَتُسَبِّحُوهُ ( ل) in brackets and extra noun for Allah بُكْرَةً وَأَصِيلاً Adverbs of time Adverbs of times with close meaning to Arabic words Adverbs not clear meaning of these two words

33 (that you) glorify (Allâh's) praisesSemantic Analysis: QURAN DARYA ABADI DR MOHSIN تُسَبِّحُوهُ may hallow Him (that you) glorify (Allâh's) praises بُكْرَةً dawn morning أَصِيلا Evening afternoon

34 Verse No. (10) Surat-ul-Inshirah (The Opening Forth) 94:04وَرَفَعْنَا لَكَ ذِكْرَك (Majid Darya Abadi) And We have exalted thy fame. (Dr. Muhammad Mohsin Khan) And have We not raised high your fame?

35 Sentence Analysis: Quran Text ARABIC TYPE DARYA ABADI MOHSIN KHANوَرَفَعْنَا لَكَ ذِكْرَكَ Verbal sentence , attracted to the previous sentence with a question start Positive verbal in present perfect with old language, independent. Verbal, negative interrogative, present perfect linking it with the starting sentence ( ألم نشرح___) keeping in view the context .

36 QURAN DARYA ABADI DR MOHSIN رَفَعْنَا exalted raised high

37 وَلَسَوْفَ يُعْطِيكَ رَبُّكَ فَتَرْضَىVerse No. (11) Surat-udh-Dhuha (The Morning Brightness)93:05 وَلَسَوْفَ يُعْطِيكَ رَبُّكَ فَتَرْضَى (Majid Darya Abadi) And soon shall thy Lord give unto thee so that thou shalt be well-pleased. (Dr. Muhammad Mohsin Khan) And verily, your Lord will give you (all good) so that you shall be well-pleased.

38 Sentence Analysis: Quran Text ARABIC TYPE DARYA ABADI MOHSIN KHANوَلَسَوْفَ يُعْطِيكَ رَبُّكَ Verbal while the object is attached with the verb prior to subject. Verbal according to the word structure of Quran text. Verbal simple language with words in brackets mentioning the object. فَتَرْضَى Verbal rhetorical meaning due to conjunction (ف) Verbal with visible subject in old language. Verbal with visible subject.

39 Semantic Analysis: QURAN DARYA ABADI DR MOHSIN وَلَسَوْفَAnd soon shall And verily,--- will

40 Stylistic Analysis Stylistic aspect Darya Abadi Dr. Mohsin KhanLanguage era Old English ( Chaucerian) Modern English Tense form Past indefinite Voice form Passive Active Speech form Indirect Direct Vocabulary Complex Simple Cohesion & Coherence Yes Metaphorical language No Tone Advisory Descriptive Main idea/Theme Clear Simple and clear Deep/Surface structures Focused on Surface structure Focused on Surface deep Addresser/Addressee Allah/humans/ Mohammad (PBUH) Allah/humans/Mohammad (PBUH)

41 Translation theories DARYA ABADI DR MOHSIN Eugine NidaFormal Equivalence Dynamic/ Functional equivalence Chomsky Surface structure Deep structure

42 notable points in Majid Darya Abadi’s translationold English. cohesion and coherence Advisory tone not metaphorical theme or main idea quite vibrant language is very simple The skilful method of the author is quiet mentionable which shows that he put every word in a proper place according to the word structure and placement of the Quran. may be difficult for a lay man, to comprehend the actual meaning due to: , passive voice , indirect speech, difficult vocabulary ,

43 notable points in dr mohsin khan’s translationsimple and contemporary/modern English. He further explains translation’s gist in the brackets that the exact content of the translation apprehend by the readers. The tense that is used is the past indefinite or simple past. Active voice with direct speech is used by the author, this indicate that average kind of person can be able to get the meaning of the Quranic verses. Vocabulary is quite easy and comprehends. There is proper cohesion and coherence in the sentence structure which is another way of getting the clear idea of the verses. Language is not metaphorical and the tone is descriptive. The main idea and theme is quite clear and it has deep structure more than surface structure for instance, what points author wants to tell the reader that are quite visible. Addresser is the Allah and addressee is the humans and talking about the third person that is Holy Prophet Muhammad (SAW).

44 conclusion the meaning of both translations is almost same.some of stylistics aspects can change the writing pattern of the same kind of sentence in two different ways In Draya Abadi’s translation the placement of subject and object within a sentence as well as the vocabulary used for addresser and addressee really makes a reader get confused about that thing that who is talking to whom? And also about whom the addresser is pointing being e.g. “heavy upon”. The perception and understanding of reader gets less clear vision of Allah’s words due to the sentence structure and pattern of writing in Draya Abadi’s translation . Confusion among subject/object, addresser /addressee because of passive voice and sentence structure is noticeable. While on the other hand Dr. Mohsin’s translation is fairly simple and well-intentioned and some time it looks like an exegesis.

45 conclusion The meaning of both translations is almost same.Sentence structure and stylistics aspects can change the writing pattern of the same kind of sentence in two different ways., Another important point is the language era that both authors used which language for his writing. in both translation there is no use of metaphorical language. Whatever the authors have written, is the translation of Quran’s Arabic text. there is a proper cohesion and coherence in both the translation under discussion.  Darya Abadi adopted surface structure in his translation whereas Dr. Mohsin apopted deep structure. This is another stylistic aspect which has been found in the translations.

46 Cont. 6- in Draya Abadi’s translation the placement of subject and object within a sentence as well as the vocabulary used for addresser and addressee makes a reader get confused about that thing that who is talking to whom? And also about whom the addresser is pointing being e.g. “heavy upon”. The perception and understanding of reader gets less clear vision of Allah’s words due to the sentence structure and pattern of writing in 1st translation. Confusion among subject/object, addresser /addressee because of passive voice and sentence structure is noticeable. 7- Dr. Mohsin’s translation is fairly simple and well-intentioned and some time it looks like an exegesis. Abdul Majid translation of Quran is formal equivalent translation and Mohsin khan’s translation is dynamic equivalent translation.

47 شكرا جزيلا على حسن الإصغاء