1 أبدا نسيت… تاريخ الذاكرة من العالم كاملةISLAM The Empire and the Faith

2 Arabian Peninsula

3 Mecca… the Holiest city in Islam

4 Bedouins

5 Orphaned

6 Mount Hira

7 Mount Hira

8 Jibril

9 Qur'an

10 Khadijah

11 PROPHETS ABRAHAM MOSES JESUS ALLAH ARABIC GOD MUHAMMAD MANKINDMuslims believe that _____________________, ____________________, and __________________ were all prophets of _________________ (The _________________ word for __________), but that __________________ is the final prophet sent by God to deliver his message to ________________. ABRAHAM MOSES JESUS ALLAH ARABIC GOD MUHAMMAD MANKIND

12 The HIJRAH

13 Medina… The City of the Prophet

14 Muslim - One who submits

15 Return to Mecca

16 Ka’bah

17 From HEAVEN… To ADAM…To IBRAHIMThe Ka’bba, containing the black stone, a Muslim relic venerated as part of the Mecca Pilgrimage.  Probably a meteoric rock, much damaged and repaired throughout Muslim history.  Traditions include: (1) it was dropped by an angel; (2)  dates from the time of Adam and Eve; (3) has the power of absorbing sin; (4) veneration by kissing is "not idolatry".

18 The Five Pillars of IslamRecite the ______________________ Pray 5 times a day facing ________ Give ______ to the poor Fast during the holy month of ___________ (pass on eating) Complete ________ to Mecca (Ka’bah) profession of faith Mecca alms Ramadan hajj

19 Remembering the Five Pillars of Islam THE 5 P’sProfess Pray Poor Pass Pilgrimage

20 Recite the profession of faithThere is only one God, Allah, and Mohammed is his prophet. (Shahadah)

21 Pray 5 times a day facing MeccaMecca is the holy city of Islam. Location of the Ka’bah

22 Give food, clothing, money, or assistance to the poor.Give alms to the poor 2.5% Give food, clothing, money, or assistance to the poor. The Qu’ran

23 Fast during the holy month of RamadanThis is the most sacred time in Islam, and is when the Archangel Gabriel (Jibril) gave God’s message to Mohammed. Ramadan is the 9th Month of the Islamic Calendar. Go without food or drink from first light to sunset.

24 is to be completed by all Muslims whoHajj A pilgrimage to Mecca is to be completed by all Muslims who can afford it, and if they are healthy enough to travel. While there, they are to visit the Ka’bah.

25 Sharia The holy Islamic laws that govern the Ummah are called Sharia (or Shara’ a). Living under these laws are the goal of all fundamentalist Muslims in the Ummah (Extended Muslim community). Anyone who rejects Allah, denies Islamic teaching, and resists the Muslim world is a kafir (rejecter). Anyone who does not believe in the God of Abraham is an infidel. The kafir are subject to jihad, or the striving which is to relieve oppression of Muslim peoples, or to convert the rejecter into a submitter. Once all have submitted the world will live in peace and harmony under Sharia.

26 حج

27

28

29 The 4 Rightly Guided Caliphs632 In _____, Muhammad died without naming a successor. A _______ of the Prophet’s followers met and selected ____ _______ caliph. The caliph was spiritual and political leaders of the _________, or Muslim community. The debate over who will be the successor to the _________ created a _______ in Islam. The Sun’ni and Sh’ia emerge as rivals. Sufis and other small splinter groups will also emerge. council Abu Bakr ummah Prophet schism

30 Believed the best Muslim should leadSunni and Shi’ah Split Reason: Debate over who would succeed the Prophet as the leader of the Ummah SUNNI Believed the best Muslim should lead Believed in a democratic process to provide secular and religious authorities Caliphs Secular Authority Quran Basis for government Majority of Muslims Modern nations of: Saudi Arabia Palestine Shi’ah Descendants of Ali Hereditary rulers Imams Religious and Secular authority Quran Basis for government Modern nations: Iran (Theocracy) Southern Iraq

31 Current Breakdown of the Schism

32 Arabia United At his death, Muhammad had left behind an ____________ substantially united by its newfound belief in ______________. People were drawn to the strength and _______ of this new empire of ____________. Arabia Islam unity faith

33 Trade Routes At first Islam spread along the trade routes that grew out from _______ and __________. Mecca Medina

34 Islamic Growth Soon the empire, the faith, and the ___________ language grew out in every direction, despite the barriers created by mountains, deserts, and great distance. This diffusion bound the people together, increased trade, and encouraged the __________________ of information. Arabic exchange

35 Islamic Growth Persian Byzantine Empires ConstantinopleMuhammad had forbade Muslims from fighting other Muslims, so they turned to their weak neighbors the __________and the _____________ __________. By 651, the Arabs had conquered the Persian Empire and, by the 690s, most of the Byzantine Empire (Not _________________ though. That’s still got another 750 years of impregnability). Persian Byzantine Empires Constantinople

36 The political unity of the Islamic Empire was short-lived…Islamic Growth The political unity of the Islamic Empire was short-lived… The _________________ of these kingdoms not only provided the Muslim Empire land, but allowed ________________ to spread all throughout the _________________ ________________, ___________, and Central ________. Arabs attacked their neighbors and created a vast empire, the ______________ _____ _____________, eventually stretching from Spain to India. The speed of the growth was astonishing. conquests Islam Fertile Crescent Iraq Asia Empire of Islam

37 Two examples of this are the cities of _____________________ and ____________________ that were taken from the Byzantine Empire by conquest. Jerusalem Damascus

38 JERUSALEM

39 ______________________ is a city that is holy to _______________, ____________________, and ______________________. The Muslims allowed ________________ to return to their holiest city after having been banned by the Byzantine Christians. Under early Muslim rule over Jerusalem you could find a _______________, a _________________, and a _________________ on the same street. Jerusalem Judaism Christianity ISLAM JEWS CHURCH SYNAGOGUE MOSQUE

40 ______________________ is also the site of the ________ ____ ______ _________, which is one of the most important _____________________ in Islam. It is also the oldest example of Islamic _______________ and a perfectly realized example of the __________________ art that is typical of monumental Islamic buildings. Jerusalem DOME OF THE ROCK mosques architecture MOSAIC

41 Typifies the Islamic use of Mosaics

42 Muhammad's Ascension to Heaven

43 The Dome of the Rock

44 Damascus became the capital of the Islamic EmpireDamascus became the capital of the Islamic Empire. From this seat of power the Caliphate (government) directed the armies that stretched the empire from Spain to India. Damascus- Saint Johns

45 Damascus

46 Damascus

47 Shrine to Imam Husayn ibn Ali

48 The Mamluk Palace in Damascus

49 Battle of Tours Between 711 and 716, Arabs and North African Muslims conquered most of Spain, leaving only a few small Christian kingdoms in the mountains. In the early 8th century Muslim armies conquered parts of southern France, but under the leadership of Charles Martel the Franks defeated an Arab army at the Battle of Tours in 732 ending Islamic expansion into Europe.

50 Cordoba, Spain

51 Cordoba, Spain Cordoba was the enlightened ornament of the world. People debated Greek philosophy, discussed Indian mathematics, ate off of Chinese porcelain, and prayed to their God on the edges of a Christian Kingdom shrouded in darkness.

52 The Great Mosque in Cordoba, Spain

53 The Great Mosque in Cordoba, Spain

54 The Great Mosque in Cordoba, Spain

55 Later the Islamic capital would be moved to ______________________.Baghdad Later the Islamic capital would be moved to ______________________. Baghdad

56 ________________ ______ _____________________.Baghdad Baghdad would become a center for _______________________. Many ____________________ achievements and contributions came from the many ___________________________ in the city. One such place was called the ________________ ______ _____________________. learning cultural universities House of Wisdom

57 Baghdad's House of Wisdom

58 Baghdad's House of Wisdom

59 Baghdad This was a direct result of Muhammad’s love of education and higher learning. Here scholars from all over the world would ___________________ ancient ______________ texts into ___________________. The work of the _______________ ________________ helped preserve ancient knowledge. translate Greek Arabic Muslim scholars

60 Aristotle Translated into Arabic

61 Islamic Advances 0 9 numerals India numerals Arabic ___________________ (___ through ___) were adapted from __________. India

62 _______________ was invented.Al-Jabr Algebra _______________ was invented.

63 _________________ was a writing form and an ________.Islamic Advances Calligraphy art _________________ was a writing form and an ________.

64 Advances were made in ________________.Islamic Advances medicine Advances were made in ________________.

65 Islamic Achievements geography astronomyIslamic expansion also increased knowledge of ____________________ and ____________________. geography astronomy

66 Astronomy

67 Islamic Advances "Praise to Allah , who has guided us to this; and we would never have been guided if Allah had not guided us. Certainly the messengers of our Lord had come with the truth.”

68 Advancements Canons of Medicine: Al-RaziAl-Gebra: brings together the unknowns to match a known quantity Extensive and beautiful use of Mosaics Arabic Alphabet - نافع, نافع – Qu’ ran (Koran) Founding of Universities Translation of many ancient texts into Arabic Expanded Understanding of Astronomy Expanded Understanding of Geography- Massive expansion despite deserts, mountains, and distance. (This was facilitated by the weak Persians and Byzantines)