1 편머리 독해 Actual 200 Passages 001 Most little boys love construction toys. Now, big boys can play with the real thing at the Mannerspielplatz in Germany.

2 001 Most little boys love construction toys. Now, big boys can play with the real thing =male adults, 성인남자 at the Mannerspielplatz in Germany.

3 001 Here, visitors get the chance to operate heavy machinery such as excavators, diggers and bulldozers.

4 001 Here, visitors get the chance to operate Mannerspielpatz -할 기회를 갖다 heavy machinery such as excavators, 중장비 diggers and bulldozers.

5 001 The German amusement park, which translates as "playground for men"(yes, it does sound a little ________ incorrect), is geared towards corporate males looking to escape the office and get their hands dirty.

6 001 The German amusement park, which Mannerspielpatz 관계대명사 translates as "playground for men"(yes, it does sound a little politically incorrect), is 강조의 do-really sounds geared towards corporate males looking to -에 맞춰진 -을 찾다 escape the office and get their hands dirty. get + 목적어 +목적보어

7 001 Visitors pay about $340 to enjoy 18 work stations around the old factory site, including levelling the ground with a bulldozer or moving boulders with an excavator.

8 001 Visitors pay about $340 to enjoy 18 work 약, approximately -하기 위해 (to부정사의 부사적용법) stations around the old factory site, including levelling1 the ground with a 전치사+(동)명사-levelling, moving bulldozer or moving2 boulders with an excavator.

9 001 At the more family-friendly Diggerland theme park in the UK, children and adults alike can drive diggers around in the dust.

10 001 At the more family-friendly Diggerland 가족 친화적인 theme park in the UK, children and adults alike can drive diggers around in the dust. 부사, 비슷하게, 똑같이

11 002 An American businessman goes to Japan on a business trip.

12 002 An American businessman goes to Japan on a business trip. 출장 차, 출장으로

13 002 He doesn’t like Japanese food very much, so he asks the concierge at his hotel if there’s any place to get something western style.

14 002 He doesn’t like Japanese food very much, so he asks the concierge at his hotel if there’s any place to get something western 명사절(목적절), to부정사-형용사적 용법 style. something + adj -수식

15 002 The concierge tells him he’s in luck, there’s a pizza place that just opened, and they deliver.

16 002 The concierge tells him he’s in luck, there’s tell+IO+DO a pizza place that just opened, and they that관계대명사 절, 선행사 a pizza place 수식 deliver.

17 002 The concierge gives the businessman the phone number, and he goes back to his room and orders a pizza.

18 002 The concierge gives the businessman the give+ID+DO phone number, and he goes back to his room and orders a pizza.

19 002 Thirty minutes later, the delivery guy shows up at the door with the pizza.

20 002 The businessman takes the pizza and immediately starts sneezing uncontrollably.

21 002 The businessman takes the pizza and immediately starts sneezing uncontrollably. start –ing 참을 수 없이

22 002 He asks the deliveryman, “What the heck did you put ____ this pizza?”

23 002 He asks the deliveryman, “What the heck did you put on this pizza?”

24 002 The delivery bows deeply and says, “We put on pizza what customer ordered: ‘pepper only’, “

25 003 A middle aged woman was visibly shaken 중년의 눈에 보이도록 when her doctor advised that she had only 6 months to live because of the terminal disease that was detected during a recent 관계사절-disease를 수식 physical check-up.-that절-명사절(목적절)

26 003 The doctor suggested that she should①put her house in order,②make sure her will was put in order-신변을 정리하다 probated and③ensure all final arrangements were in place for the funeral. -suggest의 목적절 in place-있어야 할 자리

27 003 The doctor also suggested she would make plans to enjoy what might be left of make plans to-을 계획하다 her life, to the fullest. to the fullest-충분히, 최대한 suggest의 목적절(that 접속사 생략)

28 003 “What will you do for the last six months?” asked the doctor.

29 003 His patient thought for a few minutes then replied, “I think I’ll go and live with my Mother-in-law.”

30 003 Surprised by the answer, the doctor asked, As (s)he was surprised by the answer, “Of all the people, why in the world do you want to live with your Mother-in-law?”

31 003 “Because it’ll be the longest six months of my life!” replied the woman.

32 004 The Jackson Utilities Fund: Income and Growth When you think of Jackson, it seems only natural to think of a utilities fund

33 004 The Jackson Utilities Fund: Income and Growth When you think of Jackson, it seems only natural to think of a utilities fund 공익사업 자금

34 004 The Jackson Utilities Fund, well-established for over 50 years, invests in the securities of public utilities, primarily in the country’s fastest growing regions.

35 004 The Jackson Utilities Fund, well-established (m)s for over 50 years, invests in the securities (m)v of public utilities, primarily in the country’s fastest growing regions.

36 004 The investment objectives: income and growth. The fund is professionally managed and pays you quarterly dividends. 분기별의 Call your investment advisor of Jackson today.

37 005 Few corporate leaders in modern times have been as dominant, or at times, as dictatorial, as Mr Jobs.

38 005 Few corporate leaders in modern times 부정-거의 없는 have been as dominant, or at times, as dictatorial, as Mr Jobs. as-as~ ~만큼 –한 Jobs만큼 지배적이고, 때로는 독재적인

39 005 His success was the result of ①his unusual combination of technical smarts, ②strategic vision, ③flair for design and ④sheer force of character.

40 005 His success was the result of his unusual combination of ①technical smarts, smarts 기술, 재주 ②strategic vision, ③flair for design and flair 재능 ④sheer force of character. sheer 순전한

41 005 But it was also because in an industry dominated by engineers and marketing people who often seem to come from different planets, he had a different and much broader perspective.

42 005 But it was also because in an industrydominated by engineers and marketing 기술자와 마켓팅전문가들에 의해 지배되어지는 people who often seem to come from 종종 다른 별에서 온 것 같은 different planets, he had a different and much broader perspective.

43 005 Mr Jobs had an unusual knack for looking at technology from the outside, as a user, not just from the inside, as an engineer- something he attributed to the experiences of his ________ life.

44 005 Mr Jobs had an unusual knack for looking 요령,성향 at technology from the outside, as a user, not just from the inside, as an engineer- something he attributed to the -에 덕분으로 보여지다 experiences of his wayward youth. 다루기 힘든

45 006 Until the 1890s the Kingdom of Hawaii was an independent sovereign country, granted by the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Japan and Germany.

46 006 Until the 1890s the Kingdom of Hawaii was an independent sovereign country, 독립된, 자주적인 granted by the United States, the United grant=allow, admit 인정하다 Kingdom, France, Japan and Germany.

47 006 On January 17, 1893, the last monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii, Queen Liliuokalani, was deposed in a coup led largely by American citizens who were opposed to Queen Liliuokalani's attempt to establish a new constitution to restore the power of the monarchy.

48 006 On January 17, 1893, the last monarch of the last monarch=Queen Liliuokalani, 동격 the Kingdom of Hawaii, Queen Liliuokalani, was deposed in a coup led largely by depose-폐위시키다 led이하가 coup를 수식 American citizens who were opposed to who관계사절이 American citizen 수식 Queen Liliuokalani's attempt to establish a -릴리우오칼라니의 군주의 힘을 회복하는 새로운 헌법을 new constitution to restore the power of the 설립하려는 시도에 반대하는 전반적인 미국 시민에 의해 monarchy.

49 006 The success of the coup efforts was supported by the U.S. Marines, who came ashore at the request of the conspirators.

50 006 The success of the coup efforts was 수동태-the US Marines supported the supported by the U.S. Marines, who came success of the coup efforts ashore at the request of the conspirators. come ashore – 상륙하다 request of the conspirators-음모자들의 요구로

51 006 The coup left the queen imprisoned at Iolani Palace under house arrest.

52 006 The coup left the queen imprisoned at s + leave + o + o.c. s가 o를 oc하게 두다. Iolani Palace under house arrest. under house arrest 가택연금에

53 006 The sovereignty of the Kingdom of Hawaii was lost to a provisional government led by the conspirators, later briefly becoming the Republic of Hawaii, before eventual annexation to the United States in 1898.

54 006 The sovereignty of the Kingdom of Hawaii was lost to a provisional government led by the conspirators, later briefly becoming led 이하가 provisional government 수식 the Republic of Hawaii, before eventual annexation to the United States in annexation 합병

55 007 When people think they are striking out in new directions committed to building new worlds, their models often come from the past.

56 007 When people think they are striking out in strike out –로 나아가다 new directions committed to building new commit to –에 전념하다 worlds, their models often come from the past.

57 007 Napoleon came to power as the result of the French Revolution, but the court he set up was modeled on that of the displaced Bourbons.

58 007 Napoleon came to power as the result of come to power 장악하다 the French Revolution, but the court he set up was modeled on that of the displaced model 본따서 만들다 Bourbons. that – the court

59 007 The Chinese Communists scorned China's traditional society, but their top leaders chose to live right at the heart of Beijing, where the imperial court had once been.

60 007 The Chinese Communists scorned China's scorn 경멸하다, 멸시하다 traditional society, but their top leaders chose to live right at the heart of Beijing, 바로 베이징 중심에서 where the imperial court had once been. 대궐, 궁궐

61 007 "Men make their own history", said Karl Marx, "but they do not make it as they please: they do not make it under self- selected circumstances, but under circumstances existing already, given and transmitted from the past."

62 007 "Men make their own history", said Karl Marx, "but they do not make it as they not A but B - A가 아니라 B please: they do not make it under self- it=(their own) history selected circumstances, but under circumstances existing already, given and transmitted from the past."

63 008 Often referred to as deadpan humor, dry humor is a comedy technique that is characterized by a calm and traightforward delivery by the performer.

64 008 동격 Often referred to as deadpan humor, dry referred to-로 언급되는, 불리우는 humor is a comedy technique that is dry humor-정색을 하고 하는 유머 characterized by a calm and straightforward delivery by the performer.

65 008 This is in contrast to such comedy art forms as slapstick or sketch comedy, which often relies upon broad gestures, exaggerated facial expressions, or an emphasized tone in order to heighten the comic appeal of the joke or remark.

66 008 This is in contrast to such comedy art 대조를 이루는 예술 형식 forms as slapstick or sketch comedy, which 익살 촌극 often relies upon broad gestures, -을 필요로하다 exaggerated facial expressions, or an emphasized tone in order to heighten the -하기 위해서 comic appeal of the joke or remark.

67 009 Can someone please explain why singers like Bruce Springsteen, Perl Jam, John Mellencamp and the Dixie Chicks have such overinflated egos that they think they can affect who a person votes for in a presidential election?

68 009 Can someone please explain why singers like Bruce Springsteen, Perl Jam, John Mellencamp and the Dixie Chicks have such overinflated egos that they think they 지나치게 높은 =as can affect who a person votes for in a presidential election?

69 009 It appears they suffer from some unwarranted sense of importance out of overbearing pride in their musical accomplishments.

70 009 It appears they suffer from some 명사절을 이끄는 접속사 that 생략 unwarranted sense of importance out of 보증되지 않은, 부당한 overbearing pride in their musical 거만한, 오만한 accomplishments. 음악적 성공

71 009 Don’t they realize that they are only singers and not people recognized for their political acumen?

72 009 Don’t they realize that they are only singers and not people recognized for their political acumen? 그들의 날카로운 정치적 통찰력에 대해 인정받은 사람이 아니라

73 009 Any American who would vote, or change his or her vote, for President of the United States based on the convictions of a musician must be a mental midget, a druggie, or both.

74 009 Any American who would vote, or change ms his or her vote, for President of the United States based on the convictions of a -에 근거하여 musician must be a mental midget, a mv 바보, 멍충이 druggie, or both. 마약쟁이

75 009 Entertainers should ①stick to their own craft and ②leave the political decisions to an educated electorate.

76 009 Entertainers should ①stick to their own 매달리다, 충실하다 craft and ②leave the political decisions to 기술, 재능 an educated electorate. 유권자

77 Logic is not the study of the actual process of reasoning. 010 Logic is not the study of the actual process of reasoning.

78 010 Logic is not the study of the actual process of reasoning. 실질적 추론의 과정

79 010 Those mental events that together form a given sequence of reasoning are, properly speaking, the subject of psychology.

80 010 Those mental events that together events 수식 form a given sequence of reasoning are, properly speaking, the subject of 정확히 말하면 psychology.

81 010 What interests the logician is the correctness of the products of reasoning.

82 010 What interests the logician is the 논리학자에게 관심을 주는 것은 correctness of the products of 추론을 통해 나온 결과물의 정확성 reasoning.

83 010 Moreover, what concerns him in these products is the connection between the conclusions they assert and the grounds (or evidence) on which they assert them.

84 010 Moreover, what concerns him in these =interests logician products is the connection between the conclusions they assert and the A assert 주장하다 grounds (or evidence) on which they B assert them. them=conclusion

85 010 Sometimes this connection is said to be necessary, in which case the logician examines whether the grounds are such that the conclusions drawn from them cannot be denied.

86 010 Sometimes this connection is said to be necessary, in which case the logician examines whether the grounds are such whether=if that the conclusions drawn from them them=grounds cannot be denied.

87 010 If the connections is alleged to beprobable, he inquires whether the grounds are such that the conclusions based on them can be ____________.

88 010 If the connections is alleged to be 주장하다probable, he inquires whether the logician grounds are such that the conclusions based on them can be ____________. them=grounds

89 011 For centuries, scientists and philosphers have speculated on the structure of the universe and the existence of galaxies outside our own.

90 For centuries, scientists and philosphers have speculated on the structure of the 짐작하다, 생각하다=guess universe and the existence of galaxies outside our own. =our structure of the universe and the existence of galaxies

91 011 But until the 20th century, they were able to do no more than speculate.

92 011 But until the 20th century, they were able scientists to do no more than speculate. 단지 –에 지나지 않은

93 011 ________________________________________. Using grand telescopes, ultraviloet and infrared instruments, and high speed computers, they are studying the formation of galaxies for further insights into the nature of cosmos.

94 011 ________________________________________. Using grand telescopes, ultraviloet and 자외선 infrared instruments, and high speed 적외선 computers, they are studying the scientists formation of galaxies for further insights 통찰력 into the nature of cosmos. 본질 우주

95 012 To the foreign observer of the growth of American thought it will always remain an enigma that the one aspect of American conduct generally accepted as outstanding found its philosophical interpretation at such a late data.

96 012 To the foreign observer of the growth of American thought it will always remain an 미국인의 사상발전 enigma that the one aspect of American 수수께끼 conduct generally accepted as outstanding 일반적으로 현저하게 드러나는 것으로 받아 드려지는 found its philosophical interpretation at such 그 측면의 철학적 해석이 a late date. 그렇게 늦게 date-시기

97 012 The pragmatic view of life more commonly and also more honestly adopted in the United States than anywhere else in the Western world had its firm grip on the majority of Americans long before anyone attempted to describe it in terms of abstract thought.

98 012 The pragmatic view of life more commonly 실용적 인생관 and also more honestly adopted in the United States than anywhere else in the Western world had its firm grip on the ms mv 단단한 지배력 majority of Americans long before anyone attempted to describe it in terms of abstract the pragmatic view of life thought.

99 012 Perhaps the very naturalness of that outlook prevented its theoretical discussion, but once this was started it did not stop and has led to a number of most decisive trends in modern thought.

100 012 Perhaps the very naturalness of that 어쩌면 그 인생관이 매우 자연스러워서 outlook prevented its theoretical discussion, but once this was started it did its theoretical discussion not stop and has led to a number of most decisive trends in modern thought. 결정적인, 확고한

101 013 Heart transplants are a race against the clock: hearts begin to deteriorate after about five hours outside the body.

102 013 Heart transplants are a race against the 시간과의 싸움 clock: hearts begin to deteriorate after 악화되다 about five hours outside the body.

103 013 Scientists at Sydney’s Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute have reformulated a solution that protects the donated heart, potentially doubling the organ’s life outside the body.

104 013 Scientists at Sydney’s Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute have reformulated a 새로 만들다 solution that protects the donated heart, potentially doubling the organ’s life outside 가능하게 the body.

105 013 Trials on human organs begin this year. At the moment, about 60 percent of donor hearts are ruled out due to the age of the donor or the condition of the heart.

106 013 Trials on human organs begin this year. At 인간 장기에 시험 the moment, about 60 percent of donor hearts are ruled out due to the age of the -을 배제하다 donor or the condition of the heart.

107 013 Says Professor Peter Macdonald, leader of the project, “We think the solution will allow us to use those hearts more vulnerable to damage and potentially increase will also work for other organs, including the lung, liver, kidney and pancreas.

108 013 Says Professor Peter Macdonald, leader of 동격 the project, “We think the solution will allow us to use those hearts more allow A to B A가 B하게 하다 vulnerable to damage and potentially 연약한, 취약한 increase will also work for other organs, including the lung, liver, kidney and pancreas. 췌장

109 014 The librarian raised his brow as he found the evidence in my bag.

110 014 The librarian raised his brow as he found the evidence in my bag. the book

111 014 I stood before him, a college student who refused to shave, sporting a black beret and dark glasses.

112 014 I stood before him, a college student who 동격 refused to shave, sporting a black beret sport 자랑스럽게 입다 and dark glasses.

113 014 I wanted to follow my parent’s example; they had fought the Communists in Russia by running an underground museum.

114 014 I wanted to follow my parent’s example; 사례 they had fought the Communists in Russia opposed 맞서 싸우다 by running an underground museum. by –ing -함으로써

115 014 None of this mattered to my accuser. An accuser is a person who says that another person has done something wrong, especially that he or she has committed a crime.

116 014 He simply removed the book from my bag and reminded me in his purple air that “one does not take books from the Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford -not even Her Majesty the Queen possesses borrowing privileges.”

117 014 He simply removed the book from my bag took out and reminded me (in his purple air) that “one does not take books from the Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford -not even Her Majesty the Queen possesses 여왕폐하 borrowing privileges.” 특권

118 014 I walked away, but not before proclaiming, “This library is an evil institution like the Soviet Union, and I am attempting to liberate information.

119 014 I walked away, but not before proclaiming, 공표하다 “This library is an evil institution like the Soviet Union, and I am attempting to liberate information. 해방시키다

120 015 Reading an article on idealism and realism made me realize a number of things.

121 015 Reading an article on idealism and s realism made me realize a number of v o oc things. 5형식 문형

122 015 One is that I am not alone. As an idealist, I have often wondered if I am ①striving to be someone I am not or ②pushing myself to achieve the impossible.

123 015 One is that I am not alone. As an idealist, I have often wondered if I am ①striving to strive 분투하다 be someone I am not or ②pushing myself to achieve the impossible. if 명사절

124 015 I tend to find my goals and outlook in life quite different from those of others and these are somehow off tangent from what society dictates.

125 015 I tend to find my goals and outlook in life-하는경향이 있다 목표 인생관 quite different from those of others and my goals and outlook in life these are somehow off tangent from what society dictates. 지시하다 If someone goes off at a tangent, they start saying or doing something that is not directly connected with what they were saying or doing before

126 015 But I believe that people should allow ourselves to dream and set the bar as high as we would like to.

127 015 But I believe that people should allow allow A to B A가 B하게 하다 ourselves to ①dream and ②set the bar as goal high as we would like to.

128 016 In 1948, Earl Tupper had invented a new type of airtight plastic food containers, but they were not selling well in the stores.

129 016 In 1948, Earl Tupper had invented a new type of airtight plastic food containers, but 밀폐된 they were not selling well in the stores. airtight plastic food containers

130 016 He was convinced that housewives would love these containers if they had a chance to try them.

131 016 He was convinced that housewives would 확신하는 love these containers if they had a chance have a chance to –하는 기회를 가지다 to try them. airtight plastic food containers

132 016 The problem was how to get the containers out of stores and into their homes.

133 016 The problem was how to get the how to –하는 방법 containers out of stores and (get the containers) into their homes.

134 016 So he invented the Tupperware Party. At these parties, women invited their friends and neighbors to their home for a cup of coffee.

135 016 So he invented the Tupperware Party. At 고안하다 these parties, women invited their friends and neighbors to their home for a cup of 목적 coffee.

136 016 Then they showed the containers and offered them for sale.

137 016 Then they showed the containers and offered them for sale. the containers

138 016 Since women usually liked the containers and they did not cost much, sales were usually brisk.

139 016 Since women usually liked the containers and they did not cost much, sales were the containers usually brisk. active 활발한

140 016 This happy combination of a good product with the 'home party' led to the enormous success of the Tupperware brand and an interesting new marketing strategy.

141 016 This happy combination of a good product ms with the 'home party' led to the enormous mv 막대한, 거대한 success of the Tupperware brand and an interesting new marketing strategy.

142 017 Prosperity is about things going well for us: in accordance with our hopes and expectations.

143 017 Prosperity is about things going well for us: in accordance with our ~에 따라서 hopes and expectations.

144 017 ‘How’s life?’ we ask each other. ‘How are things?’ Everyday exchanges convey more than casual greeting.

145 017 ‘How’s life?’ we ask each other. ‘How are things?’ Everyday exchanges convey more (생각, 감정) 전달한다 than casual greeting.

146 017 They reveal a mutual fascination for each other’s well-being.

147 017 They reveal a mutual fascination for Everyday exchanges each other’s well-being. mutual 공동의, 상호의 #Fascination is the state of being greatly interested in or delighted by something.

148 017 Wanting things to go well is a common human concern.

149 017 Wanting things to go well is a ms common human concern.일반적인 인간 관심사

150 017 It’s understood that this sense of things going well includes some notion of continuity.

151 017 It’s understood that this sense of things going well includes somenotion of continuity. 지속성의 개념

152 017 We aren’t inclined to think that life is going swimmingly, if we confidently expect things to fall a part tomorrow.

153 017 We aren’t inclined to think that be inclined to ~하는 경향이 있다 life is going swimmingly, if we 순조롭게 confidently expect things to fall a part tomorrow. to have so many problems that it is no longer possible to exist or operate

154 017 “Yes, I am fine, thanks. Filing for bankruptcy tomorrow’. Such a response wouldn’t make sense.

155 017 “Yes, I am fine, thanks. Filing for bankruptcy tomorrow’. Such a response file for 신청하다 wouldn’t make sense.

156 017 There is a natural tendency to care about the future.

157 017 There is a natural tendency to 자연스러운 경향 care about the future.

158 017 There is a sense too in which individual prosperity is curtailed in the presence of social calamity. In other words, ____________ _____________.

159 017 There is a sense too in which individual prosperity is curtailed in the presence of curtail 축소시키다, 단축시키다 social calamity. In other words, ____________ 재앙, 재난 _____________. in the presence of ~가 있을때에는

160 018 A recent study from Britain's University of Leicester examined a range of statistical data to devise a ranking of the world's happiest nations.

161 018 A recent study from Britain's University of Leicester examined a range of statistical 다양한 data to devise a ranking of the world's 창안하다 happiest nations.

162 018 Heading up the list: Denmark, which rose to the top thanks to its wealth, natural beauty, small size, quality education, and good health care.

163 018 Heading up the list: Denmark, which rose to the top thanks to its wealth, natural ~덕분에 beauty, small size, quality education, and good health care.

164 018 At the bottom were Zimbabwe and Brundi. But there were a few surprises along the way, too.

165 018 At the bottom were Zimbabwe and Brundi. But there were a few surprises along the way, too. the list

166 018 Asian countries scored worse than researcher Adrian White expected.

167 018 Asian countries scored worse than badly의 비교급 researcher Adrian White expected.

168 018 Capitalism-sometimes criticized for its heartlessness- was far from a source of discontent, though the top-scoring capitalist countries also tended to have strong social services.

169 018 Capitalism-sometimes criticized for its heartlessness- was far from a source of 결코 ~이 아닌 discontent, though the top-scoring 불만스러운 capitalist countries also tended to have ~하는 경향이있다 strong social services. 사회 복지 사업

170 018 And the U.S. ranked only 23rd, due to nagging poverty and spotty health care.

171 018 And the U.S. ranked only 23rd, due to nagging poverty and spotty health care. 계속되는 (질적으로) 고르지못한

172 019 The American Revolution was, in a sense, a private war between the Atlantic seaboard colonies and the parent British nation; but it was also a crusade for human liberty.

173 019 The American Revolution was, in a sense, a 어떤 의미에서는 private war between the Atlantic seaboard 개인간의 싸움 대서양 해안지역의 colonies and the parent British nation; but 국가들 모체인 it was also a crusade for human liberty. 운동

174 019 The theoretical issue of whether or not man can break away from all civil authority and rely upon natural law alone to guide his conduct would not in itself have caused ______ had there not been a more immediate difference.

175 The theoretical issue of whether or not man can break away from all civil authority 독립하다 행정당국 and rely upon natural law alone to guide only his conduct would not in itself have 본질적으로 caused ______ had there not been a more immediate difference. 직접적인 불화

176 019 But once the colonies had decided that British tyranny was insufferable, independence could be declared in the most exalted of general terms.

177 019 But once the colonies had decided that -할 때 British tyranny was insufferable, 압제,독재 참을 수 없는 independence could be declared in the 선언하다 most exalted of general terms. 숭고한 일반적인 용어

178 019 The fervor of the small group of revolutionary leaders came not so much from anger at Britain as from the conviction that they were fighting for human rights.

179 019 The fervor of the small group of 열렬, 열정 revolutionary leaders came not so much from anger at Britain as from the conviction that they were fighting for human rights. not so much A as B A라기보다는 B

180 019 The concept of the sovereignty of the people, formulated in the intellectual battles of Locke, Hobbes, Shaftesbury, and Hume on British soil, was transformed into a challenge to British rule.

181 019 The concept of the sovereignty of the 주권 people, formulated in the intellectual battles of Locke, Hobbes, Shaftesbury, and Hume on British soil, was transformed into land, country a challenge to British rule. 통치=government

182 020 Rene Descartes is usually regarded as the “father of modern philosophy”.

183 020 Rene Descartes is usually regarded as the -로서 간주되다 “father of modern philosophy”. 현대 철학의 아버지

184 020 Before Descartes, philosophy was steeped in a deep scepticism, the belief that certain knowledge was impossible because everything was dubitable.

185 020 Before Descartes, philosophy was steeped steep 적시다, 스며들다 in a deep scepticism, the belief that certain 회의주의 knowledge was impossible because everything was dubitable. dubitable 의심스러운

186 020 So pervasive was this line of thinking that Descartes himself began his philosophy by rejecting all that was doubtful.

187 020 So pervasive was this line of thinking that 퍼지는, 만연한 사조 Descartes himself began his philosophy by rejecting all that was doubtful. 거절하다

188 020 However, unlike the sceptics, Decrates discovered that there was one thing he could not doubt; he could not doubt that he existed.

189 020 However, unlike the sceptics, Decrates 회의주의자 discovered that there was one thing he could not doubt; he could not doubt that he existed.

190 020 Though Descartes could doubt everything else, he could never doubt that he was something.

191 020 He must always think that he is something, a thing that is the vehicle of his current act of thinking.

192 020 He must always think that he is something, a thing that is the vehicle of his current act 전달하는 수단 of thinking.

193 020 Thus, by establishing one indubitable fact, Descartes was able to answer the scepticism that preceded him.

194 020 Thus, by establishing one indubitable fact, 의심의 여지가 없는 Descartes was able to answer the scepticism that preceded him. 앞서다, 선행하다