1 ________ Ecology

2 _______ Water keeps us ______, moderates ________, _______ the land, removes and dilutes wastes and pollutants, and moves continually through the __________ cycle: Water covers _____% of Earth’s surface but only about _____% of the earth’s water supply is available to us as liquid ___________.

3 Water By The _________ Oceans: ______%Glaciers / polar ices caps: _____% Groundwater: _____% Other land surface water (rivers, lakes): ____% ____% of all surface freshwater is in Lake Baikal, Russia. The ______ Aquifer is the largest groundwater reserve. The Middle East has the _______ amount of naturally available freshwater and uses _________ for their water supply. Lake Bikal is the most voluminous freshwater lake in the world. Unbalanced in its distribution. Some areas of land are continually wet, others have not seen permanent water in centuries. The Ogallala Aquifer is located in the central plains of the US because of watershed properties

4 _______ Water Examples – streams, rivers, and lakesSource – ____________ Watershed – Ex. small streams  larger streams  rivers  sea

5 ___________ _______–porous rock w/ water flowing through_____ Table – the level of earth’s land crust to which the aquifer is _____ __________ – the circulation rate of groundwater is slow (300 to _______ years).

6 WATER’S IMPORTANCE, AVAILABILITY, AND RENEWALComparison of ___________ sizes and shares of the world’s ____________ among the continents.

7 WATER’S IMPORTANCE, AVAILABILITY, AND RENEWALSome precipitation infiltrates the __________ and is stored in _____ and _______ (_____________). Water that does _____ sink into the ground or evaporate into the air _____ off (_______ _______) into bodies of water. The land from which the surface water _______ into a body of water is called its __________ or _____________. (Largest is _____________________________).

8 Unconfined Aquifer Recharge Area Evaporation and transpirationPrecipitation Evaporation and transpiration Evaporation Confined Recharge Area Runoff Flowing artesian well Recharge Unconfined Aquifer Stream Well requiring a pump Figure 14.3 Natural capital: groundwater system. An unconfined aquifer is an aquifer with a permeable water table. A confined aquifer is bounded above and below by less permeable beds of rock where the water is confined under pressure. Some aquifers are replenished by precipitation; others are not. Infiltration Water table Lake Infiltration Unconfined aquifer Less permeable material such as clay Confined aquifer Confining impermeable rock layer Fig. 14-3, p. 308

9 WATER’S IMPORTANCE, AVAILABILITY, AND RENEWALWe currently use more than _____ of the world’s reliable ______ of surface water and could be using ______ by 2025. About _____ of the water we withdraw from rivers, lakes, and aquifers is ____ returned to these sources. ________ is the biggest user of water (70%), followed by ____________ (20%) and ______ and ____________ (10%).

10 _________ ______

11 Most of the Earth Is Covered with WaterAquatic life zones __________ life zones Lakes Rivers and streams Inland wetlands __________ life zones (_______ life zones) Oceans and estuaries Coastlands and shorelines Coral reefs Mangrove forests

12 FRESHWATER LIFE ZONES Freshwater life zones include:_______ (_____) water such as lakes, ponds, and inland wetlands. _______ (_____) systems such as streams and rivers. Figure 8-15

13 Freshwater Streams and Rivers: From the _________ to the ______Figure 8-18 Water flowing from mountains to sea creates _________ aquatic ________ and habitats. A river is a system of different __________.

14 __________ Stream CharacteristicsA narrow zone of _____, ______clear water that rushes over waterfalls and rapids. Large amounts of ________ are present. Fish/organisms present. Ex. trout. Deposits _________ and ______.

15 __________ Characteristics_______-moving water, less ______, warmer temperatures, and lots of algae and cyanobacteria. Provide different habitats and help _______ water.

16 Ecological Services of RiversNatural Capital Ecological Services of Rivers Deliver nutrients to sea to help sustain coastal fisheries Deposit silt that maintains deltas Purify water Renew and renourish wetlands Provide habitats for wildlife Figure 11.16 Natural capital: important ecological services provided by rivers. Currently, the services are given little or no monetary value when the costs and benefits of dam and reservoir projects are assessed. According to environmental economists, attaching even crudely estimated monetary values to these ecosystem services would help sustain them. QUESTIONS: Which two of these services do you think are the most important? Which two of these services do you think we are most likely to decline? Fig , p. 267

17 _______ Systems (lakes and ponds)______in most aquatic systems is found in surface, middle, and bottom layers. Temperature, access to sunlight for photosynthesis, dissolved oxygen content, nutrient availability changes with ________. _________ zone (upper layer in deep water habitats): sunlight can penetrate.

18 Lakes: _____________________Lakes are large natural bodies of standing __________ formed from precipitation, runoff, and groundwater seepage consisting of: ________zone (near shore, shallow, with rooted plants). ________ zone (open, offshore area, sunlit). ________ zone (deep, open water, too dark for photosynthesis). _______ zone (bottom of lake, nourished by dead matter).

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20 Figure 8-16

21 ______ _________________During the summer, lakes become stratified into different _________ layers that resist ______ because summer sunlight warms surface waters, making them less ______. The ______ layer acts as a ______ to the transfer of nutrients and dissolved oxygen.

22 ________ ________ _____ Turnover ___ TurnoverAs top water ______ and ice ______, it _____ through and below the cooler, less dense water, _______ oxygen ______ and nutrients ____. As __________ begin to drop, the surface layer becomes more ______, and it sinks to bottom. This mixing brings _______ from bottom up to surface and sends _______ to the bottom.

23 ______ of Plant Nutrients on Lakes: Too Much of a Good ThingPlant _________ from a lake’s environment affect the______and numbers of _________ it can support. _____________(poorly nourished) lake: Usually newly formed lake with small supply of plant nutrient input. ________ (well nourished) lake: Over time, sediment, organic material, and inorganic nutrients wash into lakes causing excessive plant growth.

24 Too Much of a Good Thing ______ __________Most lakes fall somewhere between the two types of lakes and are called ____________ ______. ______ __________ Human inputs of nutrients from the atmosphere and urban and agricultural areas can _________ the eutrophication process.

25 _________ _________

26 Freshwater ______ Wetlands: Vital _________Inland wetlands act like natural ________ that absorb and store _______water from storms and provide a variety of wildlife _______.

27 ________ ________ An area of ________ flooded, often silty land ______ a river or lake. A lowland region ________covered with water.

28 _______ _________ _______An area down by a ______ or _______ where lots of _________, like oaks, grow. These are ________ that hold water out on the ______, especially up north in Canada. It is a very good _____ habitat.

29 _____ _____ ____ A _____ area that over time fills in (the last stage of _________ is peat moss). It can be very deep. In Ireland, they burn this for _____.

30 Freshwater Inland Wetlands: Vital SpongesFilter and degrade _________.(______ water) _________for many animals and plants. Reduce ________ and ________ by absorbing slowly releasing overflows. Help ________ stream flows during dry periods. Help ________ ground _________. Provide economic ________ and ________.

31 What are wetlands _________?_______ and _______ want Congress to revise the ______ of wetlands. This would make ______ of all wetlands ________ for _________. The Audubon Society estimates that wetlands provide water quality protection worth ________per year, and they say if that wetlands are destroyed, the U.S. would spend ____ billion to ___billion per year in additional _____-control costs.

32 ________ Systems

33 Oceans Provide Vital _________l and _________ ResourcesEstimated $____ trillion per year in ______ and _________ Reservoirs of diversity in three major life zones __________ zone Warm, nutrient rich, shallow Shore to edge of continental shelf Usually high NPP from ample sunlight and nutrients Open ______ Ocean ________

34 Where species live Key ________in the distribution of organisms____________ Dissolved __________ content Availability of ______ Availability of ______ and _________ needed for photosynthesis in the euphotic (photic) zone __________degree of cloudiness in water Inhibits photosynthesis

35 _____ and _____ Shores Host Different Types of Organisms_________ zone (Beach Zone) Rocky shores Sandy shores: barrier beaches ______ Zone - ______ part of ocean above the drop-off of the continental shelf, approximately 200m in depth. Organism adaptations necessary to deal with daily _______ and ________ changes

36 __________ _______ beach – _______ environment that threatens to engulf organisms & no protection against wave action. Most animals ______ into sand. They move with the tides, so they’re always __________& don’t _____ out.

37 ________ shore – ______ wave action at high tide; _______ out & temperature changes during low. Animals have a way of _______ in moisture like a ______ & find way to cling to ______ so they don’t get washed away with waves.

38 The Open Sea and Ocean Floor Host a Variety of SpeciesThree vertical zones of the open sea (_______ Zone) _________ zone (0-200 meters) Phytoplankton Nutrient levels ____ __________ oxygen levels high _________ zone ( meters) Dimly lit ____________ and smaller fishes

39 The Open Sea and Ocean Floor Host a Variety of Species_________ zone (Extends to a depth of 4000 to 6000 meters or 2.5 to 3.7 miles). _____and _______ High levels of ________ Little dissolved _______ Deposit and Filter feeders ________brings nutrients to euphotic zone Primary productivity

40 _________ Zone (ocean floor)The ocean floor consists of _________ (mostly sand and mud) Many marine animals, like _____ and _______ burrow _______ are common & can go down 500 meters below ocean floor. The Benthic environment extends from the shore to the deep.

41 Water temperature (°C)High tide Coastal Zone Open Sea Low tide Depth in meters Sea level Photosynthesis 50 Euphotic Zone Estuarine Zone 100 Continental shelf 200 500 Bathyal Zone Twilight 1,000 1,500 Water temperature drops rapidly between the euphotic zone and the abyssal zone in an area called the thermocline . Abyssal Zone 2,000 3,000 Figure 8.6: This diagram illustrates the major life zones and vertical zones (not drawn to scale) in an ocean. Actual depths of zones may vary. Available light determines the euphotic, bathyal, and abyssal zones. Temperature zones also vary with depth, shown here by the red line. Question: How is an ocean like a rain forest? (Hint: see Figure 7-15, p. 162.) Darkness 4,000 5,000 10,000 5 10 15 20 25 30 Water temperature (°C) Fig. 8-6, p. 173

42 Major Ecological and Economic Services Provided by Marine SystemsFigure 8.5: Marine systems provide a number of important ecological and economic services (Concept 8-2). Questions: Which two ecological services and which two economic services do you think are the most important? Why? Fig. 8-5, p. 172

43 _________ in Aquatic ZonesAquatic systems contain organisms that float, drift, swim, bottom-dwell, and decompose. These organisms are called: _________, _______, _______, & ___________

44 _____________ & ________________________ are an autotrophic group of weakly swimming, free-_______biota. Are ________ that support most aquatic food chains. Provide much of the _______ in Earth’s atmosphere and include: Phytoplankton (plant-like organisms) and cyanobacteria Different types of phytoplankton ___________ are __________ that feed on plankton and are, in turn, the food stock for larger consumers like whales. These organisms include: _______ and small ____________ Krill are one of the most important organisms in aquatic food chains especially for whales.

45 Sharks and Turtles are nektonic species_______ are larger, actively __________ consumers usually the ____ consumers in the aquatic ecosystems and include: Fish, whales and turtles _______ are bottom- dwelling creatures that may be _________ consumers or __________. These highly diverse organisms may live in tide pools, shelves or the abyss and include: Barnacles, oysters, lobsters and sea anemones Sharks and Turtles are nektonic species Organisms such as jellyfish and others are considered plankton when they are very small and swim at low Reynolds numbers, and considered nekton as they grow large enough to swim at high Reynolds numbers. Many animals considered classic examples of nekton (e.g., mola mola, squid, marlin) start out life as tiny members of the plankton and gradually transition to nekton as they grow. Benthos or “depths of the sea” are organisms that live on the ocean floor

46 _____ ______ and ____________ (Seaweed): _______ algae provide habitats and food for many organisms. ___________ leads to degradation of kelp forests as herbivores are released from the potential predators. (Sea otter and the urchin.) Kelp is considered as a _________ resource because it is fast growing and yields large amounts of methane. The fast growing algae has been the topic of renewable energy talks because of the lack of an ________ requirement. _________: Seagrass is highly adaptable and serves as a _________ for many marine ecosystems. Seagrass can reduce _______and increase sedimentation through roots that stabilize the seabed. Provide s_________ for organisms, wave protections, oxygen production and _________storage. Reefs are the most diverse of all marine ecosystems. The waters where coral reefs are found are often poor in nutrients. Yet, other factors are favorable such as temperature, sunlight year round, and zooxanthellae. Provides a habitat for a wide variety of marine organisms.Protects coasts from shoreline erosion.

47 ______ ______ CharacteristicsBuilt from layers of ________ _______, coral reefs are found in ______, ________ sea water. The living portions must grow in shallow waters where light hits. Grow _______, as one dies another grows on it.

48 Coral Reefs: Centers of _________Marine equivalent of ________ rain forests Reefs are the ______ source for marine life, ________ grounds for fish and bird species, and shelter and hiding place for many species. Loss of reefs removes habitats as they are habitats for _____ of all marine species. This _______ biodiversity or richness and could cause the ________ or decrease in populations of marine organisms.

49 Coral Reefs ______ and protection ________ areas from waves and storms. Prevents destruction of coastal habitats or erosion of shoreline habitats. Waters where reefs are found are often _____ in nutrients but have other _________ factors such as temperature, sunlight year round, and ______________. Reefs are a major _______ sink in the ocean and this carbon storage would be lost.

50 Coral Reef _______ Of the 109 countries with large reefs, ____are damaging them, and ____% of the coral reefs are at ______risk, especially off the coast of Southeastern Asia. In the western Atlantic, _______% of all coral species are either ______ or __________.

51 Coral Reef Risks Con’t _______ washing from downstream has ___________ the reefs High _______ from fresh water diversion, over-fishing, boat groundings, fishing with dynamite or cyanide, hurricane damage, disease, coral _________, land reclamation, tourism, and the ________ of coral for building materials.

52 __________ of Provides _________with seafood, pharmaceuticals, and recreational/tourism dollars ______ coral reefs in ____ countries are protected as reserves or parks, and another _____ have been recommended for protection. The good news is coral reefs ______ often recover from damage.

53 Green sea turtle Moray eelGray reef shark Sea nettle Green sea turtle Blue tang Fairy basslet Parrot fish Brittle star Sergeant major Hard corals Algae Banded coral shrimp Phytoplankton Coney Symbiotic algae Figure 8.12: Natural capital. This diagram illustrates some of the components and interactions in a coral reef ecosystem. When these organisms die, decomposers break down their organic matter into minerals used by plants. Colored arrows indicate transfers of matter and energy between producers, primary consumers (herbivores), secondary or higher-level consumers (carnivores), and decomposers. Organisms are not drawn to scale. Zooplankton Blackcap basslet Sponges Moray eel Bacteria Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers Fig. 8-12, p. 177

54 Human ________ Are Disrupting and Degrading Marine SystemsMajor _______ to marine systems Coastal development _____________ Use of fishing __________ Runoff of nonpoint source pollution Point source pollution Habitat _____________ Introduction of___________species Climate ________ from human activities _________of coastal wetlands and estuaries

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56 Increase in Ocean __________ causing Ocean ________________The ocean acts as a ____ sink, absorbing much of the _____ produced by the burning of fossil _______. CO2 reacting with water forms _______ acid through the chemical reaction: CO2 + H2O H2CO3 An _________ in carbonic acid levels is causing the _____ of the oceans to fall. This has major implications for marine life such as not being able to make their _________. 5 10 15 20 25 8.4 8.3 8.2 8.1 8.0 7.9 7.8 7.7 7.6 pH of ocean surface Time (millions of years before present) 8.3 8.2 8.1 8.0 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 7.8 7.9 Possible pH range

57 Healthy Vs. Unhealthy Coral ____________

58 __________ and __________: Gone Fishing, Fish GoneSince ______, major decline in fishing. About _____% of the world’s commercially valuable marine fish species are over fished or fished near their sustainable limits. ____ fish are becoming scarce. Smaller fish are next. We throw away ___% of the fish we catch. We needlessly kill sea _______ and _____. _________- fish or animals that were not meant to be caught

59 Deep sea aquaculture cage Fish caught by gillsTrawler fishing Fish farming in cage Spotter airplane Sonar Purse-seine fishing Trawl flap Trawl lines Fish school Trawl bag Drift-net fishing Long line fishing Float Buoy Figure 12.A Natural capital degradation: major commercial fishing methods used to harvest various marine species. These methods have become so effective that many fish species have become commercially extinct. Lines with hooks Deep sea aquaculture cage Fish caught by gills Fig , p. 259

60 _______ of ______ ______________- large ________-like net is put into the ocean and is then closed like a drawstring purse to trap the fish. Tuna is a fish typically caught in purse seines Dolphins are a by-catch of purse seines ______________- _______ are put out that can be up to ____miles long w/ thousands of baited hooks on them. These are left out free-floating for days and then the boat comes back and picks them up. Pilot whales, dolphins, sea turtles, and birds are by-catch of this technique. _______________- ______ that hangs as much as _____ feet below the surface and up to _____ miles long. Anything that comes into contact w/ these nearly invisible nets are entangled. Many unwanted fish and marine mammals, turtles and seabirds are caught.

61 Types of nets cont. Area of ocean ______ and _____ a trawler net_______ net scrapes bottom of ocean acting like a giant plow. Figure 11-2

62 Population Growth and PollutionEach year _______ items dumped from ______ and left as litter on _________ threaten marine life.

63 ______ Pacific ______ Patch_______ trash vortex, is an area of high relative concentrations of pelagic _______, chemical sludge and other ______ that have been trapped by the currents of the North Pacific Gyre

64 Protecting ______: A Success Story… So Far___ of ____ species hunted to commercial extinction by 1975 _____: U.S. stopped commercial whaling and ______ imports of whale products. _____: Moratorium on commercial whaling 42,480 whales killed in 1970 1500 killed in 2009 _______, _______, and _______ ignore moratorium

65 Holding Out Hope for _________ Turtles________to the leatherback turtle ________ and drowning in fishing nets _________ Eggs used as ______ ________ ________ change Fishing boats using turtle _______ devices ___________ protecting the turtles

66 Sea Turtle Species Figure 11.9: Several major species of sea turtles have roamed the sea for 150 million years. The hawksbill, Kemp’s ridley, and leatherback turtles are critically endangered. Flatbacks live along the coasts of northern Australia and Papua, New Guinea, and are not classified as endangered because they nest in very remote places, but the Australian government classifies them as vulnerable. The loggerhead, green, and olive ridley are classified as endangered. See the photo of an endangered green sea turtle on the title page. Fig. 11-9, p. 262

67 _________

68 Estuaries Estuaries are partially _______ area of coastal water where sea water ______ with freshwater and are constantly changing. ________, temperature, suspended solids, storms (precipitation), and tidal cycles fluctuate with the time of year. Organisms that live in this unique habitat must be able to __________ these conditions. __________ that are transported from rivers brings a high amount of nutrients. This allows a place of ________ for many ocean species and thus makes estuaries highly _________ and very ________ supporting complex food webs. FRQ 2003 #3: What are some other factors that cause variation in temperature and/or salinity in an estuary? Estuaries are common areas… or at least they should be.

69 ______ Marshes The ground here is ________ with water and there is _______ oxygen, so _____ takes place ______. It has a surface _____ and _____, and contains many _________. It is also the _______ ground for many ______ animals. Ex. crabs and shellfish.

70 __________ Forests Located along ______, ________ coasts where there is too much _____ for coral reefs to grow. Dominated by __________ trees called _________ (55 different species exist). Helps _______ the coastline from _______ and provides a _______ nursery for some ______ species of fish, invertebrates, and plants.                                   

71 ________ Ecosystem _________Estuaries serve as a _______ sink by absorbing large amounts of CO2 (sink) and they also serve as ________for _________ by trapping sediments and pollutants. They act as ___________ as they absorb water recharging ______________ stores and controlling ___________ by slowing flow of water. Economically wetlands are important as well: Provide ______________ and recreational income through fishing, recreation, and photography. Allow for protected waterway passage between rivers and oceans. Protect property by __________ shores form flow of water and erosion. _______ sewage and storm water that would otherwise be paid for by the local community. Coastal ecosystems can easily be affected by _______ sea levels, storms, temperature change, and rate of water cycling. As ocean and sea levels rise what happens to habitat? Loss, increased nutrient load as estuaries filter out excess nutrients, increase storm destruction, change in salinity.

72 __________ of EstuariesJust one acre of estuary provides $________ worth of free _______ treatment, and has a value of about $________ when recreation and fish for food are included. Prime Kansas _________ has a top value of $1,200 and an annual production value of $600.

73 Case Study: The __________ Bay—an Estuary in Trouble__________estuary in the US; polluted since 1960 Human ___________increased _______and ______point sources raised pollution __________and _______levels too high Excess sediments from ________ and decreased vegetation Increased _______Zone – areas of no or little ________ where nothing can live

74 Case Study: The Chesapeake Bay—an Estuary in Trouble________a keystone species, greatly reduced ________: Chesapeake Bay Program Integrated coastal ________with local, state, federal governments and citizens’ groups ______ update: 25 years and $6 billion Program met only ______% of goals Water quality “_____ _____” 74

75 Chesapeake Bay Figure 8.14: The Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary in the United States. However, the bay is severely degraded as a result of water pollution from point and nonpoint sources in six states and the District of Columbia, and from the atmospheric deposition of air pollutants. Fig. 8-14, p. 180

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78 Southern Florida to the Keys

79 Case Study: _________ the Florida EvergladesThe world’s ________ ecological restoration project involves trying to ______ some of the _______ inflicted on the Everglades by ______ activities. ____% of park’s wading birds have vanished. Other vertebrate populations down _______%. Large volumes of ______ that once flowed through the park have been ________ for _____ and _____. ________ has caused noxious _______ blooms.

80 __________ As Miami develops, it ________ on everglades. Plus, it prompts ________ vs. ________. It is __________ and local areas are ________ it.

81 Restoring the Florida EvergladesThe project has been attempting to ______ the ________ and Florida _____supplies. Figure 11-13

82 _______________ Build huge ________, or find other sources of ______ water an protect it ______ under _______ species act, etc.

83 _______ Effects on Aquatic SystemsMost water used by humans comes from rivers, lakes, & aquifers. ________rivers for electricity affects water flow downstream as seen in the James Bay project in Quebec with over 600 dams blocking 19 rivers. _______ and ________ for drinking water displace vast amounts of the water for these resource stores. ________ from fertilizers, waste, an sewage can have paralyzing effects on rivers, lakes, and oceans. These actions can have dramatic effects on the _________ and can cause loss of biodiversity. Irrigation can move move millions of liters of water from rivers and aquifers, affecting land down stream. Damming and diverting rivers lowers the availability of water downstream and stops annual floods that replace soil nutrients. Dams, locks and other obstacles make it very difficult for migratory fish to find their way to breeding grounds.

84 ________ Species Are Degrading Aquatic ____________Invasive species Threaten _______ species Disrupt and degrade whole __________ Examples Asian swamp eel _________ in the Atlantic Burmese Python _____________ Asian Carp