1 1 Alas para volar Wings to fly Achieving A* - B Higher Structure Booklet Mis vacaciones

2 Higher Tier Language Structures – El instituto y planes futuros 1.Opinions Creo que...I believe that... Pienso que... I think that... En mi opini ó n... In my opini ó n... Para m í... For me... A mi parecer... It seems to me / In my opinion... Dir í a que... I would say that... Desde mi punto de vista... From my point of view.... 2. Desde hace……(Since…ago/ for) When you want to say how long you have been doing something you use desde hace + present perfect (pretérito perfecto) Examples He ido de vacaciones a España desde hace* cinco años I have been going on holidays to Spain since 5 years ago* Me han gustado las vacaciones de aventura desde hace* tres años I have liked adventure holidays for 3 years 2

3 3.Lo + adjective…. When you want to say “The good thing is that….” “The bad thing is…….” “The best thing is…..” use lo + adjective Examples Lo malo* es que…The bad thing is (that) Lo bueno* de las vacaciones es……. The good thing about holidays is……. Lo mejor* del hotel es …the best thing about the hotel is……. Lo peor* del viaje es …the worst thing about the journey is……. Lo más positivo* del avión es……..The most positive thing about the plane is….. 3

4 4.Extended sentences LIKES + REASON 4.1 Write longer sentences using porque and pero in the same sentence. LIKES Me gusta I like Me importa I care for Me encanta I love Me chifla I love Me mola I think it´s cool Prefiero I prefer No me importa I don´t mind No me gusta I don´t like No soporto I can´t stand Me molesta It bothers me Me irrita It irritates me Odio I hate REASONS Porque because Por esta razón for this reason Puesto que because Ya que because Por eso That´s why A causa de que Due to the fact Debido al hecho de que Due to the fact Esto indica que This indicates Por esoThat´s why Examples Me gusta…………….porque* es……………………….pero*/sin embargo…………………. I like…………………….because it is…………………..but/however………………… Me chiflan………………porque* son………………pero*/sin embargo…………………. I love (plural)……because they are………but/however………………… 4

5 5.Correlations No s ó lo.......sino tambi é n. (Not only......... but also). Examples Me gustan no sólo los parques sino tambi é n los bosques I not only like parks but also forests No sólo comimos en restaurantes sino también hicimos picnics Not only we ate in restaurants but also we had picnics 6.Negatives no ….don´t (not) nuncanever jam á snever no ….nadieanybody / nobody no ….ni …..nineither …… nor ………. Examples No* me gusta el campo porque tengo alergia I don´t like fields (The countryside) because I´ve got hayfever Nunca* paso tiempo en la palyaI never spend time on the beach Jam á s* tomo el sol porque me quemo I never sunbathe because I get burnt Mis amigos no van ni al camping ni a la montaña My friends don´t go either camping or to the mountains. 5

6 7. Impersonal Verbs Hay que You have to se puede + full verbYou can se debe + full verbYou should/must/ought to se necesita + full verbYou need to se require + full verbIt requires Examples Hay que estar en silencio You have to be quiet Se puede* hacer casi cualquier cosa You can do almost anything No se debe* dar de comer a los animales You shouldn´t feed animals Se debe* usar crema protectora You should use suncream 8. Expressions with tener Tener means to have but when linked with an adjective (describing word) its meaning changes from “to have” to “to be” Examples Tener éxito*to be successful Tener miedo*to be afraid Tener hambre*to be hungry Tener suerte*to be lucky Quiero tener éxito* en la vidaI want to be successful in life Tendré suerte* si…..I will be lucky if…… Tener conciencia ciudadana to be a good citizen Tener reservado Tengo reservado un hotel lujoso. I have a luxurious hotel reserved. Examples Tendrémos suerte si conseguimos plaza We will be lucky if we get a place 6

7 9.“If” sentences When you start sentences with “if” or “si” in Spanish, combinations of tenses are used. The combinations are as follows Si* + present + future Si* + imperfect + conditional Si* + pluperfect + conditional perfect Examples Si* reservamos pronto, conseguiremos una buena oferta If we book early, we will pass all the exams Si* mi amiga viajara más, conocería otras culturas If my friend travelled more, she would know other cultures Si* no hubiese perdido el avión, habría disfrutado mas de mis vacaciones. If hadn´t missed the plane, I would have enjoyed the holidays better. 10.Object Pronouns When you want to avoid repeating the thing you are talking about in a sentence, use an object pronoun. They are normally found in front of a verb. The most commonly used are: MasculineFeminine itlo la them loslas mememe Examples Lo* estudioI´m studying it Me* ayudar á it will help me Nos* beneficiaráit will benefit us Lo* veoI can see it Lo* compréI bought it Don´t get confused with THE (article) EL, LA, LOS, LAS!!!!!! 7

8 11.Comparatives When you want to compare two things use the following comparisons Más……… quemore….than Menos ………..que less….than Tan………comoas…………as Examples La playa es más divertida que* la montaña The beach is more fun than the mountains Ir de camping es menos caro que* el hotel Go camping is less expensive than the hotel La comida inglesa es tan sabrosa como* la española English food is as tasty as Spanish food. 12.Superlatives When you want to say “the most………… ” or “the least……” use a superlative in Spanish el másthe most (m) la másthe most (f) el menosthe least (m) la menosthe least (f) Examples Este museo es el más* interesante This museum is the most interesting La moto es la más* cómoda de todas las formas de viajar Motorbike is the most comfortable of all ways of travel 8

9 13.Adverbs Adjectives which describe verbs are called adverbs. In English they usually end in “ly”. In Spanish normally they end in “mente” Example probablamente probably afortunádamentefortunately definitívamentedefinitely constántementeconstantly periódicamenteperiodically consecuentementeconsequently However, not all adverbs end in “mente” Examples a menudooften algunas veces sometimes ahoranow casialmost 14.Linking ideas with starters such as ……. a)Al llegar + full verbOn arriving …. b)Despu é s de + full verb After ……….. c)Antes de + full verb beforeBefore …… Example Al* llegar a Madrid On arriving in Madrid…. Despues de* llegar al hotel After arriving att he hotel….. Despues* de nadar en el mar After swimming in the sea….. Antes de ver el monumento After seeing the monument….. Después de nadar en el mar, tomaré el sol en la arena After swimming in the sea, I´ll sunbathe on the sand 9

10 15.Using “í simo ” (veeeeeeeeeeery) When you want to emphasise an adjective add “í simo ” to it í simo (m) í sima (f) í simos (mpl) í simas (fpl) Example Las vacaciones son cortísimas* Holidays are veeeery short Los hoteles son carísimos* Hotels are veeeery expensive El autobús es lentísimo* The coach is veeery slow. 16. Conjunctives ( Conectores) Start sentences with good linkage to gain valuable content marks Examples Sin embargoHowever Adem á sFurthermore AunqueAlthough Para empezarTo start / begin with Para concluirTo sum up / conclude Por un lado.. por otro ladoOn the one hand... on the other hand En primer lugarIn the first instance / place Al fin y al caboWhen all is said and done A pesar de todoDespite everything Por lo tantoTherefore Por lo queTherefore AfortunadamenteFortunately Por desgraciaUnfortunately Despu é safter / afterwards Entoncesthen / so Luegothen / next Tambi é nalso Por esoso / for this reason Por ejemplofor example As í queso Ya quesince, considering that Aparte de apart from 10

11 17. Using the gerund When you want to use “ ing ” in Spanish add “ iendo ” to er or ir verbs or “ ando ” to ar verbs. Example Viajando* mucho, practicaré mi español. Travelling a lot, I will practice my Spanish. Conociendo* gente nueva, me lo pasaré bien. Meeting new people, I will have a good time. Visitando museos, aprenderé muchas cosas. Visiting museums I will learnt lots of things 18.TENSES a.Present VISITO b.Preterite VISITÉ c.Perfect HE VISITADO d.Imperfect VISITABA e.Conditional VISITARÍA f.Pluperfect HABIA VISITADO g.Subjunctive VISITE h.Future VISITARÉ or VOY A VISITAR 19. Después de haber + past participle When you want to say after having done something, you use después de haber + past participle Examples Después de haber modernizado* el hotel………. After having modernised the hotel…………… Después de haber LIMPIADO* la playa…… After having cleaned the beach…………… 11 Después de haber visitado* España………. After having visited Spain…………… Después de haber probado*…… After having tried……………

12 20.Subjunctive phrases QuisieraI would like Ojalá fueraIf only I or He/She/It were Ojalá tuvieraIf only I or He/She/It had Ojalá pudieraIf only I or He/She.. could Ojalá hubieraIf only there were Cuando sea mayorWhen I’m older Cuando (to indicate future) When..... Si tuviera más tiempo/dinero If only I had more time/money Cuando sea mayor.....When I´m older Cuando viva solo.....When I live by myself Cuando el mundo cambie su mentalidad... When the world changes its way of thinking 21. Usually OR Used to = Soler Suelo – I usually Suele- He/she usually Solemos – we usually Suelen- they usually Sol í a – I used to Sol í amos- We used to Solían- They used to Followed by an INFINITIVE (AR, ER, IR) Examples Suelo pasAR mucho tiempo tomando el sol I usually spend lots of time sunbathing Cuando era peque ñ o, sol í amos IR a España When I was younger, we used to GO to Spain. 12

13 22. It´s +Adjective+ TO Infinitive Es difícil + It´s difficult Es fácil + It´s easy Es necesario+ It´s necessary Es esencial+ It´s essential Es útil+ It´s useful Es importanteIt´s important Es fundamental It´s fundamental Es prioritario It´s a priority Es primordialIt´s essential Examples Es difícil encontrar sitio en la playa It´s difficult to find room on the beach 23.Tengo la intención de + Infinitive I tend to + infinitive Examples Tengo la intención de visitar lo más que pueda I intend to visit as much as possible 24.Tanto/a/s….como As many as En mi ciudad no hay tantos monumentos como en Madrid. In my city there is not as many monuments as in Madrid. 25. RELATIVE CLAUSES WHO (quien), WHICH (que), WHERE(donde), WHOSE (cuyo) En el hotel donde nos alojamos … In the hotel where we stayed... 13