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3 When was the Baroque period ?From about 1600 to 1750 What terms could be used to characterize Baroque art ? Ornate Grandiose Complex Decorative Elaborate
4 Historical Themes The increasing importance of scientific investigation. The culmination of royal despotism. Development of the New World. Artificiality and marvelous effect were valued in the arts.
5 Importance of scientific investigationScientists such as Galileo Galilei (1564– 1622) and Isaac Newton (1642–1727) broke away from the older model of science, whose purpose was the proof of an a priori assumption.
6 Importance of scientific investigationInstead, through observation and experimentation, scientists devised hypotheses about why things happened.
7 The culmination of royal despotismA small group of leaders (kings, queens, & emperors) wielded enormous power in Europe. Such was their power that Louis XIV (1638–1715) was to declare, "L’état c’est moi"— "I am the state."
8 Development of the New WorldThe English, French, and Spanish holdings in the New World continued to supply Europe with wealth.
9 Development of the New WorldBut as the generations passed, colonists began to feel a growing allegiance to their new homes. Ultimately, such feelings would lead to the independence of these lands.
10 Artificiality & marvelous effectSculptors, building on the techniques of artists such as Giovanni Bernini (1598– 1680), found ways to create the illusion of energetic and even violent movement in their works.
11 Artificiality & marvelous effectPainters created larger and more crowded canvases. Virtuosity was highly prized in all arts.
12 Musical Context A time of experimentation. Expanding roles for music.A growing awareness of national styles. The full equality of instrumental music.
13 A time of experimentationMusicians embraced the idea that music could move the listener in a real and physical way. Opera, with its blend of music and drama, was the full realization of this ideal. In instrumental music, no less than in opera, composers experimented with ways of creating impressive effects.
14 Expanding roles for musicMusic continued to be used as an important tool of statecraft. The new and extravagant styles served as a rich adornment to religious services in both Catholic and Protestant traditions. Music, especially opera, was as an important source of entertainment to the growing merchant and landed classes.
15 Awareness of national stylesDistinct styles of both vocal & instrumental music developed in Italy, France & Germany. Composers were aware of these differences and made use of them in their music. A French composer, for example, might label a piece "In the Italian Style." The question of the superiority of various styles was often the subject of heated debate.
16 Equality of instrumental musicNew instrumental forms, such as the concerto & sonata developed. Instrument makers created new types of instruments (especially wind instruments). The violin moved to centre stage as the most important string instrument.
17 Equality of instrumental musicPerformers reached new heights of expression & technique. Virtuoso players (such as A.Corelli & A.Vivaldi) reflected these abilities in their own compositions. Even in vocal music, instruments played an important role. Instruments not only served as accompaniment, but often played equal roles with the voices.
18 Musical Style The basso continuo is ever-present in Baroque music.Textures are primarily melody and accompaniment or contrapuntal. Voices and instruments were freely mixed. Newly developed instruments provided a rich palette of tone color. Rhythms are often derived from dance rhythms.
19 Musical Style cont’d Melodies are ornate and often make use of dramatic leaps. Harmony is based on major/minor tonality, and dissonances become more common. Repetition & simple binary & ternary forms provide the basis for musical structure. Improvisation Counterpoint
20 What musical forms were popular in the Baroque Era ?Opera Oratorio The Fugue The Madrigal Instrumental Suite Concerto Sonata
21 Who were some Baroque composers ?Claudio Monteverdi ( ) J.B. Lully ( ) Arcangelo Corelli ( ) Henry Purcell ( ) G.P. Telemann ( ) J.S. Bach ( ) G.F. Handel ( ) Antonio Vivaldi ( )
22 Monteverdi Born in Cremona, Italy in 1567 A child prodigy.Viola player in the orchestra of Duke Gonzaga of Mantua Wrote “Orfeo” which marked the beginning of opera. In 1636, joined the priesthood. Died in 1643.
23 J.B. Lully Italian-born French composerBorn in Florence, Italy in 1632 Self-taught violinist At 14 went to France and worked as page to cousin of Louis XIV He developed the formal 'French Overture‘. Made French opera a popular art. Died in Paris, France 1687.
24 Corelli Born in Fusignano, Italy in 1653.He was a violinist who composed concerti grossi and trio sonatas. Only composed instrumental music. His music was richly spirited and had a touching and refined melodic sense. Died in 1713.
25 Purcell Born in England in 1659At age 20, became organist of Westminster Abbey Most known for his lively trumpet voluntaries and sweet vocal airs Known for his exceptional and pleasant use of harmonies Died in 1695.
26 Telemann Born in Germany in 1681 Self-taught by study of scoresExtremely prolific composer Skilled in counterpoint Died in Hamburg, Germany in 1767
27 J.S. Bach Born in 1685 & died in 1750 in GermanyBorn into a musical family Was 10 his father died Master of counterpoint, writing fugues, improvising & playing the organ. Best known composer of the period.
28 Handel Born in 1685 in Halle, GermanyHe traveled widely and learned many things about music He moved to England and became a British subject in 1727. His most famous work is the "Messiah." Died in 1759.
29 Vivaldi Born in Venice, Italy in 1687His father taught him to play violin In 1703, became a priest. Vivaldi's music has strong rhythms and strong contrasts. His most famous work is the “The Four Seasons." Died in Vienna, Austria in 1741.
30 Ornate architectural styleThis elaborate style matched the art, architecture and fashion of the time.
31 Ornate
32 Grandiose
33 Elaborate
34 Decorative
35 Complex