1 1950s, then Decades of Change Project WORKWeek 34: April 24-28, 2017 1950s, then Decades of Change Project WORK (Ch. 19; 41-42; 20-24; HA43-54)

2 Why are we here this week?Students will complete the study of the 1950s with a recap of the essential terms & concepts from the Post-War USA, including video clips, then complete the first of 6 Unit IV quizzes. Cooperative learning teams will read their assigned chapters and construct a PPT-based collaborative presentation, according to K.I.S.S. principles.

3 Homework: Study for 1950s QUIZCh. 19 “ttt,” 41-42 notes, essentialterms & 1950s overview, video notes, incl. “Date with your Family” -Continue Decades PPT planning WORK! What QUESTIONS do you have about the “Decades of CHANGE Potent PPT Project?” Monday, April 24, 2017 I. Conversation Piece Decades of Change POTENT PPT PROJECT I. Fabulous 50s Review Ch. 19 “ttt”…video clips Ch summary/collage & terms (15 pts each)

4 Ch. 20-24 “Potent PPT Project”Work now, LEARN from each other, & later you will share your creativity in a PLAYFUL way. All groups must create a KAHOOT! review game that brings your chapter to life! Pictures are expected, at least 3 questions per person, and school-appropriate humor is welcome.

5 Decades of Change NAME:. Period #:. Oral HISTORY Project topic:Decades of Change NAME: Period #: Oral HISTORY Project topic: My preferred classmate(s): CIRCLE 1st choice (CHAPTER) DRAW a star by your 2nd request No chapter preference? (check here  ) Ch. 24 Age of Limits (1970s) 4 Sections/4 questions Ch. 20 New Frontier & Great Society (JFK & LBJ) 3 Sections/4 questions Ch. 23 Era of Social Change 3 Sections/4 questions Ch. 21 Civil Rights 3 Sections/4 questions Ch. 22 Vietnam Years 5 Sections/5 questions

6

7

8 Decades of CHANGE ProjectCh Ch Ch. 22 Ch Ch. 24 New Frontier & Great Society Civil Rights Vietnam Years Era of Social Change Age of Limits Groups of students will construct a chapter-specific presentation using PowerPoint There will be a “collaborative assessment” and individual QUIZ on each chapter. All students will be responsible for one or more “telescoping the times” questions* from The Americans READ the BOOK! *Some students will make their own EQ-based questions! Each student’s “ttt” question gets two slides: 1) question & personalized answer* with visuals & PPT effects, plus concepts from Alive! *Include “main idea” & textbook graphics, plus video, sound, music or GIFs! 2) “5 word bomb” OR Socratic symposium (original question & anticipated answers) Each group will present their PPT to the class, plus make a KAHOOT! Game (3 days total) (Your PPT file needs a chapter overview slide w/ names, dates, then slides) Collaborative project = 50 major pts (teacher = 30; peer = 10; self-evaluation = 10)

9 4th district exam is planned for Thursday, May 25thUnit IV: Decades of Change Be ready to LISTEN to peers, follow along in textbooks, ask & answer questions, complete a collaborative, open-book assessment, then participate in a learning game. There will be an individual objective QUIZ for each chapter. Day 1: Teach chapter essentials via your “ttt” PowerPoint slide Day 2: 5 word “bomb” and/or Socratic Symposium, then“chapter test” Day 3: Kahoot!, then QUIZ (Day 4 needed for Ch. 22…others?) The Americans Visit Robinson SHARES folder for Ch “ttt” answers Read or skim both textbooks. 20…New Frontier & Great Society Monday, 5/1Wednesday 5/3 21…Civil Rights: Thursday, 5/4Monday 5/8 22…Vietnam Years: Tuesday, 5/9Friday 5/12 23…Era of Social Change: Monday, 5/15W/5/17 24…Age of Limits: Thursday, 5/18M/5/22 Collaborative “chapter tests” will be worth 20 minor points. Chapter quizzes (5) will be worth roughly major points. Be sure to READ & complete “ttt” questions and Alive! fill-in notes & exercises BEFORE peers teach! History Alive! Summaries (in Shares folder) contain fill-in NOTES. 43, 48, 49 44, 45, 46, 47 51, 52, 53 50, 55, 47 53, 54, 55 4th district exam is planned for Thursday, May 25th

10 Decades of Change Period 1New Frontier & Great Society (JFK & LBJ) 3 Sections/4 questions Rachel Anna Stella Sam Rehan Ch. 23 Era of Social Change 3 Sections/4 questions Alexa Marisa Dylan Kendall Grant Ch. 24 Age of Limits (1970s) 4 Sections/4 questions Camryn Grayce Sakhi Giulia Veronica Ch. 22 Vietnam Years 5 Sections/5 questions Hannah Marin TJ Isobel Jason Swope Ch. 21 Civil Rights 3 Sections/4 questions Emme Jason Miller Will Evan Savannah

11 Decades of Change Period 2New Frontier & Great Society (JFK & LBJ) 3 Sections/4 questions Dakota Syd Reed Ch. 23 Era of Social Change 3 Sections/4 questions Nick Hano Paola Ben Ch. 24 Age of Limits (1970s) 4 Sections/4 questions Reagan Ian Stephen Ch. 22 Vietnam Years 5 Sections/5 questions Adam Gene Joe Ch. 21 Civil Rights 3 Sections/4 questions Brianna Nick O’Donnell Abby

12 Decades of Change Period 3New Frontier & Great Society (JFK & LBJ) 3 Sections/4 questions Jackson Cramer Jack Fallon Abby Natalie Erin Ch. 23 Era of Social Change 3 Sections/4 questions Reilly Sariah Christine Grace Talia Ch. 24 Age of Limits (1970s) 4 Sections/4 questions Clare Rebekah Ashlynn Drew Aiden Yiannis Ch. 22 Vietnam Years 5 Sections/5 questions Emma Bret Luke Ellie Jim Zach Ch. 21 Civil Rights 3 Sections/4 questions Caleb Abhi Maddie Burker Maddie Carver Ryan

13 Decades of Change Period 4New Frontier & Great Society (JFK & LBJ) 3 Sections/4 questions Chris Bacon Durham Kipp Erin Nick Ch. 23 Era of Social Change 3 Sections/4 questions Will Jada Ethan Ginny Sean Ch. 24 Age of Limits (1970s) 4 Sections/4 questions Annie Mary Lenny Paul Everett Kevin Ch. 22 Vietnam Years 5 Sections/5 questions Rachel Griffin Maddie Ian Tessa Matt Ch. 21 Civil Rights 3 Sections/4 questions Ryan Chris Jacobs Parker Owen Ana Josh

14 Decades of Change Period 6New Frontier & Great Society (JFK & LBJ) 3 Sections/4 questions Ethan Elise Reilly Colbe Ch. 23 Era of Social Change 3 Sections/4 questions Julia Willa Nick Flannan Ch. 24 Age of Limits (1970s) 4 Sections/4 questions Leah Roman Camryn Ben Danzis Ch. 22 Vietnam Years 5 Sections/5 questions Danny Ben Callanan Madi Rachel Simone Ch. 21 Civil Rights 3 Sections/4 questions Rhiannon Hayden Melody Tori

15 What is your OVERALL rating of each individual group memberWhat is your OVERALL rating of each individual group member? Chapter "ttt" question 1 equals student 1…student #2 answers “ttt” 2, etc. Shared questions (paired students) should be listed in order…bracket?   Student 1: 10…9…8…7…6 Student 2: Student 3: Student 4: Student 5: Student 6: If your group has the same # of people as questions, ASSIGN each person a specific QUESTION and RECORD your names in order as directed. If your group has MORE people than questions, the extra person must complete a related ESSENTIAL QUESTION or write his/her own unique EQ-based question. If your group has LESS people than questions, you can either ASSIGN “extra” questions to interested individuals, pair up & complete questions (for additional points), or see teacher for other ways to manage task.

16 The Americans textbook collaborative “test,” plus an individual QUIZ (major grade)Groups will use the teacher-provided answer key to review and correct peer groups’ ANSWERS. LIST the total number of questions CORRECT above the total number of objective questions. e.g. 18/20 THINK about the essential concepts in your chapter, then review the upcoming QUIZ that will follow your chapter presentation. Plan to “teach” the key content!

17 Decades of Change Scoring Rubric (50 major points)Content (Verbal)…10 Presentation Skills…10 Visual Exhibits (PPT slides & Kahoot!)…10 Self-Evaluation …10 Peer Evaluation…10

18 Ch. 20-24 presentation = 50 major points

19 CONTENT & PRESENTATION SKILLS evaluated by teacher 40% of grade(“ttt-based” PPT and “5 word bomb” or Socratic Symposium) 40% of grade

20 Your specific SLIDES and your GROUP “Kahoot!” will be evaluated by teacher (20% of your grade) You will “GRADE” yourself for 20%

21 Unit IV: Decades of ChangeThe Americans Visit Robinson SHARES folder for Chapter 20, 21, 22, 23, OR 24 “ttt” answers. History Alive! Chapter summaries contain ALL the fill-in-blank NOTES that are relevant for your topic: Ch. 20: 43, 48, 49 Ch. 21: 44, 45, 46 (47) Ch. 22: 51, 52, 53 Ch. 23: 47, 50, 55 Ch. 24: 53, 54, 55 Remember: Do ALL parts of Alive! assignment as directed in your Unit IV packet! Include Alive! concepts (from summary notes) in your PPT slide!

22 Civil rights Chapter Overview: After decades of discrimination, African Americans begin a struggle for equality. They make gain against unfair laws in the south, but as the movement reaches northern cities, gains are fewer Americans chapter 21 History alive! ChapterS 44-47 Emily Decking, M1randa Heath, Colin Burn, And Brady Lott April 28-May 1, 2016

23 Proceed with CAUTION! POTENT template SLIDE follows…Consider COPYING and PASTING it, then manipulating and adjusting the many expected features, including: SIMPLE text layout with BUILD effects that answers the QUESTION Relevant pictures with appropriate TIMING Disappearing GRAPHIC (helps pack MORE into less space) Specific reference to History Alive! concept (related to “ttt” answer) Embedded hyperlink to Safari Montage video clip

24 Ch. 20:2 What policies did Kennedy push, and how well did he succeed in having them passed?Proposals that succeeded: Increased spending on defense Decreased poverty aboard Persuaded Congress to raise the minimum wage Instituted the Peace Corps Proposals that Kennedy was unable to pass: provide medical care for the elderly to rebuild blighted cities aid to schools Peace Corps Kennedy’s Peace Corps gave thousands of American volunteers the chance to help people in developing nations improve their lives. MAIN IDEA While Kennedy had trouble getting his ideas for a New Frontier passed several were achieved.

25 1. What social, economic, & political changes occurred after WW II?Ch. 19 “ttt” review: Postwar Boom Examine the “5 word ANSWER” and images for each question (below). What WORD(S) and image(s) do NOT belong? “BLOW OUT”…UP? Knock out??? 1. What social, economic, & political changes occurred after WW II? Using the GI bill, millions of returning soldiers got an education and bought homes in the growing suburbs. After years of denial, consumers launched a spending spree that helped fuel an economic boom. Voters grew more conservative. HIGHER QUALITY OF LIFE MONEY COMMUNISM OPPORTUNITY SUPPORT 

26 “BLOW OUT”…UP? Knock out???Ch. 19 “ttt” review: Postwar Boom Examine the “5 word ANSWER” and images for each question (below). What WORD(S) and image(s) do NOT belong? “BLOW OUT”…UP? Knock out??? 2. What were the benefits and costs of prosperity in the 1950s? While many enjoyed prosperity in the 1950s, including more leisure time, critics said that the new economy stifled individualism. Also, the new car culture, which gave freedom to travel and to live away from work, caused a decline of the inner cities and added pollution and traffic deaths to society’s woes. RELAXATION TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS HIGHER STANDARD OF LIVING REDUCED RICH-POOR “GAP” INDIVIDUALITY 

27 Ch. 19 “ttt” review: Postwar Boom“BLOW OUT”…UP? Knock out??? 3. Describe the values of 1950s popular culture & the subcultures that arose in opposition to them. Popular culture of the 1950s—spread largely through television but also through print media—deemphasized minorities and women. The counterculture criticized material values and conformity. CELEBRATED FEMALES TV & LITERATUREPOSSESSIONS BEATNIKS DISLIKED “SAMENESS” SELFISH or GREEDY EMPHASIZED PEOPLE OF COLOR 

28 “BLOW OUT”…UP? Knock out???Ch. 19 “ttt” : Postwar Boom “BLOW OUT”…UP? Knock out??? 4. What groups were NOT touched by the prosperity of the 1950s? Most African Americans, Hispanics, & Native Americans were denied a part in the prosperity of the 1950s. BLACKS LATINOS INDIANS WHITES HIPPIES

29 1950s Post-War Boom QUIZ (Tuesday, April 25th ) (civil rights movement-JFK comes later)1950s termsreading NOTES (PPT slides) The Americans, Chapter 19, p History Alive! Ch. 41 (p ) Peace, Prosperity, and Progress Ch. 42 (p ) Rebelling Against Conformity Overview 1950s, plus video notes: Post-War USA, “Superpower,” & “Date with your Family” QUALITY notes & details?...15 pts 5 word “BOMB” TWO, 3+ line summaries & reactions, plus COLLAGES?...15 pts

30 3+ line summary & reaction, plus COLLAGE?Ch. 41: Peace, Prosperity, & Progress Why are the 1950s remembered as an age of affluence? 3+ line summary & reaction, plus COLLAGE? The years following World War II were a time of prosperity in the United States. As the economy boomed, fears of a return to depression conditions faded. During the 1950s, millions of working-class families became affluent enough to move up into the middle class. Fair Deal President Harry Truman guided the transition from a wartime to a peacetime economy. But he was unable to get his Fair Deal reform program approved by a Republican Congress. Taft-Hartley Act Immediately after the war, a series of labor strikes threatened to cripple the economy. In response, Congress passed the Taft-Hartley Act, which limited the power of unions. Baby boom As the economy improved, Americans married and had children at record rates. The result was a baby boom that lasted from 1946 to 1964. Levittown Suburbs like Levittown attracted homebuyers by offering inexpensive houses on small lots. Suburban life revolved around the so-called traditional family, with a working dad and stay-at-home mom. Sunbelt Besides leaving cities for suburbs, Americans were also moving from northern states to the Sunbelt. California, Texas, and Florida all grew rapidly as a result. Interstate highway system A federally funded network of high-speed roads linked the nation as never before. Better roads encouraged the growth of suburbs and suburban shopping centers. Polio vaccine Medical advances such as antibiotics increased life expectancy in the 1950s. But no advance was more welcomed than the polio vaccine. This vaccine ended a decades-long battle with a much-dreaded disease that caused paralysis and death among its victims.

31 3+ line summary & reaction, plus COLLAGE?Ch. 42: Rebelling against Conformity How did some Americans rebel against conformity in the 1950s? 3+ line summary & reaction, plus COLLAGE? The 1950s were widely viewed as an age of conformity. Some social critics worried that the suburbs had become wastelands of cultural conformity and materialism. However, many currents of nonconformity also swirled through this decade. Suburbia Millions of Americans moved to suburbs during the 1950s. Critics like Lewis Mumford predicted that the sameness of suburban homes would lead to a social uniformity. But for many families, a move to the suburbs was the fulfillment of the American dream. The Organization Man Sociologists William Whyte and David Riesman explored conformity in their widely read books. They argued that large corporations, suburbs, television, and peer pressure were robbing Americans of their individuality. Beat movement A group of nonconformists called beats rejected all forms of convention. Beatniks rejected all forms of traditional society. Beat writers made major contributions to American literature. Youth culture Teenagers created their own culture of nonconformity by embracing comic books, movies, music, and slang that annoyed or appalled their parents. Rock ’n’ roll This now-familiar form of music was born in the 1950s. It was rooted in African American rhythm and blues and featured simple melodies, basic chords, and a strong, danceable beat. Many parents hated rock ’n’ roll, which made it even more attractive to teenagers. Abstract expressionism Painters like Jackson Pollock broke with realism in art to create a new form known as abstract expressionism. Abstract expressionist paintings appealed to viewers’ emotions rather than their rational thought.

32 Post-War USA Safari Montage VIDEOPost-war prosperity and the rise of a consumer society put America in the global spotlight. Landmark policies such as the G.I. Bill and Truman's Fair Deal shaped the political landscape as daily life becomes suburbanized along the ''crabgrass frontier.'' The Cold War, the Korean War, the arms race, the Red Scare and McCarthyism, and the early civil rights movement coincide with the Baby Boom, the birth of television, the growing influence of advertising, teen rebellion and rock & roll. The changing roles of women and ''The Feminine Mystique'' are also highlighted in this program

33

34

35

36

37 1950s Essential Terms Review

38 Servicemen’s Readjustment ActTo smooth the country's transition to peace after World War II, Congress passed the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of It was commonly known as the GI Bill of Rights. It provided assistance to returning service people, including low-interest home loans, and grants to pay college tuition. As a result, college enrollments skyrocketed. By the spring of 1949, nearly 26,000 students were attending U.C. Berkeley. By comparison, barely 17,000 had been enrolled in Such rapid growth took place in higher education institutions all through the state. Wheeler Hall on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley, 1949.

39 GI Bill of Rights shaped American society in the post WW II period for the better Millions of people whose parents or grandparents had never dreamed of going to college saw that they could go It allowed millions of Americans to achieve a standard of living that was generally better than that enjoyed by their parents.

40 GI Bill of Rights SuburbanizationCollege, marriage, family, house, & job were common post-WW II goals ~1/3 of all Americans live in suburbs by 1960 Economy was more robust (shift from wartime to peacetime was less problematic than anticipated) Cars and home construction led to increased prosperity for many conformity = suburban lifestyle house w/white-picket fence, 2-car garage… drastic increase in the number of children born (baby boom) women experienced greater economic independence during WW II society’s expectations limited the opportunities of women (stay at home?) greater divorce rate (more than a million by 1950)

41 Baby Boom The economic prosperity that followed World War II triggered a baby boom that peaked in 1957 (one baby every 7 seconds) and lasted until Then, almost as suddenly as it began, the boom ended. By 1966, the birthrate had dropped below the lowest level seen during the Depression years. In just two years, the baby boom had become a baby bust.

42 Dr. Benjamin Spock The belief that mothers should not work outside the home unless they had to for economic reasons was promoted by Dr. Benjamin Spock, the leading childcare expert of the day. First published in 1946, Spock’s Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care was a best seller for many years. Spock advised mothers to devote themselves full-time to raising their children. Any distraction from that task, such as a job or hobby, he argued, could damage a young child.

43 Dr. Jonas Salk developed polio vaccine (1955)Until 1955, when the Salk vaccine was introduced, polio was considered the most frightening public health problem of the post-war United States. The 1952 epidemic was the worst outbreak in the nation's history. Of nearly 58,000 cases reported that year, 3,145 people died and 21,269 were left with mild to disabling paralysis, with most of the victims children.

44 The first Levittown homes were just 800 square feet in size, but they came with an expandable attic. Buyers could choose from five models that differed in color, roofline, and window placement. Even the salesmen used assembly-line methods. A buyer could choose a house and sign a contract within three minutes. Suburbs The rapid growth in housing starts was made possible by a revolution in home construction techniques. Using assembly-line methods pioneered by Henry Ford, homebuilders like the Levitt brothers were able to mass-produce homes at an astonishing rate.

45 His “Fair Deal” economic program had mixed results. #33: Harry S. Truman ( ) Democrat-served almost two terms: ( ) and ( ). He finished out Roosevelt’s fourth term after Roosevelt had served almost three months of it. Commission on Civil Rights created in 1946, then his executive order desegregated the armed forces in 1948. His “Give ‘em hell, Harry” campaign pulled off a stunning upset in 1948 against Thomas Dewey (Gov. of NY) His “Fair Deal” economic program had mixed results. Compulsory health insurance and crop-subsidy programs were defeated by Congress Minimum wage raised ($.40$.75 per hour), extension of Social Security benefits, plus flood, irrigation, & public housing projects were supported. The 1948 election was a huge political upset for pollsters and headline writers. On election night, some newspapers printed the next day’s edition before the results were final. A gleeful Truman holds up the morning edition of the Chicago Tribune, which had predicted the wrong outcome.

46 conformity 1950s were a time when “everyone” behaved and thought in socially expected ways Americans looked for normalcy & calm following Great Depression & WW II Ideal family? Father = breadwinner ($) Mother = stay at-home, cook, clean, etc. Children = clean-cut, behaved & respectful, did chores Similarity did NOT sit well with everyone…a counterculture movement develops as people resist the “sameness” of the 1950s ideals

47 prosperity At the end of World War II, many economists feared the economy would once again fall into a depression. Instead, consumer spending helped spur a long period of economic growth. The nation’s productivity more than doubled from 1945 to 1960.

48 poverty 40 million “other” Americans lived in poverty & were not benefitting from the economic boom of the 1950s Elderly people, single women & children, minority groups such as African-Americans, Latinos, and Native Americans By 1962, 1 in 4 Americans were poor Suburban growth took people, businesses, & tax money from urban centers…decay & poverty rose

49 white flight Large numbers of white citizens left cities and moved to suburbs in 1950s resulting in isolation from other races & classes, Between WW II and 1960, nearly 5 million African Americans moved from the rural South to urban areas Cities lost businesses & property taxes, so schools, public transportation, fire, & police departments were underfunded Urban poor suffered

50 urban renewal a program of land redevelopment in areas of moderate to high density urban land use (cities) relocation of businesses, the demolition of structures, the relocation of people less congestion when areas of cities receive freeways and expressways Truman gained Congressional support for cities to clear out slums & build 810,000 housing units for low-income families

51

52

53 automobile -Suburban lifestyle required a car -ownership increased from 40 (1950) to 60 million (1960) For many Americans in the 1950s, buying a new car was a yearly ritual. Automakers encouraged this practice in two ways. First, each year, they made changes to the style, so that each year’s models looked different from those of the year before. Second, they introduced new features every year, designed to make driving more pleasurable. The combined effect was to make last year’s car look and feel old long before its useful lifetime was over. Created booming car industry & other areas of growth, but cars widened the gap between urban & suburban quality of life

54 Interstate Highway Systemauthorized by Congress & signed by President Eisenhower in 1956, a network of ~45,000 miles of highways connecting major cities around the country all highways are built under the same guidelines, so that each has at least two lanes in each direction, periodic rest areas for travelers, and no traffic lights or railroad crossings Led to the trucking industry, growth of suburbs, drive-in movies, restaurants, shopping malls, pollution, traffic jams Economic gap between people in cities & suburbs, plus middle class and poor widened--poverty rose

55 Dwight D. Eisenhower 34th President (1953-1961)--RepublicanSupreme commander of Allied forces in WW II and leader of NATO forces Twice defeated Adlai Stevenson (Democratic governor of Illinois) “Modern Republicanism” = conservative when it comes to money and liberal when it comes to human beings.” “Dynamic conservatism” led to immense popularity (middle-of-road course of action, avoided controversial issues)

56 President Eisenhower Ensured popular New Deal programs & presided over massive buildup of arms during peacetime fight over civil rights was growing in mid-1950s (1954-Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka…ended segregation in public schools) Vice President was Richard Nixon, who was accused of profiting from a secret “slush fund” set up by wealthy supporters Once Dwight D. Eisenhower’s “I like Ike” campaign got rolling, it never stopped. The 1952 presidential campaign was the first to make extensive use of television ads. One observer complained that campaigns were “selling the president like toothpaste.”

57 television New “mainstream media” that added to earlier print media (newspapers & magazines), radio, and movies TV reached 9% of American homes in 1948, then 55% by 1950, and 90% by 1960 “entertainment and information marvel of the postwar years” “Golden Age” of 1950s TV entertainment refers to comedy shows like Texaco Star Theater & I Love Lucy News programs, westerns, sports events, original dramas, and children’s entertainment shows spawned $2 billion in advertising by 1960 (up from $170 million in 1950)

58 counterculture nonconformity = rebellion against conventional behavior or customary ways of living voices of dissent rang out in the 1950s Youth culture = teens rebelling against parents’ music, dances, movies, & language due to sheer numbers of “baby boomers” and rising affluence Beat movement & Rock ‘n’ Roll are two examples

59 Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg & “beatniks”“Beat movement” = nonconforming group of writers and poets who rejected materialism and traditional 9-to-5 jobs that began in New York City’s Greenwich Village, then spread to San Francisco, and Los Angeles Feelings, adventures, and “stream of consciousness” celebrated, along with Zen Buddhism, Hinduism, jazz music called bebop, and sometimes drugs Drew media attention & inspired the imagination of many college students

60 Rock ‘n’ Roll Music Alan Freed (1951) was a Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey who played music from black rhythm and blues artists who used electronic (amplified) instruments, esp. the electric guitar, for a mostly white teenage audience Rhythm, blues, country, and pop resulted in a brash new sound… “music that’s black and white-music that is American.” “Elvis the Pelvis” was a symbol of rebellion against music and manners for the young Rock ‘n’ Roll was initially condemned as immoral, but it grew in popularity & gained acceptance by end of 1950s

61 What was so “fabulous” about the 50s?

62 What was the “American dream” in the 50s? Was it “nightmarish” in any way?

63 What impact did suburbanization & the automobile have on America?

64 Why did television become so popular?

65 America: Story of Us “Superpower”The interstate highway system designed in 1956 by President … Trucking industry, the economy, and the economic gap… The US productivity between ( )… America had 1/2 of the world's … 2/3 of the world's … an average family income that was ??? times greater than a typical family in Europe. The “baby boom” was the dramatic rise… The first Levittown homes were just…

66 America: Story of Us The interstate highway system designed by President… Trucking industry, the economy, and the economic gap… The US productivity between ( )… America had 1/2 of the world's … 2/3 of the world's … an average family income that was ??? times greater than a typical family in Europe. The “baby boom” was the dramatic rise… The first Levittown homes were…

67 Interstate Highway System

68 President #34: Dwight D. Eisenhower (Republican—1953-61)

69 Oil, Gold…WEALTH!

70 Washing machines, refrigerators…amenities of affluent suburban life!

71 America: Story of Us “Superpower”For the space race (New Frontier), early Cold War, and Civil Rights era, record general notes in space provided below outline…

72 Cold War, intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), air raids…

73 Spacecraft, man on the moon, Apollo 11, JFK (Democrat--1961-63)…

74 Martin Luther King Jr, segregation, & “Black Power”…

75

76 Tuesday, April 25, 2017 1950s Kahoot! QUIZ #1 of 6: 1950sHomework: Decades of Change PPT Project WORK: Ch. 20, 21, 22, 23, OR 24 “ttt”…divide ?s ASAP Tuesday, April 25, 2017 1950s Kahoot! QUIZ #1 of 6: 1950s

77 April 25, 2017 1950s Kahoot! Quiz #1 of 6: Ch. 19, 41-42Homework: Review Decades of Change rubric…READ assigned chapter, complete “telescoping the times” (20, 21, 22, 23, OR 24) April 25, 2017 1950s Kahoot! Quiz #1 of 6: Ch. 19, 41-42 1950s

78 Wednesday-Friday, April 26-28, 2017 Whose job is it?Homework: COMPLETE group PPT, “5 word bombs,” & Kahoot! Read Ch. 20 “ttt+” & complete ALL related book work (QUIZ #2 is next Wednesday, 5/3) Wednesday-Friday, April 26-28, 2017 “Potent PPT Project” Whose job is it?

79

80 deliberate, collaborate, & initiate…to think about or ponder something carefully to work together or cooperate to start or begin something Attendance? Communication…LISTEN, 2:1, Decisions TASK & TIMEresponsibilities Ask 3 before “me” (robo) OTHERS?

81 4th district exam is planned for Thursday, May 25thUnit IV: Decades of Change Be ready to LISTEN to peers, follow along in textbooks, ask & answer questions, complete a collaborative, open-book assessment, then participate in a learning game. There will be an individual objective QUIZ for each chapter. Day 1: Teach chapter essentials via your “ttt” PowerPoint slide Day 2: 5 word “bomb” and/or Socratic Symposium, then“chapter test” Day 3: Kahoot!, then QUIZ (Day 4 needed for Ch. 22…others?) The Americans Visit Robinson SHARES folder for Ch “ttt” answers Read or skim both textbooks. 20…New Frontier & Great Society Monday, 5/1Wednesday 5/3 21…Civil Rights: Thursday, 5/4Monday 5/8 22…Vietnam Years: Tuesday, 5/9Friday 5/12 23…Era of Social Change: Monday, 5/15W/5/17 24…Age of Limits: Thursday, 5/18M/5/22 Collaborative “chapter tests” will be worth 20 minor points. Chapter quizzes (5) will be worth roughly major points. Be sure to READ & complete “ttt” questions and Alive! fill-in notes & exercises BEFORE peers teach! History Alive! Summaries (in Shares folder) contain fill-in NOTES. 43, 48, 49 44, 45, 46, 47 51, 52, 53 50, 55, 47 53, 54, 55 4th district exam is planned for Thursday, May 25th

82 Unit IV: Decades of ChangeThe Americans Visit Robinson SHARES folder for Chapter 20, 21, 22, 23, OR 24 “ttt” answers. History Alive! Chapter summaries contain ALL the fill-in-blank NOTES that are relevant for your topic: Ch. 20: 43, 48, 49 Ch. 21: 44, 45, 46 (47) Ch. 22: 51, 52, 53 Ch. 23: 47, 50, 55 Ch. 24: 53, 54, 55 Remember: Do ALL parts of Alive! assignment as directed in your Unit IV packet! Include Alive! concepts (from summary notes) in your PPT slide!

83 Civil rights Chapter Overview: After decades of discrimination, African Americans begin a struggle for equality. They make gain against unfair laws in the south, but as the movement reaches northern cities, gains are fewer Americans chapter 21 History alive! ChapterS 44-47 Emily Decking, M1randa Heath, Colin Burn, And Brady Lott April 28-May 1, 2016

84 Proceed with CAUTION! POTENT template SLIDE follows…Consider COPYING and PASTING it, then manipulating and adjusting the many expected features, including: SIMPLE text layout with BUILD effects that answers the QUESTION Relevant pictures with appropriate TIMING Disappearing GRAPHIC (helps pack MORE into less space) Specific reference to History Alive! concept (related to “ttt” answer) Embedded hyperlink to Safari Montage video clip

85 Ch. 20:2 What policies did Kennedy push, and how well did he succeed in having them passed?Proposals that succeeded: Increased spending on defense Decreased poverty aboard Persuaded Congress to raise the minimum wage Instituted the Peace Corps Proposals that Kennedy was unable to pass: provide medical care for the elderly to rebuild blighted cities aid to schools Peace Corps Kennedy’s Peace Corps gave thousands of American volunteers the chance to help people in developing nations improve their lives. MAIN IDEA While Kennedy had trouble getting his ideas for a New Frontier passed several were achieved.

86 “BLOW OUT”…UP? Knock out???4. What groups were NOT touched by the prosperity of the 1950s? “BLOW OUT”…UP? Knock out??? Most African Americans, Hispanics, & Native Americans were denied a part in the prosperity of the 1950s. BLACKS LATINOS INDIANS WHITES HIPPIES

87 Chapter 20, Americans p. 668-697 The New Frontier and the Great SocietyCHAPTER OVERVIEW President Kennedy survives major confrontations with the Soviet Union but cannot get his domestic policies past Congress. President Johnson succeeds him and launches an era of liberal activity with a wide-ranging program of new laws. Responses will vary but should include points similar to the following: The U.S. and Soviet Union clashed over the placement of missiles in Cuba, which resulted in their removal by the Soviets, and over access to Berlin, which resulted in the Soviets’ building of the Berlin Wall. 2. Kennedy was unable to get Congress to pass bills to provide medical care for the aged, to rebuild cities, and to aid education, but he did win support for increased defense spending, a hike in the minimum wage, and the creation of the Peace Corps. 3. Johnson’s Great Society comprised many measures such as civil rights protection, Medicare and Medicaid to provide health care for the aged and poor, funding for public housing, an end to immigration quotas, efforts to clean water, and consumer protection. 4. The Warren Court issued rulings that changed the rules for creating legislative districts and enhanced the rights of people accused of crimes.

88 1. How did the United States and Soviet Union confront each other during Kennedy’s term and how did the situations end? The U.S. and Soviet Union clashed over the placement of missiles in Cuba, which resulted in their removal by the Soviets, and over access to Berlin, which resulted in the Soviets’ building of the Berlin Wall. Flexible response…ability to react to threats, including nonnuclear, in a variety of ways (troops, ships, artillery); explained by Sec. of Defense, Robert McNamara “hot line” between the White House and the Kremlin (Moscow) Initially, communism was advancing (US appeared weak) Bay of Pigs (Cuban exiles are trained to orchestrate a “revolution”) MAIN IDEA The Kennedy administration faced some of the most dangerous Soviet confrontations in American society.

89 2. What policies did Kennedy push, and how well did he succeed in having them passed?Kennedy was unable to get Congress to pass bills to provide medical care for the aged, to rebuild cities, and to aid education, but he did win support for increased defense spending, a hike in the minimum wage, and the creation of the Peace Corps. MAIN IDEA While Kennedy had trouble getting his ideas for a New Frontier passed several were achieved.

90 3. Describe Johnson’s Great Society.Johnson’s Great Society comprised many measures such as civil rights protection, Medicare and Medicaid to provide health care for the aged and poor, funding for public housing, an end to immigration quotas, efforts to clean water, and consumer protection. MAIN IDEA The demand for reform helped create a new awareness of social problems, especially on matters of civil rights and the effects of poverty.

91 4. What decisions were made by the Supreme Court under Earl Warren?The Warren Court issued rulings that changed the rules for creating legislative districts and enhanced the rights of people accused of crimes (Miranda rights)…”one person, one vote” MAIN IDEA The demand for reform helped create a new awareness of social problems, especially on matters of civil rights and the effects of poverty.

92 History Alive! Ch. 43: Two AmericasWhy did poverty exist in an age of influence? History Alive! Michael Harrington’s The Other America revealed that despite the general affluence of the 1950s, millions of “socially visible” Americans lived in poverty. Although people’s views and understanding of poverty have changed over time, the problem persists. Defining poverty Pauperism was once considered a moral failure. Today, poverty is defined in terms of income. People below the poverty line do not have enough income to live decently. An invisible class In The Other America, Michael Harrington argued that the poor were “invisible” for many reasons. They lived apart from the middle class but looked much the same. They also played no role in politics. Urban poverty Impoverished minorities became concentrated in decaying cities when the middle class moved out. The Housing Act of 1949 launched urban renewal programs to clear out slums and build new housing. However, many of these housing projects became slums. Rural poverty The growth of agribusiness harmed many farmers. Migrant workers on corporate farms were not paid enough to lift them out of poverty. One of the poorest rural regions, Appalachia, suffered from poor farming conditions and a declining coal industry. American Indian policy Efforts by the federal government to “terminate” its responsibility for Indian tribes led to increased poverty among Native Americans. The Voluntary Relocation Program helped Indians move to cities, but many had trouble adapting to urban life. The “other America” today Despite government efforts, poverty is still a significant problem in the United States. About 37 million Americans lived in poverty in 2005. Today’s poor are younger and more diverse than those of the past. They are also more visible in society.

93 Ch. 48: The Age of Camelot Was John F. Kennedy a great president?During his brief time as president, John F. Kennedy faced many domestic and foreign challenges. His presidency began with great optimism and ended in tragedy, leaving many of his goals unfulfilled. New Frontier Kennedy’s New Frontier focused on reviving the economy, winning the space race, building the nation’s defenses, and aiding developing countries. National Aeronautics and Space Administration In 1961, Kennedy pledged to put an American on the moon by the end of the decade. In 1969, NASA achieved this bold goal. Bay of Pigs invasion Kennedy’s first foreign policy initiative, the Bay of Pigs invasion, was an attempt to remove Fidel Castro from power in Cuba. It failed miserably. Berlin Wall In 1961, a concrete barrier dividing communist East Berlin from noncommunist West Berlin became a symbol of the deepening Cold War divide. Cuban missile crisis One of the most frightening confrontations of the Cold War occurred when the United States discovered Soviet nuclear missile sites in Cuba. The crisis ended peacefully, partly due to Kennedy’s measured response and a willingness to take the nation to the brink of war. Test Ban Treaty Kennedy and Khrushchev, both determined to reduce Cold War tensions, signed a treaty banning nuclear weapons tests in the atmosphere. Peace Corps Kennedy’s Peace Corps gave thousands of American volunteers the chance to help people in developing nations improve their lives.

94 Ch. 49: The Great Society What is the proper role of government in shaping American society?In 1964, voters elected liberal Democrat Lyndon Johnson by a wide margin. Johnson used this mandate to enact a broad program of reforms he called the Great Society. With his powers of persuasion, Johnson pushed more than 200 bills through Congress. War on Poverty Johnson’s Great Society grew out of the liberal tradition of the Progressive and New Deal eras. Its centerpiece was an ambitious War on Poverty. Economic Opportunity Act This act created a number of antipoverty measures, including the Job Corps, Project Head Start, and VISTA, which all helped cut poverty rates almost in half. Medicare and Medicaid As part of the Great Society, Congress amended the Social Security Act to include medical health insurance for the elderly and disabled. Immigration Act of 1965 This measure ended the national origins quota system begun in the 1920s. Entry to the United States was now based on criteria such as skills and family ties. Silent Spring This influential book sparked a new interest in environmentalism. As a result, Congress passed several environmental laws. “One person, one vote” The activist Warren Court changed the political landscape by insisting that states create legislative districts following the principle of “one person, one vote.” Miranda rights In a series of controversial decisions, the Warren Court expanded the rights of the accused. It ensured that people placed under arrest be informed of their rights before questioning.

95 Chapter 21, Americans p. 698-727 Civil RightsCHAPTER OVERVIEW After decades of discrimination, African Americans begin a struggle for equality. They make gains against unfair laws in the South, but as the movement reaches Northern cities, gains are fewer. Responses will vary but should include points similar to the following: The civil rights movement began with changes caused by World War II. The NAACP pushed lawsuits that won African Americans the right to desegregation in education. The Montgomery bus boycott prompted the rise of Martin Luther King, Jr., as a leader of the movement. 2. Violent attacks on civil rights workers in the South prompted President Kennedy to ask Congress for a civil rights law. A massive march on Washington and his assassination, as well as President Johnson’s skill, led to its passage. The Voting Rights Act was passed due to Johnson’s support after another massive march in the South. 3. The civil rights movement changed as it tried to dislodge de facto segregation in the North and as angrier voices called for strong resistance to white racism. 4. The civil rights movement had mixed results in that it succeeded in overturning many discriminatory laws but could not unseat entranced de facto discrimination. Many African Americans still suffer from poverty and the lack of opportunities.

96 Chapter 21 Americans, p. 698-727 Civil Rights 1Chapter 21 Americans, p Civil Rights 1. How did the civil rights movement begin? The civil rights movement began with changes caused by World War II. The NAACP pushed lawsuits that won African Americans the right to desegregation in education. The Montgomery bus boycott (Rosa Parks) prompted the rise of Martin Luther King, Jr., as a leader of the movement. -post-WW II (fairness, “real” jobs, better pay) Tuskeegee Airmen… “Redtails” -Brown v. Board of Education Topeka, Kansas (1954) MAIN IDEA Activism and a series of Supreme Court decisions advanced equal rights for African Americans in the 1960s.

97 Chapter 21, Americans, p. 698-727 Civil Rights 2Chapter 21, Americans, p Civil Rights 2. What events led Congress to pass the Civil Rights and Voting Rights acts? Violent attacks on civil rights workers in the South prompted President Kennedy to ask Congress for a civil rights law. A massive march on Washington and his assassination, as well as President Johnson’s skill, led to its passage. The Voting Rights Act was passed due to Johnson’s support after another massive march in the South. -“Bloody Sunday,” first of two marches MAIN IDEA Civil Rights activists broke down racial barriers through social protest. Their activism prompted landmark legislation.

98 Chapter 21 Americans, p. 698-727 Civil Rights 3Chapter 21 Americans, p Civil Rights 3. How did the civil rights movement change? The civil rights movement changed as it tried to dislodge de facto segregation in the North and as angrier voices called for strong resistance to white racism. -laws vs. attitudes (common practice) -Malcolm X & the Black Panthers (Power movement) MAIN IDEA Disagreements among civil rights groups and the rise of black nationalism created a violent period in the fight for civil rights.

99 Chapter 21, Civil Rights Americans, p. 698-727 4Chapter 21, Civil Rights Americans, p Why could the results of the movement be called mixed? The civil rights movement had mixed results in that it succeeded in overturning many discriminatory laws but could not unseat entrenched de facto discrimination. Many African Americans still suffer from poverty and the lack of opportunities. -housing, voting rights, schooling, etc. MAIN IDEA Disagreements among civil rights groups and the rise of black nationalism created a violent period in the fight for civil rights.

100 Ch. 44: Segregation in the Post-WW II Period How did segregation affect American life in the postwar period? Segregation remained widespread in the United States after World War II, especially in the South. But there were also signs of change. In the 1940s and 1950s, desegregation began in sports and the military. Civil rights organizations grew stronger. The landmark Supreme Court ruling Brown v. Board of Education heralded the beginning of the modern civil rights movement. Segregated society Segregation affected every aspect of life in the Jim Crow South. De jure segregation was defined by law, while de facto segregation was determined by custom. Blacks in the North and West also experienced de facto segregation, especially in housing. Breaking the color line Professional sports began to be integrated in the late 1940s. Most notable was Jackie Robinson’s entry into major league baseball.T he integration of professional football and basketball soon followed. Executive Order 9981 President Truman was determined to integrate the armed forces. His executive order, issued in 1948, ended segregation in the military. Civil rights groups Civil rights organizations gained strength in the postwar years. CORE was dedicated to civil rights reform through nonviolent action. The National Urban League tried to help African Americans who were living in northern cities. The NAACP began a legal branch and launched a campaign, led by Thurgood Marshall, to challenge the constitutionality of segregation. Brown v. Board of Education The NAACP’s legal campaign triumphed in 1954, when the Warren Court issued the Brown v. Board of Education decision. This ruling declared segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional and undermined the legal basis for segregation in other areas of American life.

101 Ch. 45: The Civil Rights Revolution: “Like a Mighty Stream” How did civil rights activists advance the ideals of liberty, equality, & opportunity for African Americans? Between 1955 and 1965, many key events took place in the civil rights movement. African Americans made great progress in their struggle for rights and equality. Montgomery Bus Boycott In 1955, blacks in Montgomery, Alabama, began a lengthy boycott of the city’s segregated bus system. As a result, Montgomery’s buses were integrated. SCLC and SNCC These two groups helped organize nonviolent civil rights actions. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference was led by Martin Luther King Jr. It played a major role in the Birmingham campaign and other events. The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee organized sit-ins and engaged in other forms of civil disobedience. Freedom Rides In 1961, black and white Freedom Riders rode buses through the South. They were testing southern compliance with laws outlawing segregation in interstate transport. The riders were subjected to violence and eventually received federal protection. March on Washington A quarter of a million people marched in Washington, D.C., in August to demand jobs and freedom. The highlight of this event was Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I have a dream” speech. Freedom Summer In the summer of 1964, activists led voter registration drives in the South for African Americans. Landmark legislation The Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, or national origin. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 outlawed literacy tests, enabling many African Americans to vote.

102 Ch. 46: Redefining Equality: From Black Power to Affirmative ActionHow did civil rights activists change their strategies and goals in the 1960s and 1970s, and how successful were they in achieving racial equality? The civil rights movement changed course in the mid-1960s, moving beyond the South and expanding its goals. Some activists also abandoned the strategy of nonviolence. Black power In 1966, civil rights activists began calling for black power. They wanted African Americans to have economic and political power, as well as pride in their African heritage. Watts riot In the summer of 1965, the Watts section of Los Angeles exploded in violence. This event was followed by riots in black ghettos across the nation. Kerner Commission This commission, established by Lyndon Johnson to study the riots, concluded that their fundamental cause was pent-up resentment over historic inequalities. Nation of Islam Also called Black Muslims, the Nation of Islam advocated black nationalism. Its members believed that blacks should live apart from whites and control their own communities. Black Panther Party The Black Panther Party demanded economic and political rights. Unlike nonviolent civil rights leaders, the Black Panthers were prepared to fight to realize their goals. Civil Rights Act of 1968 The most important clause in this law bans discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, or sex. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education In this decision, the Supreme Court ruled that busing is an acceptable way to achieve school integration. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke In its first case on affirmative action, the Supreme Court ruled that race may be used as one, but not the only, factor in school admissions.

103 Ch. 47: The Widening StruggleWhy and how did the civil rights movement expand? The civil rights movement inspired many Americans to stand up for their rights. During the 1960s and 1970s, various groups sought equal treatment under the law and in society. Women The National Organization for Women (NOW) and other feminist groups worked for women’s rights. They wanted reforms to ensure greater equality and opportunity for women. Latinos Various groups of Latinos struggled for their rights and identity in American society. The United Farm Workers (UFW) organized migrant farmworkers and helped increase their wages and benefits. The 1968 Bilingual Education Act required public schools to provide bilingual instruction. American Indians The American Indian Movement (AIM) protested unfair treatment of American Indians. By the mid-1970s, some tribes had won payment for lost lands. Asian Americans Asian American students asked for university programs in ethnic studies. The Japanese Americans Citizens League (JACL) sought compensation for internment during World War II. Other groups Disabled Americans fought for equal access and won passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act. After the Stonewall riots, gay Americans gained greater visibility in their fight for equal rights. Older Americans countered ageism by working through such groups as the Gray Panthers.

104 Chapter 22, Americans p. 728-765 The Vietnam War YearsCHAPTER OVERVIEW The United States enters a war in Vietnam, which results in the deaths of tens of thousands of American soldiers, the division of society into bitterly opposed camps, and a lasting impact on U.S. foreign policy. 1. The U.S. entered the war in Vietnam to try to support the government of the South because it did not want communists in the North to control the whole country. 2. The U.S. could not quickly defeat the Vietcong because they engaged in guerrilla tactics of quick attacks and disappearing into the jungle. The result was a loss of morale among U.S. soldiers. 3. As the war continued and victory seemed less achievable, American society split into hawks, who favored the war, and doves, who opposed it. They were bitterly opposed to each other, and some hawks thought that antiwar protesters were disloyal. 4. The year 1968 was marked by loss of confidence and violence: a major North Vietnamese offensive weakened American support for fighting the war. Also, President Johnson decided not to seek re-election, two major leaders were killed, and violence marred the Democratic convention. 5. As a result of the war in Vietnam, many American soldiers were dead or wounded, and many more scarred by their reception when they returned home. The war created deep divisions in American society and opened mistrust of people toward the government

105 Chapter 22 Americans, p The Vietnam War Years 1. Why did the U.S. enter the war in Vietnam? The U.S. entered the war in Vietnam to try to support the government of the South because it did not want communists in the North to control the whole country. -containment; Eisenhower supported Diem (opposed Ho); USS Maddox/Gulf of Tonkin incident (Resolution) MAIN IDEA To stop the spread of Communism in Southeast Asia, the United States used its military to support South Vietnam.

106 Chapter 22 Americans, p. 728-765 The Vietnam War Years 2Chapter 22 Americans, p The Vietnam War Years 2. Why could the U.S. not win a quick victory over the Viet Cong, and what was the effect? The U.S. could not quickly defeat the Vietcong because they engaged in guerrilla tactics of quick attacks and disappearing into the jungle. The result was a loss of morale among U.S. soldiers. -political limitations were placed on superior US weapons & numbers (military was not “effective”); enemy was difficult to identify; napalm (incendiary/explosive); agent orange (defoliant); civil war (self-determination)…QUAGMIRE! MAIN IDEA The United States sent troops to fight in Vietnam but the war quickly turned into a stalemate.

107 Chapter 22 Americans, p. 728-765 The Vietnam War Years 3Chapter 22 Americans, p The Vietnam War Years 3. How did public opinion split over the war? As the war continued and victory seemed less achievable, American society split into hawks, who favored the war, and doves, who opposed it. They were bitterly opposed to each other, and some hawks thought that antiwar protesters were disloyal. -“draft dodgers” fled to Canada or burned draft cards; returning vets greeted harshly (spit on) MAIN IDEA An antiwar movement in the U.S. pitted supporters of the government's war policy against those who opposed it.

108 Chapter 22 Americans, p. 728-765 The Vietnam War Years 4Chapter 22 Americans, p The Vietnam War Years 4. Why is 1968 considered a year of upheaval? The year 1968 was marked by loss of confidence and violence: a major North Vietnamese offensive* weakened American support for fighting the war. Also, President Johnson decided not to seek re-election, two major leaders (MLK and Robert Kennedy) were killed, and violence marred the Democratic convention. -*Tet Offensive; presidential advisors questioned the war; Nixon elected president MAIN IDEA A shocking attack in Vietnam, two assassinations, and a chaotic political convention made 1968 an explosive year.

109 Chapter 22 Americans, p. 728-765 The Vietnam War Years 5Chapter 22 Americans, p The Vietnam War Years 5. What were the effects of the war? As a result of the war in Vietnam, many American soldiers were dead (58,000+) or wounded ( ,000+), and many more scarred by their reception when they returned home. The war created deep divisions in American society and opened mistrust of people toward the government. -Tet Offensive (lied about “success?”); changed US foreign policy (Congressional limits on troop commitments); “Pentagon Papers” MAIN IDEA President Nixon instituted his Vietnamization policy, and America's longest war finally ended.

110 Ch. 51: The United States gets involved in Vietnam Why did the U. SCh. 51: The United States gets involved in Vietnam Why did the U.S. increase its military involvement in Vietnam? After World War II, nationalist and communist rebels in the French colony of Vietnam fought for their independence. A 1954 agreement ending this colonial war split the country into communist North Vietnam and democratic South Vietnam. When France pulled out the following year, the United States stepped in to prop up South Vietnam. Over the years, American involvement grew and eventually led to the introduction of U.S. ground forces. First Indochina War In this first phase of fighting, which lasted from 1946 to 1954, Ho Chi Minh led Viet Minh insurgents in the struggle to end French rule in Vietnam. Geneva Accords The First Indochina War ended with a 1954 agreement known as the Geneva Accords. The accords split Vietnam into north and south but called for elections to reunify the country. The United States backed South Vietnam financially and militarily. Viet Cong Insurgents in the south, known as the Viet Cong, worked to overthrow the nominally democratic but corrupt government of South Vietnam. The Viet Cong received aid from communist North Vietnam. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution An alleged attack on U.S. ships off the coast of North Vietnam led Congress to pass the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. This resolution gave President Johnson broad powers to expand the U.S. role in Vietnam. Massive air strikes against North Vietnam followed. Ho Chi Minh Trail By 1965, North Vietnamese Army troops were moving south along the Ho Chi Minh Trail to help the Viet Cong. The United States feared that South Vietnam would fall without more direct support. Americanization In March 1965, the United States began sending ground troops to fight the Vietnam War. The war quickly became an American conflict.

111 Ch. 52: Facing Frustration in Vietnam What made the Vietnam War difficult to win?The United States decided to wage a limited war in Vietnam, with limited troop strength. Fighting an elusive enemy on unfamiliar terrain frustrated U.S. soldiers. The South Vietnamese people themselves were unsure whom to support: the Saigon government or the communist-backed Viet Cong. As the war dragged on, American antiwar protests grew. Opposition to the war greatly affected the 1968 elections. War of attrition The U.S. military waged a war of attrition, hoping to wear down the enemy by inflicting heavy losses. Increasing the enemy body count became a key military goal. Opposing Vietnamese armies Regular troops of the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) joined forces with Viet Cong insurgents. The United States trained the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) to defend South Vietnam. New weapons of war The United States sprayed the herbicide Agent Orange to clear forest vegetation and expose the enemy. It dropped napalm firebombs that burned forests and buildings and caused widespread destruction. Both weapons had devastating effects on the Vietnamese population. Credibility gap The Johnson administration’s optimistic public assessments of the war did not match reality. This created a credibility gap, and many Americans lost faith in the president. Protest movement Antiwar protesters on college campuses and elsewhere held demonstrations and carried out acts of civil disobedience. The protesters called for peace negotiations and an end to the war. Tet Offensive Some 45,000 Viet Cong and NVA soldiers died after launching a major offensive in But the Tet Offensive also boosted U.S. opposition to the war and undermined the Johnson presidency, helping to pave the way for Richard Nixon’s election in 1968.

112 Ch. 53: Getting Out of Vietnam What lessons for Americans emerged from the Vietnam War?In 1969, President Nixon began withdrawing U.S. troops from Vietnam, but the war continued throughout his time in office. He carried on peace talks with the North Vietnamese but also ordered massive bombing of North Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. He faced ongoing protests from the antiwar movement and criticism from Congress. In 1973, the last U.S. combat forces came home. North Vietnam swept to victory over the South in Vietnamization Nixon’s Vietnamization of the war allowed for the withdrawal of U.S. troops and prepared South Vietnam to take over responsibility for the war. My Lai massacre In 1968, U.S. soldiers slaughtered hundreds of Vietnamese civilians in the village of My Lai. Reports of the massacre shocked Americans and increased antiwar protests. Kent State shootings The invasion of Cambodia in April 1970 sparked an increase in antiwar protests. The most violent one occurred the following month at Kent State University in Ohio, where National Guard troops fired into an angry crowd, killing four students. War Powers Resolution Congress reacted to Nixon’s activities in Cambodia by passing the War Powers Resolution. This resolution limits a president’s ability to send armed forces into combat. Pentagon Papers In 1971, Daniel Ellsberg leaked to the press a top-secret study of the U.S. role in Indochina. This study, the Pentagon Papers, revealed secrecy and deceit on the part of U.S. presidents. Boat people The North Vietnamese defeated South Vietnam and took control in This prompted an exodus of refugees from Indochina, many of whom fled by boat.

113 Chapter 23, Americans p. 766 -789 An Era of Social ChangeCHAPTER OVERVIEW The civil rights movement inspires Latinos, Native Americans, and women to seek equality in American society. At the same time, the nation’s young people adopt values that conflict with mainstream culture. Responses will vary but should include points similar to the following: 1. To win higher wages and better benefits, Latinos farm workers organized into a union. Other Latinos formed political groups to field candidates. 2. Many Native Americans, unhappy with past government policies, came together to issue the Declaration of Indian Purpose, which called for freedom to choose their own way of life. Some Native Americans formed the American Indian Movement to push for faster results. Others used lawsuits to win education and land rights. 3. The women’s movement succeeded in winning better treatment on the job and better access to education. But it failed to win approval of the Equal Rights Amendment. 4. The counterculture faded because hippies found they could not survive without mainstream society and because of problems caused by drugs. It changed art and fashion and helped increase the influence of rock ’n’ roll, however.

114 Chapter 23 Americans, p. 766-789 An Era of Social Change 1Chapter 23 Americans, p An Era of Social Change 1. What did Latinos do to fight for equality? To win higher wages and better benefits, Latino farm workers organized into a union. Other Latinos formed political groups to field candidates. MAIN IDEA Latinos and Native Americans confronted injustices in the 60s.

115 Chapter 23 Americans, p. 766-789 An Era of Social Change 2Chapter 23 Americans, p An Era of Social Change 2. What did Native Americans want? Many Native Americans, unhappy with past government policies, came together to issue the Declaration of Indian Purpose, which called for freedom to choose their own way of life. Some Native Americans formed the American Indian Movement to push for faster results. Others used lawsuits to win education and land rights. MAIN IDEA Latinos and Native Americans confronted injustices in the 60s.

116 Chapter 23 Americans, p. 776-779 An Era of Social Change AliveChapter 23 Americans, p An Era of Social Change Alive! Describe the successes and failures of the women’s movement in the 1960s. The women’s movement succeeded in winning better treatment on the job and better access to education. But it failed to win approval of the Equal Rights Amendment. -Roe v. Wade; birth control pill; more women attended higher education; Betty Friedan wrote The Feminine Mystique -ERA is defeated; Bella Abzug & Gloria Steinem (activist & creator of Ms. Magazine) (NWPC); NOW (National Organization for Women); comparable worth ($); “glass ceiling” MAIN IDEA Through protests and marches, women confronted social and economic barriers in American society.

117 Chapter 23 Americans, p. 781-784 An Era of Social Change Alive. ChChapter 23 Americans, p An Era of Social Change Alive! Ch. 50, p What caused the downfall of the counterculture and what lasting value did it have? The counterculture faded because hippies found they could not survive without mainstream society and because of problems caused by drugs. It changed art and fashion and helped increase the influence of rock ’n’ roll, however. --Woodstock (3 days of peace, love, & music); famous rock stars died (Jimi Hendrix & Janis Joplin); Haight- Ashbury-San Francisco, CA “hippie capital”; Beatles arrive 1964; -The Beat Movement (Beatniks) of the 50s evolved into the “hippies” of the 60s & 70s MAIN IDEA The ideals and lifestyle of the counterculture movement challenged the traditional views of Americans.

118 History Alive! Ch. 43: Two AmericasWhy did poverty exist in an age of influence? History Alive! Michael Harrington’s The Other America revealed that despite the general affluence of the 1950s, millions of “socially visible” Americans lived in poverty. Although people’s views and understanding of poverty have changed over time, the problem persists. Defining poverty Pauperism was once considered a moral failure. Today, poverty is defined in terms of income. People below the poverty line do not have enough income to live decently. An invisible class In The Other America, Michael Harrington argued that the poor were “invisible” for many reasons. They lived apart from the middle class but looked much the same. They also played no role in politics. Urban poverty Impoverished minorities became concentrated in decaying cities when the middle class moved out. The Housing Act of 1949 launched urban renewal programs to clear out slums and build new housing. However, many of these housing projects became slums. Rural poverty The growth of agribusiness harmed many farmers. Migrant workers on corporate farms were not paid enough to lift them out of poverty. One of the poorest rural regions, Appalachia, suffered from poor farming conditions and a declining coal industry. American Indian policy Efforts by the federal government to “terminate” its responsibility for Indian tribes led to increased poverty among Native Americans. The Voluntary Relocation Program helped Indians move to cities, but many had trouble adapting to urban life. The “other America” today Despite government efforts, poverty is still a significant problem in the United States. About 37 million Americans lived in poverty in 2005. Today’s poor are younger and more diverse than those of the past. They are also more visible in society.

119 Ch. 47: The Widening StruggleWhy and how did the civil rights movement expand? The civil rights movement inspired many Americans to stand up for their rights. During the 1960s and 1970s, various groups sought equal treatment under the law and in society. Women The National Organization for Women (NOW) and other feminist groups worked for women’s rights. They wanted reforms to ensure greater equality and opportunity for women. Latinos Various groups of Latinos struggled for their rights and identity in American society. The United Farm Workers (UFW) organized migrant farmworkers and helped increase their wages and benefits. The 1968 Bilingual Education Act required public schools to provide bilingual instruction. American Indians The American Indian Movement (AIM) protested unfair treatment of American Indians. By the mid-1970s, some tribes had won payment for lost lands. Asian Americans Asian American students asked for university programs in ethnic studies. The Japanese Americans Citizens League (JACL) sought compensation for internment during World War II. Other groups Disabled Americans fought for equal access and won passage of the Americans with Disabilities Act. After the Stonewall riots, gay Americans gained greater visibility in their fight for equal rights. Older Americans countered ageism by working through such groups as the Gray Panthers.

120 Ch. 50: The Emergence of a Counterculture What was the impact of a counterculture on American society? Members of the counterculture valued individual freedom and expression over materialism. Their values created a generation gap between themselves and older, mainstream Americans. The New Left Politically active college students formed a movement known as the New Left. In 1964, the Free Speech Movement challenged the University of California at Berkeley. Hippies Members of the counterculture, known as hippies, believed in peace, love, and individual freedom. They shunned the Establishment and its materialistic values. Sexual revolution As living together before marriage and getting divorced became more accepted in the 1960s, the divorce rate went up, as did the number of children living with a single parent. Drug use Casual attitudes toward the use of illegal drugs shocked mainstream America. Rock ’n’ roll Psychedelic rock combined musical styles with light shows to create vivid experiences. The music festival Woodstock drew media attention to the counterculture. Impact of the counterculture The media introduced countercultural values to mainstream America through television and radio, as well as art, music, and theater.

121 Ch. 55: Politics and Society in the “Me Decade” How should historians characterize the 1970s?During the 1970s, the U.S. economy suffered from stagflation as the nation faced a number of crises. The decade was also a time of changing views about everything from the environment and ethnicity to retirement and gender equality. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries A major cause of inflation was OPEC’s decision to raise the price of oil. This led to rising prices for many goods. National Energy Act In 1978, Congress tried to reduce U.S. dependence on imported oil. The National Energy Act offered incentives for conserving energy or using alternative energy sources. Camp David Accords In 1978, Jimmy Carter brokered a peace agreement between Israel and Egypt. The Camp David Accords ended the long state of war between these two countries. Earth Day The first Earth Day celebration in 1970 signaled the emergence of a new environmental movement. Followers worked to clean up and protect the environment locally and globally. Congress passed antipollution laws such as the Clean Water Act and the Safe Drinking Water Act. Three Mile Island accident An accident at the Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station in 1978 highlighted the potential dangers of nuclear energy. Searching for meaning During the 1970s, many Americans turned inward to search for meaning. Some explored self-help movements, others new religions, and others their ethnic identity. Population changes Fewer births and longer life expectancies led to an aging of the U.S. population. The population also shifted south, as people migrated from the Rustbelt to the Sunbelt. Gender equality Women worked to gain greater equality in the workplace and politics. In growing numbers, women entered professions that had once been dominated by males.

122 Chapter 24, Americans p. 792-827 An Age of LimitsCHAPTER OVERVIEW Richard Nixon takes office as president, halting the growth of federal power and changing foreign policy. He resigns in disgrace during his second term, and his successors are unable to fix growing economic problems. Responses will vary but should include points similar to the following: 1. Nixon reversed past U.S. policy by opening relations with Communist China and pursued more friendly relations with the Soviet Union. 2. The cover-up of Watergate represented the president’s effort to block investigations, thus trying to put himself above the law. 3. Ford tried to end inflation with energy conservation and higher interest rates. Carter tried to use voluntary price freezes and spending cuts. 4. The debate over environmental laws focus on the need for economic development and for protection of natural resources.

123 Chapter 24 Americans, p. 792-827 An Age of Limits Alive. P. 697-707 1Chapter 24 Americans, p An Age of Limits Alive! P How did Nixon ease Cold War tensions? Nixon reversed past U.S. policy by opening relations with Communist China and pursued more friendly relations with the Soviet Union. MAIN IDEA President Richard M. Nixon tried to steer the country in a conservative direction and away from federal control.

124 Chapter 24 Americans, p. 802-807 An Age of Limits Alive. P. 704-707 2Chapter 24 Americans, p An Age of Limits Alive! P Why was Watergate a constitutional crisis? The cover-up of Watergate represented the president’s effort to block investigations, thus trying to put himself above the law. -Nixon resigned instead of facing impeachment (August 8, 1974); burglary & “high crimes & misdemeanors” were committed (1972) while spying on Democratic National Headquarters; failure to disclose activity led to Nixon’s downfall, & tape recorded conversations sealed his fate MAIN IDEA President Nixon's involvement in the Watergate scandal forced him to resign from office.

125 Chapter 24 Americans, p. 792-827 An Age of Limits 3Chapter 24 Americans, p An Age of Limits 3. How did Ford and Carter try to fix economic problems, and why didn’t their plans work? Ford tried to end inflation with energy conservation and higher interest rates. Carter tried to use voluntary price freezes and spending cuts. MAIN IDEA The Ford and Carter administrations attempted to remedy the nation's worst economic crisis in decades.

126 Chapter 24 Americans, p. 792-827 An Age of Limits Alive. p. 714-715 4Chapter 24 Americans, p An Age of Limits Alive! p What differing needs are the focus of the debate over environmental laws? The debate over environmental laws focus on the need for economic development and for protection of natural resources. -Earth Day (4/22/1970); Environmental Protection Act (EPA); Clean Water (1972) and Safe Drinking Water Act (1974); Three Mile Island accident (3/28/1979) MAIN IDEA During the 1970s, Americans strengthened their efforts to address the nation's environmental activism.

127 Ch. 53: Getting Out of Vietnam What lessons for Americans emerged from the Vietnam War?In 1969, President Nixon began withdrawing U.S. troops from Vietnam, but the war continued throughout his time in office. He carried on peace talks with the North Vietnamese but also ordered massive bombing of North Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. He faced ongoing protests from the antiwar movement and criticism from Congress. In 1973, the last U.S. combat forces came home. North Vietnam swept to victory over the South in Vietnamization Nixon’s Vietnamization of the war allowed for the withdrawal of U.S. troops and prepared South Vietnam to take over responsibility for the war. My Lai massacre In 1968, U.S. soldiers slaughtered hundreds of Vietnamese civilians in the village of My Lai. Reports of the massacre shocked Americans and increased antiwar protests. Kent State shootings The invasion of Cambodia in April 1970 sparked an increase in antiwar protests. The most violent one occurred the following month at Kent State University in Ohio, where National Guard troops fired into an angry crowd, killing four students. War Powers Resolution Congress reacted to Nixon’s activities in Cambodia by passing the War Powers Resolution. This resolution limits a president’s ability to send armed forces into combat. Pentagon Papers In 1971, Daniel Ellsberg leaked to the press a top-secret study of the U.S. role in Indochina. This study, the Pentagon Papers, revealed secrecy and deceit on the part of U.S. presidents. Boat people The North Vietnamese defeated South Vietnam and took control in This prompted an exodus of refugees from Indochina, many of whom fled by boat.

128 Ch. 54: The Rise and Fall of Richard Nixon What events influenced Richard Nixon’s rise to and fall from power? Richard Nixon won the presidency in While in office, he made strides toward easing the tensions of the Cold War. He also saw many of his domestic policies enacted. However, scandal forced him to resign in disgrace in New Federalism Nixon came into office determined to revive federalism. He hoped to reduce the power of the federal government and return power to the states. Revenue sharing, central to his plan, allowed state and local governments to spend tax revenues as they saw fit. Occupational Safety and Health Administration Despite his promise to shrink the federal government, Nixon created OSHA, which works to improve health and safety in the workplace. Environmental Protection Agency Another new agency, the EPA, was created to protect Americans’ health and the natural environment. Energy crisis Nixon tried to revive a stagnant economy with increased spending while fighting inflation with wage and price controls. However, an energy crisis made a bad situation worse. Détente Nixon tried to encourage détente, or a relaxation of Cold War tensions. In 1972, he visited both communist China and the Soviet Union. Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty In 1972, Nixon and Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev signed SALT I, the first superpower treaty to place limits on the arms race. Watergate scandal In 1972, burglars broke into Democratic headquarters in the Watergate building. The scandal over the cover-up that followed the break-in led to Richard Nixon’s resignation in 1974.

129 Ch. 55: Politics and Society in the “Me Decade” How should historians characterize the 1970s?During the 1970s, the U.S. economy suffered from stagflation as the nation faced a number of crises. The decade was also a time of changing views about everything from the environment and ethnicity to retirement and gender equality. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries A major cause of inflation was OPEC’s decision to raise the price of oil. This led to rising prices for many goods. National Energy Act In 1978, Congress tried to reduce U.S. dependence on imported oil. The National Energy Act offered incentives for conserving energy or using alternative energy sources. Camp David Accords In 1978, Jimmy Carter brokered a peace agreement between Israel and Egypt. The Camp David Accords ended the long state of war between these two countries. Earth Day The first Earth Day celebration in 1970 signaled the emergence of a new environmental movement. Followers worked to clean up and protect the environment locally and globally. Congress passed antipollution laws such as the Clean Water Act and the Safe Drinking Water Act. Three Mile Island accident An accident at the Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station in 1978 highlighted the potential dangers of nuclear energy. Searching for meaning During the 1970s, many Americans turned inward to search for meaning. Some explored self-help movements, others new religions, and others their ethnic identity. Population changes Fewer births and longer life expectancies led to an aging of the U.S. population. The population also shifted south, as people migrated from the Rustbelt to the Sunbelt. Gender equality Women worked to gain greater equality in the workplace and politics. In growing numbers, women entered professions that had once been dominated by males.