1

2

3 2% de mortalidad (procesos bacteriológicos asociados) 50 millones de muertos Causa desconocida (quizá gripe aviar)

4 HULTIN: 1951 CULTIVA VIRUS RECUPERADO HULTIN: 1997 OTRA VEZ SE RECUPERA 2005 SE SECUENCIA EL VIRUS DE LA GRIPE ESPAÑOLA

5 Categories of experiments a) Enhances the harmful consequences of the agent or toxin b) Disrupts immunity or the effectiveness of an immunization against the agent or toxin without clinical and/or agricultural justification c) Confers to the agent or toxin resistance to clinically and/or agriculturally useful prophylactic or therapeutic interventions against that agent or toxin or facilitates their ability to evade detection methodologies d) Increases the stability, transmissibility, or the ability to disseminate the agent or toxin e) Alters the host range or tropism of the agent or toxin f) Enhances the susceptibility of a host population to the agent or toxin g) Generates or reconstitutes an eradicated or extinct agent or toxin listed in 6.2.1, above. (a) Avian influenza virus (highly pathogenic) ; b) Bacillus anthracis ; c) Botulinum neurotoxin5; d) Burkholderia mallei ; e) Burkholderia pseudomallei ; f) Ebola virus ; g) Foot-and-mouth disease virus ; h) Francisella tularensis ; i) Marburg virus ;j) Reconstructed 1918 Influenza virus ; k) Rinderpest virus ; l) Toxin-producing strains of Clostridium botulinum ; m) Variola major virus n) Variola minor virus ; o) Yersinia pestis )

6 VIRUS DE LA GRIPE ESPAÑOLA: SUSCEPTIBLE DE USO DUAL: AUTORIZACIÓN NSABB 2005 Arrepentimiento a posteriori: “Throughout the discussion of the current review of the two manuscripts, the issue surrounding the NSABB’s approval of publication of the 1918 H1N1 virus paper in 2005 has been raised as precedence for how we might proceed in this situation. I want for the record to be clear that I firmly believe we made a mistake in approving the publication of the 1918 virus paper. At the time I was one of the supporters of publication (…) Had someone taken the published data on the 1918 virus mutations, they could have created a virus that, had it been even accidently released, could have caused a pandemic much as the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus did. I share this observation not to be critical of the 2005 NSABB decision, as I was part of that decision. Rather, it’s to remind us that you can’t unring a bell. Any decisions that the NSABB makes with regard to the influenza issue may possibly have far- reaching and yet unrecognized implications, like the 1918 virus situation.” (Osterholm)

7

8 1º) 3º) NO SE TRANSMITE DE HUMANO A HUMANO 2º) ALTA MORTALIDAD: 59% (DATOS DE LA OMS)

9 ROTERDAM HOLANDA MADISON WISCONSI KAWAOKA FOUCHIER LOGRAN MUTACIONES EN EL VIRUS DE LA GRIPE AVIAR QUE PERMITE QUE SEA TRANSMISIBLE ENTRE MAMÍFEROS

10 KAWAOKA FOUCHIER

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18 1º) ASPECTOS ÉTICOS DE LA “MEJORA” GENÉTICA HUMANA. 2º) ASPECTOS ÉTICOS DE LA RECUPERACIÓN DE ESPECIES EXTINTAS (NEANDERTALES, MAMUTS, ETC.). 3º) ASPECTOS ÉTICOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN CON CÉLULAS MADRE. 4º) ASPECTOS ÉTICOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN CON VIRUS (VIRUS DE LA GRIPE ESPAÑOLA, GRIPE AVIAR, ETC.). 5º) ASPECTOS ÉTICOS DE LOS TRANSGÉNICOS.

19 6º) ASPECTOS ÉTICOS DE LA REPRODUCCIÓN ASISTIDA. 7º) ASPECTOS ÉTICOS DE LA REVOLUCIÓN VERDE Y EL ECOLOGISMO. 8º) ASPECTOS ÉTICOS DE LA CREACIÓN DE VIDA SINTÉTICA. 9º) ASPECTOS ÉTICOS DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN EN INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL. 10º) FILOSOFÍA DE LA CIENCIA.