1 http://perla.princeton.edu/

2 2014

3 PERLA Multinacional con Colaboradores de Brasil, Colombia, México, Perú y Estados Unidos Multidisciplinar Baseados en Encuestas/”Surveys” en 2010 Con Representación Nacional Dos Estagios: 1. Modulo Étnico en el Barómetro de las Américas en 8 a 25 Países (LAPOP) 2. Encuestas en Profundidad en Brasil, Colombia, México y Perú Sobre-Amuestras

4 Temas de las Encuestas Clasificación Etnoracial Desigualdades Etnoraciales Percepciones de Discriminación Opinión Publica Actitudes Raciales Movimientos Sociales Políticas Publicas Engráciales

5 Preocupaciones Diversidad de Países con Formaciones Etnoraciales Distintas Investigar Afro descendientes e Indígenas Empíricamente Testar Desacuerdos/Dudas en Nuestras Discusiones Entender Implicaciones de Múltiples Maneras de Clasificación Etnoracial para Conteo Poblacional y Desigualdades Medir Color de Piel-Una Variable Escondida

6 Color Palette

7 Clasificación Etnoracial en los Censos e en Encuestas es Medida de Varias Maneras y depende de la pregunta y las categorías usadas y quien responde Inconsistencias en la Mediación Etnoracial

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9 Ejemplos de Preguntas de Censos y Categorias de Respuestas Preguntas: Su Color o Raza es….? (Brasil) Como Ud. Se Considera…? (Ecuador) A que grupo etnico (pueblo) pertenece? (Guatemala) Segun su cultura, pueblo or razgos fisicos, Ud. es o se considera?….(Colombia) Ud. Pertenence a la…. Cultura? (Costa Rica) Ud. O Alguno de sus antepasados es…? (Uruguay, Argentina) Cual es su color de Piel? (Cuba) Categorias de Respuesta: Para indigenas, indigena o grupo etnico o idioma hablado Para Afrodescendientes: negro, mulato, pardo afrodescendiente, Afro-(Pais),, preto, raizal, moreno? Indio?

10 1. La Mediación de Raza tiene Implicaciones para La Proporción Indígena y Afro descendiente

11 Indígenas en México

12 Quantos Negros no Brasil? Figure 5.2

13 ¿Cuántos indígenas en Perú?: depende…

14 Comparación entre Peru y Mexico y Entre Pueblos Indigenas

15 2. La Desigualdad Medida Por Categorías Etnoraciales de Tipo Censos son Inconsistentes e a veces, No Como Esperado a. Indígenas Consistentemente los en maior Desventaja b. Mestizos Están en mejor Situación que Blancos

16 Educational attainment and Identity

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18 3. La Desigualdad Por Color de Piel es Mas Consistente y en la Dirección Esperada

19 Educational Attainment Skin Color

20 Household Income

21 Skin Color Top Household Income

22 Skin Color Bottom Household Income

23 Educational Attainment Skin Color

24 Household Income

25 Skin Color Top Household Income

26 Skin Color Bottom Household Income

27 Skin color and educational attainment

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31 4. La Discriminación Racial/Por Color es Altamente Percibido Contra Si y Contra Otros en los Cuatro Países 5. La Mayoría de el Publico Apoya Movimientos Sociales Engráciales y Políticas Publicas que promueven gente afro-descendiente y indígena

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34 In most countries, Do you consider yourself white, mestizo, indigenous, black, mulatto or other? In Spanish, Usted se considera una persona blanca, mestiza, indigena, negra, mulata u otra? In Portuguese, Vôce se considera uma pessoa branca, parda, preta, indigena, ou amarela? Primary Ethnoracial Question in America’s Barometer

35 Auto IdenRacial Self-Identification is Loosely Related to Actual Skin Color

36 Ethnic identity and skin color, (1=Lightest, 11=Darkest)

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38 La Desigualdad Medida Por Categoría Tipo Censos son Inconsistentes e a veces, No Como Esperado a. Indígenas Consistentemente los mas en Desventaja b. Mestizos Están en mejor Situación que Blancos

39 Educational attainment and Identity

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41 La Desigualdad Por Color de Piel es Mas Consistente y en la Dirección Esperada

42 Skin Color and Educational Attainment

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46 6. Race is Sui Generis throughout Latin America Ethnoracial Inequality is Independent of Class/Socioeconomic Origins

47 Table for 23 Countries

48 National Differences in the Effect of Skin Color on Educational Attainment

49 7. Latin Americans Recognize Discrimination against Blacks and Indgenous For Dominants, Certainly More than the United States Except Bolivia

50 8. Perceived Discrimination Latin Americans often perceived discrimination by race, language or color and black, indigennous and dark skin persons report that they have been discriminated on those factors

51 Recent Publications Flores, René and Edward Telles. 2012. “Social Stratification in Mexico: Disentangling Color, Ethnicity and Class.” American Sociological Review 77(3): 486-494 Telles, Edward and Liza Steele. 2012. “Pigmentocracy in the Americas: How is Educational Attainment Related to Skin Color? Insights 73 Telles, Edward and Denia Garcia. 2013. “Mestizaje and Public Opinion in Latin America” Latin American Research Review 48(3): October, 130-152 Telles, Edward and Stan Bailey. 2013. “Understanding Latin American Beliefs about Racial Inequality” American Journal of Sociology 118(5): August, 1559-1595 Telles, Edward E. and René Flores. 2013. “More than Just Color: Whiteness, Nation and Status in Latin America” Hispanic American Historical Review 93(3): March, 411- 449 Telles, Edward and Tianna Paschel. 2014. Beyond Whitening: Color, Status and Nation in Latin Amerian Racial Classification” American Journal of Sociology Pereira, Krista and Edward Telles. 2014.“Color, Racial Classification and Discrimination in the Health of Latin Americans” Social Science and Medicine Telles, Edward E. and the Project on Ethnicity and Race in Latin America.2014. Pigmentocracies: Ethnicity, Race and Color in Latin America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press Telles, Edward, René Flores and Fernando Urrea Giraldo, “Pigmentocracies: Skin Color, Census Ethnoracial Categories and Educational Inequality in Eight Latin American Countries” (under review) Telles, Edward and Florencia Torche “Who is Indigenous in the Americas?” (in process)

52 FIN/FI/FIM/END

53 Various Census Questions and Categories: Mostly Self Identification Questions: Your color or race is…? (Brazil) How do you consider yourself…? (Ecuador) To what ethnic group (people) do you belong? (Guatemala) According to your culture, people or physical features, are you or do you consider yourself…(Colombia) Do you belong to the … culture? (Costa Rica) In countries Venezuela and Paraguay, separate questions for afro-descendants and indigenous Response categories: For indigenous, indigena or as a particular ethnic group or language. Early Censuses used attire, diet or community For Afrodescendants: negro, mulato, pardo, preto, raizal, etc.

54 Ethnoracial Inequality

55 Identity Educational Attainment

56 Identity Household Income

57 Identity Top Household Income

58 Identity Bottom Household Income

59 Identity Educational Attainment

60 Identity Household Income

61 Identity Top Household Income

62 Identity Bottom Household Income

63 Pigmentocracy (not picked up in ethnoracial census categories)

64 Color Palette

65 Take Away Points Skin Color (External Identification) Matters Skin Color Matters particularly in Some Countries Ethnoracial Identification (Self- Identification) may be Less Important than Color Ethnoracial Identification and Skin Color do not necessarily Overlap Class Origins Also Matter This is Work in Progress

66 Importance of Race Mixture (Mestizaje) in Latin America (vs Segregation in the United States) 1. mixture facilitated by demographic imbalance between colonizers and colonized 2. nationalizing elites made mixture central to national identity 3. little history of racial segregation (some in PR, Cuba and Panama) 4. often use mixed race categories 5. classification is more fluid and ambiguous 6. a national ideology of mixture widely accepted and downplays or denies importance of race and racial disadvantages AND THIS HAS AFFECTED RESEARCH ON THE TOPIC

67 OLS MODELS PREDICTING SES IN ECUADOR Note: Controls for Sex, Age, Community size, and geographical region. Household Income model also controls for education, age2, and PERLA/LAPOP survey.

68 OLS Models predicting SES in Brazil Note: Controls for Sex, Age, Community size, and geographical region. Household Income model also controls for education, age2, and PERLA/LAPOP survey.

69 OLS Models predicting SES in Mexico Note: Controls for Sex, Age, Community size, and geographical region. Household Income model also controls for education, age2, and PERLA/LAPOP survey.

70 OLS Models predicting SES in Colombia Note: Controls for Sex, Age, Community size, and geographical region. Household Income model also controls for education, age2, and PERLA/LAPOP survey.

71 OLS Models predicting SES in Peru

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73 Brazil

74 Mexico

75 Colombia

76 Ecuador

77 Peru

78 Brasil: Porcentaje de entrevistados clasificados como negros o con antepasados negros, por diferentes indicadores

79 Colombia: Porcentaje de entrevistados clasificados como negros o con antepasados negros, por diferentes indicadores

80 México: Porcentaje de entrevistados clasificados como indigenas o con antepasados indigenas, por diferentes indicadores

81 Mestizo White Dominant Group Mulatto Indigenous Black Mestizaje

82 Perú: Porcentaje de entrevistados clasificados como indigenas o con antepasados indigenas, por diferentes indicadores

83 Perú: Porcentaje de entrevistados clasificados como negros/mulatos, por diferentes indicadores % of respondents

84