1

2 3. Elisabethan/Rennaisance theatre

3 London – crammed, busy, centre of commerce, life, entertainment, astonishing

4 2. What was theatre like in Shakespeare´s era?The Globe

5 2. What was theatre like in Shakespeare´s era?Popular = The Globe (1595), The Swan, The Hope... theatrical companies: The Lord Chamberlain´s Men, Pembroke´s Men... source of all-class-entertainment; Many dismissed theatre = source of diseases (bubonic plague) – not true = rats did not like coloured cloth and odours,NUTS sometimes actors were banned from towns, public premises prostitution = female acts were played by young men and homosexuality occured = Puritans closed theatres in 1642 They were popular with Queen Elisabeth = Elisabethan drama, common people The flag is on

6 The Globe We can also guess the popularity of the number of prints of the theatrical buildings – let me show some The Globe No inside photo

7

8 The reconstructed Globe Theatre, London.

9

10 Restoration – Neoclassical period

11 Oliver Cromwell Closed theatres in Britain Puritan Literature = turnedmeditative, philosophical

12

13 Romantic Period idealisation

14 Realistic Period (the Victorian literature) Colonial expansion and industrial revolution

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16

17

18 Modernism also New topics, subjects, style: stream of consciousness

19

20 Postmdernism and afterModernists: believed in THE meaning Post-Modernists: believed in A meaning

21 MODERN OR POSTMODERN? Perhaps it was the middle of January in the present that I first looked up and saw the mark on the wall. In order to fix a date it is necessary to remember what one saw. So now I think of the fire; the steady film of yellow light upon the page of my book; the three chrysanthemums in the round glass bowl on the mantelpiece. Yes, it must have been the winter time, and we had just finished our tea, for I remember that I was smoking a cigarette when I looked up and saw the mark on the wall for the first time. A an and and AND I (I?) i saw her coming in her white dress, yes, white dress, yes, why are you so puzzled why do I care why and life was never (never?) the same (for whom?) why? WHY? Anyhow that was long after she had died.

22 Lecture and seminar 4

23 MEASURES OF VERSE = foot1-beat line = monometer most typical for: folk songs, ballads...rare 2-beat line = DImeter 3-beat line =TRImeter Ballads, hymns 4-beat line = TETRAmeter 5-beat line = PENTAmeter most typical for: Shakespeare; heroic couplets, when unrhymed: blank verse 6-beat line = HEXAmeter Homeric epics 7-beat line =HEPTAmeter 8-beat line = OCTOmeter 9-beat line = NONOmeter

24 Identify metres and feet: STRESSED - UNSTRESSED U Iamb U- Anapest UU- Trochee –U Dactyllic -UU 3. Peter, Peter, Pumpkin eater, had a wife and couldn’t keep her! (nursery rhyme) 4. Tyger, tyger, burning bright, in the forests of the night... (W. Blake)

25 Identify metres and feet: STRESSED - UNSTRESSED U Iamb U- Anapest UU- Trochee –U Dactyllic -UU -U -U -U -U (perfect) trochaic terameter Peter, Peter, Pumpkin eater, evokes harmony - U - U - U - U had a wife and couldn’t keep her! - U - U - U - imperfect trochaic tetrameter Tyger, tyger, burning bright, rhytm: violent: drum-like - U - U - U - creates tension in the forests of the night...

26 Identify metres and feet:1. By day the bat is cousin to the mouse, he likes the attic of an aging house. (T. Rhoetke) 2. Words are like leaves, and where they most abound, much fruit of sense beneath is rarely found. (Pope, Essay on Criticism)

27 U - // U - //U - // U - //U - iambic tetram.By day the bat is cousin to the mouse, U // U - //U -//U - // U - he likes the attic of an aging house.

28 U U // U U // U U // - Words are like leaves, and where they most abound, U // U // U //U - // U - much fruit of sense beneath is rarely found. UU = dactyllic Sad trimeter U – iambic pentameter....pompous, sad,

29 Dactyllic trochaic dimeter ... Powerful, joking, rhytmic- UU // - U Solomon Grundy, - U // - U Born on Monday, - U U // - U Christened on Tuesday, Married on Wednesday, Took ill on Thursday,... Dactyllic trochaic dimeter ... Powerful, joking, rhytmic Further reading: Franko, pp

30 SHORT FICTION Narrator – who tells the storyNarrattee – to whom the story is told (real or fictitious) 1st PERSON NARRATOR INTIMATE, PERSONAL, ALSO CALLED “ICH“ NARRATOR 3RD PERSON NARRATOR MORE DETACHED, OBSERVER OBJECTIVE point of view -EXTREMELY OBJECTIVE = CAMERA EYE SUBJECTIVE point of view -EXTREMELY SUBJECTIVE = INTRUSIVE = OMNISCIENT NARRATOR SUBJECTIVE point of view Special narrators = e.g. innocent narrator = a child, retarded person

31 Identify the narrator 1 . 1st person, subjective

32 Identify the narrator 2 . 3rd person, objective

33 Identify the narrator 3. 3rd person, subjective

34 Identify the narrator 4. 3rd person, shifts from objective to subjective

35 Drama Ancient (Greek and Roman colosseums hosted up to 40.000spectators) -Greek ideal = kalos aghatos = improving one´s body and soul Through the peak moment of tragedy = catharsis = emotional and intellectual cleansing No curtains, no spotlights, few props

36 Rennaissance drama

37 Modern Drama – 19th ct MELODRAMA CHARACTERS: a hero a heroinea villain Abundance of emotions pseudocatharsis = emotional and intellectual unity curtains, spotlights, a lot of props = LESS VERBAL

38 Modern Drama – 19th ct From 19th ct MELODRAMA,Many new genres evolved: Psychological plays (Ibsen, Strindberg) Family plays Social plays Absurd plays... curtains, spotlights, a lot of props = LESS VERBAL

39 LITERARY SCHOLARSHIP = lit. vedain a strict sense is the systematic study of the nature of literature and of the methods for analyzing literature (Culler 1997, p.1). Recently, scholarship is also substituted for “discourse“ (diskurz, rozprava)

40 LITERARY SCHOLARSHIP = lit. vedain a strict sense is the systematic study of the nature of the nature of literature and of the methods for analyzing literature (Culler 1997, p.1). nature of literature = WHAT IS LITERATURE? (BLOG, ZINE, BUS TICKET, INAUGURAL ADDRESS) Read: Coursebook: pp methods for analyzing literature = critical approaches Critical schools Literary criticism

41 LITERARY SCHOLARSHIP = lit. vedain a strict sense is the systematic study of the nature of the nature of literature and of the methods for analyzing literature (Culler 1997, p.1). 3 disciplines of literary scholarship: Literary theory (e.g. genology = theory of genres, READ COURSEBOOK, PP ) Literary history (e.g. field research, archive research) Literary criticism

42 LITERARY CRITICISM Coursebook, p. 11

43 The 1st literary critic/scholar: Aristotle (384-322 BC): Poetics(wiki) The 1st literary critic/scholar: Aristotle ( BC): Poetics Critical schools from Aristole to the First World war period: were based on the principles of structuralism (coursebook, p. 11) Believed in THE MEANING

44 After the World War II: PostmodernismAfter 1965: change of thought Modernists: believed in THE meaning Post-Modernists: believed in A meaning

45 MODERN OR POSTMODERN? Perhaps it was the middle of January in the present that I first looked up and saw the mark on the wall. In order to fix a date it is necessary to remember what one saw. So now I think of the fire; the steady film of yellow light upon the page of my book; the three chrysanthemums in the round glass bowl on the mantelpiece. Yes, it must have been the winter time, and we had just finished our tea, for I remember that I was smoking a cigarette when I looked up and saw the mark on the wall for the first time. A an and and AND I (I?) i saw her coming in her white dress, yes, white dress, yes, why are you so puzzled why do I care why and life was never (never?) the same (for whom?) why? WHY? Anyhow that was long after she had died. POSTMODERNISTS ENJOY AND ENHANCE AMBIGUITY

46 POSTMODERNISTS ENJOY AND ENHANCE AMBIGUITYPOSTMODERN APPROACHES TO A LITERARY TEXT: (NEW CRITICISM, READER-RESPONSE, DECONSTRUCTION, FEMINIST LITERARY CRITICISM, ...pp. 11) Read: web-page: approaches to literary text (word doc.)

47 EXAM PROCEDURE EXAM DATES: WILL BE SPECIFIED IN AISOnly those who submitted a passable essay can sign up for an exam. (YOU WILL WRITE BOTH INTRODUCTION TO LIT AND INTRO TO LINGUISTICS IN THE SAME DAY) = APP. 90 MINS. SIGN UP IN THE AIS SYSTEM.

48 SAMPLE EXAM TASKS Comment on the narrator, setting and characters in the psychological novel. ____________ is a type of novel taken over from the French literary context. It is a cycle , usuallyof several volumes of novels, giving a complete picture of a historical epoch as a background for depiction of fates of individual families. Example: John Galsworthy.

49 ______________ usually employs animal characters.Characters but they symbolise not only moral qualities but also religious doctrines.

50 Comment on the narrator in the following extract:Mary Evans, tired and grumpy, was driving home after another difficult day.

51 Scan the metre: Solomon Grundy, born on Monday....

52 Japan – the country of the rising sun is a synecdoche YES - NO

53 Identify as many tropes as you can :Days By Ralph Waldo Emerson Daughters of Time, the hypocritic Days, Muffled and dumb like barefoot dervishes, And marching single in an endless file, Bring diadems and fagots in their hands. To each they offer gifts after his will, Bread, kingdoms, stars, or sky that holds them all. I, in my pleached garden, watched the pomp, Forgot my morning wishes, hastily Took a few herbs and apples, and the Day Turned and departed silent. I, too late, Under her solemn fillet saw the scorn.

54 Which literary criticism concentrates on the work itself, independent of tis author?Give 3 disciplines of literary scholarship Give 3 features of Rennaissance theatre Romaticism was inspired by the French revolution. YES-NO. Postmodernism believed in the meaning of literary texts.

55 ESSAYS: COMMON PROBLEMS1) PARTS MISSING (where is your critical response? Where is your intro? (coursebook, 45) 2) PARTS INEFFECTIVE (conclusion bland...) 3) INCOHERENCT TEXT, CLUMSY STYLE, CRIMINAL SPELLING, GRAMMAR

56 William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. (...) Sonnet 18 is the first poem in the sonnets not to explicitly encourage the young man to have children. The “procreation” sequence of the first 17 sonnets ended with the speaker’s realization that the young man might not need children to preserve his beauty; he could also live, the speaker writes at the end of Sonnet 17, “in my rhyme.” Sonnet 18, then, is the first “rhyme”—the speaker’s first attempt to preserve the young man’s beauty for all time. An important theme of the sonnet (as it is an important theme throughout much of the sequence) is the power of the speaker’s poem to defy time and last forever, carrying the beauty of the beloved down to future generations. The beloved’s “eternal summer” shall not fade precisely because it is embodied in the sonnet: “So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,” the speaker writes in the couplet, “So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”

57 William Shakespeare was an English poet, playwright and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. (...) Sonnet 18 is the first poem in the sonnets not to explicitly encourage the young man to have children (Sparknotes, p. 1). The “procreation” sequence of the first 17 sonnets ended with the speaker’s realization that the young man might not need children to preserve his beauty; he could also live, the speaker writes at the end of Sonnet 17, “in my rhyme.” (Sparknotes, p. 2). Problem = you cannot quote spearknotes or your grade will be seriously decreased. Problem 2: only 30% quotes per page

58 OTHER PAGES YOU CANNOT QUOTE IN MORE THAN 1-2 SENTENCE EXTEND WIKIPEDIA Enotes Cliffnotes Sparknotes Referaty.sk – cz Other similar ....

59 Those who were awarded „F“ for plagiarism:1) Cannot sign up for an exam unless they bring a presentable essay. 2) Have to substantially rewrite their essay: In this essay: you have to properly quote ALL SOURCES in text and in Bibliography. Max. 30% quotes per page No part can be missing English, grammar = exquisite, no spelling probl. Failure of any of these will result in F, Fx grade.

60 Deadline: December 20, 9:00-10:00, my officeAbsolutely no late submittings. Bring both essays (your first one, with my notes and your re-written version) – failure to do this = I will not accept your essays and you will earn F, Fx. Yes, you can send your essay with a trustworthy friend. If you are ill, doctor´s certificate will be presented within 2 days (Dec. 22, 23:59 or by snail mail POSTAL STAMP JANUARY 5, 2017).