1 3.00… Understand prenatal development and the components of a healthy pregnancy and delivery … Understand environmental and hereditary influences on prenatal development and long-term effects on the health of children.

2 Essential Questions: 1. How do hereditary and environment influence traits of children? 2. What are some long-term effects of prenatal development?

3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kvHENVYdUHo

4 Birth Defects: abnormalities that are present at birth that affects the structure or functions of the body and may threaten a baby’s health.

5 FACT: Prenatal development is influenced by conditions brought on by the environment and hereditary traits. For some of these influences, there are also birth defects and long-term effects that affect the health of the child.

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17 FACTS About 150,000 babies are born each year with birth defects.The parents of one out of every 33 babies receive the frightening news that their baby has a birth defect There are over 4,000 known birth defects Birth defects are the leading cause of death in the first year of life.

18 Environmental Influences:>Inadequate nutrition of mother ~Can stunt brain development of baby ~Can lead to mental retardation ~Increased risk of multiple birth defects and low birth weight

19 Environmental Influences: >Exposure to diseases or infections ~Rubella (German measles), during first trimester of pregnancy can cause blindness, deafness, heart disease, mental retardation ~Toxoplasmosis (a parasite) can cause blindness, hearing loss, learning and death; found in cat litter and some raw meats

20 Environmental Influences: >Exposure to diseases or infections ~Varicella, (chicken pox) during the first half of pregnancy can cause scarring of baby’s skin, limb defects, eye problems, and miscarriage. ~Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) can be passed to unborn child and can lead to serious illnesses, physical disabilities, or death.

21 Environmental Influences: >Harmful substances consumed ~Nicotine from smoking cigarettes and secondhand smoke: *smaller than average babies *miscarriages and premature deliveries *respiratory infections or allergies (There are over 4000 chemicals found in tobacco smoke including cyanide, formaldehyde, acetylene (the fuel used in welding torches), tar, ammonia and poisonous gases nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide.  A low tar cigarette can be just as harmful as a high tar cigarette.)  

22 Environmental Influences: >Harmful substances consumed ~Smoking marijuana: *THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) is the active ingredient in marijuana and does cross the placenta. * It is stored in the amniotic fluid that the baby lives in prior to birth. *It is possible that marijuana use in pregnancy is associated with premature labor and small babies, with all the associated dangers of low birth weight including infections and breathing problems.  

23 Environmental Influences: >Harmful substances consumed~Alcohol-causing Fetal Alcohol Syndrome *20% of infants die *facial deformities, delayed physical growth, heart defects, hyperactivity, mental retardation-disabilities *poor coordination *difficulty controlling behavior

24 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWScUL_CZWQ

25 Environmental Influences: >Harmful substances consumed ~Drugs, over-the-counter and illegal: *over-the-counter shouldn’t be taken w/out doctor ok *pass drug addiction on to baby; baby will go through painful withdrawal symptoms *produces severe, long-term learning and behavioral problems

26 Environmental Influences: >Harmful substances consumed ~Drugs, over-the-counter and illegal, cont: *large amounts of caffeine increase risk of miscarriage, low birth-weight babies, and infant death *cocaine increases risk of miscarriage; produces strokes that lead to brain damages, heart attack, birth abnormalities, or death; causes tremors, irritability, sleep problems, & developmental delays *ecstasy leads to congenital heart problems, physical abnormalities

27 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CKC_lqXZup0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=glq9257st-U

28 Environmental Influences: Exposure to hazards during pregnancy: ~Chemicals-some paint, pesticides, lead-based chemicals, carbon monoxide, mercury, solvents, paint thinners, & formaldehyde can potentially cause physical and mental abnormalities

29 Exposure to hazards during pregnancy~X rays-can cause childhood cancer, miscarriages, and mental retardation ~Toxoplasmosis-extreme high blood pressure due to parasite from cat liter, some raw meats

30 Environmental Influences: Accidental injuries: ~Cerebral palsy caused by damage to the brain before, during, or shortly after birth ~Damage to the developing embryo and fetus from accidental injuries of all types can potentially cause a wide range of birth defects

31 Hereditary Influences: ~Dominant genes are stronger, therefore it only takes 1 defective dominant gene passed from 1 of the parents!

32 Hereditary Influences: ~Recessive are weaker, therefore it takes 2 defective recessive genes (one from mom and one from dad) to pass on a hereditary birth defect that lies on the recessive gene.

33 Hereditary Influences: >Defective recessive genes inherited from both parents: 1)Cystic fibrosis-caused by inheritance of recessive genes; more likely to affect Caucasians than African or Asian-Americans https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LItSsVJPQEY

34 Hereditary Influences: >Defective recessive genes inherited from both parents: ) PKU-inherited from recessive genes; Native American and northern European backgrounds https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8HG7AXV6YQI

36 Hereditary Influences: Defective recessive genes inherited from both parents, cont: )Tay-Sachs disease-an inherited disease most common among eastern European families of Jewish descent https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i28OVh8kBuQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m88blOWkL_0

38 Hereditary Influences: Defective recessive genes inherited from both parents, cont: )Sickle cell anemia-malformed red blood cells that deprive the body of oxygen and prevalent in African Americans

39 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9AHFHleYwdU

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41 Hereditary Influences: >Defective dominant genes inherited from one parent: )Hemophilia-passed on from mothers to sons, only; prevents blood from clotting https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0_EmvUb171I

42 2)Huntington’s disease-manifests in adulthood, leads to dementia; passed down through families in which nerve cells in certain parts of the brain waste away https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DU_xkl-DO-Q

43 Hereditary Influences: Defective dominant genes inherited from ONE parent: 3)Color blindness/deficiency-usually affects only males )Duchenne muscular dystrophy-transmitted by female carriers, usually affects only males

44 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=khugHTgwQq4

46 Hereditary Influences: >Errors in chromosomes-problems with the number or structure of chromosomes: *Down Syndrome-associated with mental retardation, increased risk of heart defects, leukemia, poor muscle tone, and distinctive physical characteristics. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-v7AfMwyTU

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48 Combined H & E Influences: >Inherited tendency to develop heart defect combined with drug use or virus during pregnancy causes child to have heart defect

49 Combined H & E Influences: >Cleft lip/cleft palate-gap in upper lip or palate; caused by heredity or environmental factors or both

50 Combined H & E Influences: >Spina bifida and Hydrocephalus- caused by both hereditary and environmental factors; risk can be reduced by taking folic acid during pregnancy

51 Combined H & E Influences: >Multiple births:Combined H & E Influences: >Multiple births: *The hyper-ovulation gene may be inherited from the mother; leading to fraternal twins *Primarily influenced by environment— twin-to-twin syndrome (TTTS) is the result of one twin taking nourishment from the other; fertility drugs

53 Factors Contributing to Birth DefectsOverweight Underweight Jewish decent African American Caucasian Alcohol Prescription and street drugs Vitamin misuse

54 Factors Contributing to Birth DefectsCaffeine Lead poisoning Exposure to cats X-rays High blood pressure Diabetes Sickle Cell Anemia Serious health problems

55 Factors Contributing to Birth DefectsGenital herpes Gonorrhea Syphilis Epilepsy No immunizations Prematurity Rh factor disorder

56 Factors Contributing to Birth Defects that are pre-existing in parents:Mental retardation Cystic Fibrosis Heart Disease Anemia

57 REVIEW: Factors Affecting Prenatal Development???MATERNAL EMOTIONS AGE OF MOTHER CLOTHING MEDICAL CONDITION(S) PRIOR TO PREGNANCY ETHNIC BACKGROUND NUTRITION

58 Can birth defects be prevented?While the potential causes of most birth defects are not known, there are a number of steps a woman can take to reduce her risk of having a baby with a birth defect.

59 Prevention Visit a health care provider for a pre-pregnancy check up; especially if a woman has health problems. When pregnant, take daily multivitamins containing 400 mg of the B-vitamin folic acid Avoid alcohol, drugs, smoking, prescription or over-the-counter medication unless approved by a health care provider

60 Can birth defects be diagnosed before birth?YES! Through prenatal testing. Amniocentesis Ultrasound Tissue Sampling

61 Can some birth defects be treated before birth?YES! Through prenatal surgery For: 1) urinary tract blockages 2) rare tumors in lungs 3) spina bifida 4) PIHypertension disease Seeing your doctor and having prenatal testing can correct these!!!

62 Which is an example of an environmental influence on development?Paton has a recessive gene from both parents and has sickle cell anemia Opal was exposed to lead paint and her baby was born mentally disabled Nikki has damage to her brain from cystic fibrosis Michelle and her mother both have PKU and cannot process protein

63 Which is an example of an environmental influence on development?Paton has a recessive gene from both parents and has sickle cell anemia Opal was exposed to lead paint and her baby was born mentally disabled Niki has damage to her brain from cystic fibrosis Michelle and her mother both have PKU and cannot process protein

64 Which is an example of a hereditary influence on development?Mike’s body does not process fats in the brain and nerve cells because he has Tay-Sachs disease Kurt’s mother had X-rays during pregnancy, and Kurt is blind and deaf Linda’s mother was exposed to lead paint while pregnant, and Mary is mentally challenged Natalie was born with a STD

65 Which is an example of a hereditary influence on development?Mike’s body does not process fats in the brain and nerve cells because he has Tay-Sachs disease Kurt’s mother had X-rays during pregnancy, and Kurt is blind and deaf Linda’s mother was exposed to lead paint while pregnant, and Mary is mentally challenged Natalie was born with a STD

66 Thomas’ mother had chicken pox during the first 6 months of pregnancyThomas’ mother had chicken pox during the first 6 months of pregnancy. Thomas has scarring of the skin, a limb defect and eye problems. Which influence on development is this? Growth Self-concept Heredity Environment

67 Thomas’ mother had chicken pox during the first 6 months of pregnancyThomas’ mother had chicken pox during the first 6 months of pregnancy. Thomas has scarring of the skin, a limb defect and eye problems. Which influence on development is this? Growth Self-concept Heredity Environment

68 An infant received from his mother’s genes a condition called hemophilia which makes it difficult for him to stop bleeding when he is injured. Which influence on development is this? Growth Self-concept Heredity Environment

69 An infant received from his mother’s genes a condition called hemophilia which makes it difficult for him to stop bleeding when he is injured. Which influence on development is this? Growth Self-concept Heredity Environment

70 Which is an example of hereditary influence on development?Robert’s father had weak muscles as a result of muscular dystrophy, and Robert has the same problem. Rita was born addicted to drugs Priscilla was born with a STD Devon’s mother had Rubella causing Devon to be mentally disabled

71 Which is an example of hereditary influence on development?Robert’s father had weak muscles as a result of muscular dystrophy, and Robert has the same problem. Rita was born addicted to drugs Priscilla was born with a STD Devon’s mother had Rubella causing Devon to be mentally disabled

72 Which is an example of environmental influence on development?Randy has sickle cell anemia which often causes him to be tired. Wayne’s body cannot process certain proteins since he has Tay-Sachs disease Tommy has an extra chromosome Stacy’s mother smoked during pregnancy; she was born prematurely and was very small

73 Which is an example of environmental influence on development?Randy has sickle cell anemia which often causes him to be tired. Wayne’s body cannot process certain proteins since he has Tay-Sachs disease Tommy has an extra chromosome Stacy’s mother smoked during pregnancy; she was born prematurely and was very small

74 Angie has brain damage from an auto accident before she was born. Which is an example of a birth defect resulting from both hereditary and environmental influences? One-year-old Mary has an incomplete spinal cord due to the lack of folic acid and an inherited gene. Angie has brain damage from an auto accident before she was born. Cindy has no way to use protein because of a defective gene she inherited from her parents William has an extra chromosome and is mentally disabled

75 Angie has brain damage from an auto accident before she was born. Which is an example of a birth defect resulting from both hereditary and environmental influences? One-year-old Mary has an incomplete spinal cord due to the lack of folic acid and an inherited gene. Angie has brain damage from an auto accident before she was born. Cindy has no way to use protein because of a defective gene she inherited from her parents William has an extra chromosome and is mentally disabled

76 Which is an example of an environmental influence on development?Diane drank alcohol and it caused his child to have fetal alcohol syndrome. Cathy got her big nose from her father. Billy and his father have Tay-Sachs and they cannot process proteins Ann has blue eyes because of a recessive gene from her mother.

77 Which is an example of an environmental influence on development?Diane drank alcohol and it caused his child to have fetal alcohol syndrome. Cathy got her big nose from her father. Billy and his father have Tay-Sachs and they cannot process proteins Ann has blue eyes because of a recessive gene from her mother.

78 When is a baby MOST LIKELY to have fetal alcohol syndrome?When it is exposed to X-rays or other sources of radiation. When it has been exposed to harmful substances. When it receives a defective gene from the father When it receives defective recessive genes from both parents

79 When is a baby MOST LIKELY to have fetal alcohol syndrome?When it is exposed to X-rays or other sources of radiation. When it has been exposed to harmful substances. When it receives a defective gene from the father When it receives defective recessive genes from both parents

80 Self-concept Heredity EnvironmentAn infant whose mother had x-rays during pregnancy was diagnosed with cancer. Which influence on development is this? Growth Self-concept Heredity Environment

81 Self-concept Heredity EnvironmentAn infant whose mother had x-rays during pregnancy was diagnosed with cancer. Which influence on development is this? Growth Self-concept Heredity Environment

82 Self-concept Heredity EnvironmentA preschooler’s mother was exposed to cats during her pregnancy, and the child has toxoplasmosis. Which influence on development is this? Growth Self-concept Heredity Environment

83 Self-concept Heredity EnvironmentA preschooler’s mother was exposed to cats during her pregnancy, and the child has toxoplasmosis. Which influence on development is this? Growth Self-concept Heredity Environment

84 When is a baby likely to have Tay-Sachs disease?When it is exposed to X-rays or other sources of radiation. When it has been exposed to harmful substances. When it receives a defective gene from the father When it receives defective recessive genes from both parents

85 When is a baby likely to have Tay-Sachs disease?When it is exposed to X-rays or other sources of radiation. When it has been exposed to harmful substances. When it receives a defective gene from the father When it receives defective recessive genes from both parents

86 Childbirth From Inside Out Pt 1 and 2

87 Human Reproduction Review https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WH9ZJu4wRUE

88 What happens during conception?Male and female reproductive cells that try to unite after sexual intercourse Sperm that enter uterus quickly swim into the Fallopian tubes (believed to have a sense of smell for the egg) If an ovum(egg-the largest cell in the body) is present, the sperm swarm the ovum and try to break through the surface

89 What happens during conception, cont.Only one sperm is successful (coffee, a stimulant seems to help sperm swim better) At fertilization, the sperm seals out the remaining sperm, which eventually die Once the ovum has been fertilized, it attaches to the wall of the uterus. Menstruation stops until the pregnancy is over, in most cases. The male determines the sex of the child. httphttp://www.parents.com/pregnancy/stages/fetal-development/first-trimester-images-of-your-developing-baby/#page=3

90 3.02 Remember the prenatal development of baby from conception to birth and the changes a mother goes through during pregnancy Essential Questions: How does a baby develop from conception to birth? What are the changes a mother goes through during pregnancy?

91 Fetal Development FETUS, meaning “offspring”Month by Month

92 Sex Determination of the BabyFather contributes X and Y chromosomes Mother contributes a X chromosome If the Y connects to the egg, a boy will result If the X connects to the egg, a girl will result

93 Stages of Prenatal DevelopmentFrom fertilization to the end of second week- ZYGOTE-(As zygote reaches the uterus, it is called a blastocyst) From the end of the second week to end of the 8th week- EMBRYO From the end of the 8th week to the end of the pregnancy/birth- FETUS

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95 Zygote

96 Chorion is the outer layer of the blastocyst and later will be between the amniotic sac and the placenta during pregnancy. The inner mass will grow to make the embryo, fed by the yoke of the egg.

97 Contains stem cells

99 First Month By the end of the two weeks, the zygote is about the size of a pin head. The heart, which is no larger than a poppy seed, has begun beating. Egg has attached itself to the lining of the uterus, now call an embryo. Teratogens introduced during this time may cause severe absence of one or more limbs, or heart outside chest.

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102 First Month Mother has most likely missed a periodExperiences fullness of the breasts or breast changes Experiences more urination, than usual

103 Two Months The embryo is about 1/4 inch long and has distinct, slightly webbed fingers. Face, eyes, ears, and limb have developed. Veins are clearly visible. The heart has divided into right and left chambers. Changes into a fetus at the end of eight weeks. Teratogens introduced during this time can cause baby to be born with severe facial clefts, missing hands and/or feet, heart, lung, ambiguous genitalia (not boy or girl)

105 Two Months Mother’s breast swell, may be tenderIncreased pressure on the bladder Possible nausea, called morning sickness, caused by increased progesterone hormone

106 Three Months By now the ‘fetus is’ 1 inch long and is fully formed. He has begun swallowing and kicking. All organs and muscles have formed and are beginning to function. Has it’s own fetal blood by the 10th week.

108 Three Months Mother’s breast are fuller/firmer, may acheNausea? Usually gone Fatigue Frequent urination Abdomen may feel fuller; uterus is size of orange Weight gain of 2-4 lbs.

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110 Four Months Baby is covered with a layer of thick, downy hair called lanugo. His heartbeat can be heard clearly. This is when you may feel your baby's first kick; sucking thumb, hiccupping,swallowing, Size about 3 inches long.

112 Four Months Mother’s appetite increases Nausea is usually gone by nowAbdomen continues to grow slowly

113 Five Months 6 ½-7” long, weighs about 4-5 ouncesHair, eyelashes, eyebrows appear Teeth continue to develop Organs maturing Becomes more active

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116 Five Months Enlarged abdomen becomes apparentSlight fetal movement felt between 4th and 5th month Enlarged abdomen may affect posture

117 Six Months Eyebrows and eyelids are visible. The baby's lungs are filled with amniotic fluid, and he/she has started breathing motions. If the mother talks or sings, the baby can hear inches, about 8-12 ounces. Babies born during Week may survive, but chances of complications and death are HIGH.

118 6 Months

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120 Six Months Fetal movements sensed as strong kicks, thumps and bumps-some visible Weight gain by this month may total lbs

122 Seven Months At the beginning of the seventh month, the baby weighs about 1 ½ pounds and is about inches long. His body is well-formed. Fingernails cover his fingertips

124 Seven Months Increased size may affect mother’s posture adding to back discomfort

125 Eight Months Baby is gaining about half a pound per week, and layers of fat are piling on. He/she has probably turned head-down in preparation for birth. He weighs between 2 1/2 and 3 pounds. Reacts to loud noises with a reflex jerking action

128 Eight Months Backache,fatigue, discomfort with increased abdominal size Leg cramps, shortness of breath Fetal kicks disturb mother’s sleep 18-20 lbs weight gain by this time

129 Nine Months Baby is a hefty 5 to 6 pounds and measures between 17 and 18 inches. As he becomes more crowded, the mother may feel him move around less.

134 https://www. youtube. com/watchhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_297977&feature=iv&src_vid=duPxBXN4qMg&v=ZDP_ewMDxCo

138 Name The Month! The zygote is the size of a pin head. The egg is attached to the lining of the uterus. The mother has missed her period, her breasts have enlarges somewhat, and she is noticing urination more often. What month is this? 1

139 Name The Month! The fetus is about 14-16” long and weighs about 2 ½-3 pounds. The weight gain continues rapidly. The fetus may react to loud noises with a reflex jerking action. Fetus moves into a head-down position. What month is this? 8

140 Name The Month! The embryo is ¼ inch long and has developed face, eyes, ears, and limbs. The bones have begun to form. It changes to a fetus and remains a fetus until birth. 2

141 Name The Month! The fetus is 8-10 inches and weighs 8-12 ounces. The mother senses movement as strong kicks, thumps and bumps with some visible. 6

142 Name The Month! Fetus is inches and weighs 5-6 pounds at the beginning of the month. The mother has or will experience lightening, making breathing easier. False labor pains may be experienced. 9

143 Name The Month! Fetus is 3 inches long and weighs one ounce. Its can suck its thumb, swallow, hiccup and move around. Facial features become clearer. For the mother, nausea is usually gone by this time and appetite increases. 4

144 During which stage of pregnancy does a pregnant woman usually have increased urination due to pressure on the bladder? Conception First trimester Second trimester Third trimester

145 During which stage of pregnancy does a pregnant woman usually have increased urination due to pressure on the bladder? Conception First trimester Second trimester Third trimester

146 During which stage of pregnancy does a pregnant woman usually have leg cramps, shortness of breath, and rest that is interrupted by the kicking fetus? Conception First trimester Second trimester Third trimester

147 During which stage of pregnancy does a pregnant woman usually have leg cramps, shortness of breath, and rest that is interrupted by the kicking fetus? Conception First trimester Second trimester Third trimester

148 During which stage of prenatal development do the face, eyes, ears, and limbs begin to develop?Conception First trimester Second trimester Third trimester

149 During which stage of prenatal development do the face, eyes, ears, and limbs begin to develop?Conception First trimester Second trimester Third trimester

150 During which stage of prenatal development are all organs FIRST present?Conception First trimester Second trimester Third trimester

151 During which stage of prenatal development are all organs FIRST present?Conception First trimester Second trimester Third trimester

152 During which stage of pregnancy does morning sickness BEGIN?Conception First trimester Second trimester Third trimester

153 During which stage of pregnancy does morning sickness BEGIN?Conception First trimester Second trimester Third trimester

154 During which stage of pregnancy does a pregnant woman typically have a obvious change in posture?Conception First trimester Second trimester Third trimester

155 During which stage of pregnancy does a pregnant woman typically have a obvious change in posture?Conception First trimester Second trimester Third trimester

156 During which stage of pregnancy does a fetus grow hair, eyelashes, and eyebrows?Conception First trimester Second trimester Third trimester

157 During which stage of pregnancy does a fetus grow hair, eyelashes, and eyebrows?Conception First trimester Second trimester Third trimester

158 During which stage of pregnancy are false labor pains experienced?Conception First trimester Second trimester Third trimester

159 During which stage of pregnancy are false labor pains experienced?Conception First trimester Second trimester Third trimester

160 During which stage of pregnancy does the fetus begin to suck its thumb, swallow, hiccup, and move around? Conception First trimester Second trimester Third trimester

161 During which stage of pregnancy does the fetus begin to suck its thumb, swallow, hiccup, and move around? Conception First trimester Second trimester Third trimester

162 The recommended weight gain during pregnancy is:19-20 lbs 25-35 lbs 40-45 lbs 50-55 lbs

163 The recommended weight gain during pregnancy is:19-20 lbs 25-35 lbs 40-45 lbs 50-55 lbs

164 After a fertilized ovum attaches itself to the lining of the uterus, it is called a/an:Fetus Embryo Blastocyst Zygote

165 After a fertilized ovum attaches itself to the lining of the uterus, it is called a/an:Fetus Embryo Blastocyst Zygote

166 What happens during conception?Sperm swarm ovum Sperm seal out other sperm Ovum attach to lining of uterus Ovum and sperm unite after intercourse

167 What happens during conception?Sperm swarm ovum Sperm seal out other sperm Ovum attach to lining of uterus Ovum and sperm unite after intercourse

168 Tonya is pregnant and has to urinate more than usual, has morning sickness, and her breasts are enlarging. Which month of pregnancy is this? First Second Third Fourth

169 Tonya is pregnant and has to urinate more than usual, has morning sickness, and her breasts are enlarging. Which month of pregnancy is this? First Second Third Fourth

170 During the fourth month, second trimester, a typical fetus is:1 inch long 3 inches long 8-10 inches long 14-16 inches long

171 During the fourth month, second trimester, a typical fetus is:1 inch long 3 inches long 8-10 inches long 14-16 inches long

172 During the eighth month of pregnancy a typical fetus should:Acquire antibodies to fight disease from the mother’s blood React to loud noises with a reflex jerking action Show a decrease in movement because of less room to move Shows periods of activity followed by periods of rest and quiet

173 During the eighth month of pregnancy a typical fetus should:Acquire antibodies to fight disease from the mother’s blood React to loud noises with a reflex jerking action Show a decrease in movement because of less room to move Shows periods of activity followed by periods of rest and quiet

174 When will a baby be a boy? Two sperm unite with two eggsAn ovum unites with sperm carrying an X chromosome An ovum unites with sperm and then divides into two zygotes An ovum unites with a sperm carrying a Y chromosome

175 When will a baby be a boy? Two sperm unite with two eggsAn ovum unites with sperm carrying an X chromosome An ovum unites with sperm and then divides into two zygotes An ovum unites with a sperm carrying a Y chromosome

176 What is the size of the zygote during the first month of pregnancy?3 inches long 1 inch long ¼ inch long Pinhead

177 What is the size of the zygote during the first month of pregnancy?3 inches long 1 inch long ¼ inch long Pinhead

178 When will babies be fraternal twins?An ovum unites with a sperm and divides into two zygotes An ovum unites with a sperm carrying an X chromosome An ovum unites with a sperm carrying a Y chromosome Two sperm unite with two eggs at the same time and make two zygotes

179 When will babies be fraternal twins?An ovum unites with a sperm and divides into two zygotes An ovum unites with a sperm carrying an X chromosome An ovum unites with a sperm carrying a Y chromosome Two sperm unite with two eggs at the same time and make two zygotes

180 3.00 Understand prenatal development and the components of a healthy pregnancy and delivery3.03 Understand components of a healthy pregnancy and delivery

181 Essential Questions:. What can a woman do to have a healthy pregnancyEssential Questions: *What can a woman do to have a healthy pregnancy? *What are the advantages and disadvantages of delivery at different locations? *What are the types of delivery?

182 A Healthy Pregnancy Preparation for Pregnancy

183 FACTS: A mother brings to her pregnancy, all of her previous life experiences, like diet, food habits, attitudes. Most birth defects occur before the 10th week of pregnancy. The outcome of her baby’s health mainly depends on mother’s nutritional state. Prepare body 2 years ahead. If nutrients are lacking, the mother suffers first and then the baby suffers. May need to consult a genetic counselor.

184 A Healthy Pregnancy Taking Care of You and Baby

185 What happens at the first prenatal visit?The first visit is the most comprehensive: A complete medical history will be taken. Pregnancy tests will be performed to confirm the pregnancy. Pelvic exam given to check the cervix and uterine changes.

186 Family history? Personal medical history Medications currently takingFood and drug allergies Family history, including genetic diseases and disorders Habits: smoking, drinking, etc. Menstrual period questions

187 Family History….continuedNumber of children Miscarriages, abortions, etc. Questions about previous pregnancies, labor and delivery Health and family history of baby’s father Anything that might affect the baby

188 Physical Exam at the 1st visitAssessment of general health Height and weight Pelvic exam Vital signs: heart, blood pressure, etc.

189 Possible tests the 1st visit . . .Blood tests – for blood type, anemia, to confirm pregnancy Urinalysis to screen for sugar, protein, white blood cell count, bacteria, and infections Blood screens to determine immunity for rubella

190 More possible tests the 1st visit:Tests to check for the presence of syphilis, gonorrhea, hepatitis, chlamydia, AIDS. Genetic tests for sickle-cell anemia or Tay-Sachs disease. Pap smear to detect cervical cancer. Gestational diabetes screening.

191 Issues to discuss with Dr. . .* Fatigue and sleepiness * Frequent urination * Nausea * Heartburn, indigestion * Food cravings and moodiness * Breast changes

192 More about “morning sickness”:Doesn’t have to be only in the morning! Not everyone will have it! Usually is gone by the 3rd month. NOTE: Do not take any medication for morning sickness unless it is prescribed by your doctor.

193 Treatment for morning sickness…Try eating some soda crackers before you get out of bed. Try Sea Bands … the one inch bands, worn on both wrists, put pressure on the inner wrist and may relieve nausea.

194 Ectopic Pregnancy . . . Another name for a tubal pregnancy,a baby is growing outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube. Will usually be diagnosed and treated by the 8th week of pregnancy. 2 in 100 pregnancies are ectopic!

195 Factors believed to increase the risk of miscarriage . . .* Exposure to rubella, radiation or drugs * High fever * IUD in place at conception * Poor nutrition or medical care * Smoking and other harmful habits

196 Possible signs of miscarriage . . .* Any bleeding or spotting of blood from the vagina. * Cramps

197 When to call the Doctor? Severe abdominal painSwelling of hands & face Bleeding from the vagina Leaking of amniotic fluid Severe headache that persists Painful urination Severe nausea or vomiting

198 Maintain Personal Hygiene*Maintain normal grooming and body care habits *Have dental checkups *Avoid very cold or very hot baths *Replace tub baths with showers or sponge baths during the last four to six weeks of pregnancy

199 Rest/Sleep *Take at least one 15-to-30 minute rest during the day*Sleep eight to nine hours per night *Take at least one 15-to-30 minute rest during the day

200 Exercise/Physical ActivityImproves circulation To maintain lower blood pressure/resting heart rate Maintain good self-image To regain pre-pregnancy figure faster. Helps prepare body for the stress of labor and delivery Helps relieve back pain (stretches)

201 Exercise/Physical ActivityImproves posture. Helps to maintain good balance To help your body carry the added load during pregnancy Exercise to help strengthen and prepare the pelvic floor for delivery- Kegals, start/stop urine; & pelvic tilts recommended

202 Exercise during PregnancyTwenty minutes of walking can lift spirits and strengthen the body; comfortable walking shoe is critical. Swimming, low-impact aerobics, and yoga are excellent exercises. Avoid overheating or getting out of breath. Avoid contact/high risk sports Always follow doctor’s recommendations

203 Clothing Comfort is the “key!” OptionsMaternity clothes – garments especially designed for pregnancy in one’s regular size Regular clothes in larger sizes What are some guidelines for selecting clothes during pregnancy? Choose loose-fitting clothing; no tight waistbands, belts Select clothes that are large enough to wear for a period of time. Avoid high heels

204 Nutrition during PregnancyGood nutrition is vital for baby and mother during pregnancy.

205 Effects of a Poor Diet Premature birth Low birth weight babiesFeeble, weak babies Inability to breast-feed Malformed babies Complications at birth Depression in mother Babies with impaired brain cells (poor nutrition at breakfast affects gray matter mass in child’s developing brain)

206 Weight Gain 25-35 pounds total (average weight)Two to five pounds in the first trimester About one pound per week for the rest of your pregnancy

207 Distribution of Weight GainAREA Weight Gain in Pounds Fetus – 8.5 Stores of Fat & Protein Blood Tissue Fluids Uterus Amniotic Fluid Placenta & Cord Breasts 28-29 pounds Total

208 Affects of Pregnancy on BodyIncreased clumsiness as mother adjust to new weight distribution Backaches are most common Many women experience leg and ankle swelling(edema) which is fluid not fat

209 Healthful Eating Habits:Choose nutrient-dense foods Consume an extra 300 calories per day during last six months. Be careful to avoid food-borne illness (listeriosis) Consult obstetrician about iron and folic acid (folate) supplements (multivitamins?) Eat no more than 12 ounces of low-mercury fish and shellfish per week

210 Lowest Mercury Fish Anchovies Butterfish Squid (Calamari) King CrabPollock Catfish Whitefish Ocean Perch Scallops Flounder Haddock Hake Herring Spiny/rock Lobster Shad Sole Craw/crayfish Salmon Shrimp Clams Tilapia Oysters Sardines Farmed sturgeon/cavier Freshwater Trout

211 “Fast” Foods that Are Nutrient-DenseSingle serve fruit bowls Soy milk Tuna fish Raisins Yogurt Easy-to-make trail mix Salad Bar Baby carrots String cheese Boxed, calcium-fortified of juice Single-serving boxes of cereal Single-serving cottage cheese

212 Foods to Avoid Ramen Noodles SodasPre-packaged lunches (like Lunchables) Almost all prepared, frozen meals Candy, cakes, and cookies Raw (unpastuerized) milk Soft cheeses

213 Foods to avoid 9. Raw/undercooked meat, poultry, fish or shellfishMore food items to avoid: 8. Raw/partially cooked eggs 9. Raw/undercooked meat, poultry, fish or shellfish 10.Unpasteurized juices 11.Raw vegetables sprouts 12.Cold cuts, deli meats, hot dogs (unless they’ve been reheated to steaming hot)

214 Should a pregnant women eat “for two.”? (Other words, eat TWICE as much?) Only 300 extra calories during the last 6 months is needed to support a pregnancy if the mother is already eating adequately!

215 My PLATE Sample Food Needs for a Pregnant WomanGrain Group ounce-equivalent Vegetable Group cups Fruit Group cups Milk Group cups Meat & Bean Group to 6.5 ounce-equivalent

216 Individual Diet InformationGo to: Enter data Receive an individual diet plan Always check with the obstetrician before beginning any type of meal plan

217 Sample 2000 Calorie Menu BREAKFAST ½ grapefruit ¾ cup oatmeal1 t. raisins 1 whole wheat English muffin 1 t. margarine LUNCH Salad with: 1 cup romaine lettuce ½ cup kidney beans, cooked ½ fresh tomato 1 oz skim mozzarella cheese 2 T. low calorie Italian dressing 1 bran muffin ½ cup cantaloupe chunks AFTERNOON SNACK 2 rice cakes 6 oz low-fat yogurt, plain ½ cup blueberries DINNER ¾ cup vegetables soup with ¼ cup cooked barley 3 oz chicken, w/o skin 1 baked potato ½ cup cooked broccoli 1 piece whole wheat bread 1 T. margarine 1 fresh peach BEDTIME SNACK 1 apple 2 cups popcorn, plain ¼ cup peanuts

218 Normal Discomforts Fatigue Nausea and vomitingSpider veins, varicose veins, and hemorrhoids Backaches Heartburn Swollen feet/ankles Shortness of breath Frequent urination Muscle cramps in legs

220 Healthy Delivery Advantages and disadvantages of choosing different locations for delivery: *Home delivery-only for uncomplicated births; might run into complications *Birthing room delivery- (alternative) more home-like; have to go home within 24 hours; rules are flexible *Standard hospital delivery-insurance companies cover at least 2 days; high cost

221 Locations Home Delivery Low cost Close to familyLack of sterile utensils/equipment; unprepared for complications Birthing room Delivery Father is encouraged to participate Children can attend Mother’s comfort very important Baby stays in room, called “rooming-in” LDRP room Most couples attend child birth classes Midwife or certified nurse is present throughout delivery Standard Hospital Delivery Focuses on safe delivery with mother’s comfort addressed; mother moved to recovery room and then to regular room; baby stays in nursery Family in waiting room Husband may or may not be present Rules for visitors fairly strict

222 Healthy Delivery Advantages and disadvantages ofnatural childbirth-less sedation; can run into unexpected complications *Lamaze method-can help control pain; have to take classes; less drugs on baby making delivery less shocking *LeBoyer method-makes the birth less shocking & more comfortable for the baby and mother; must fit classes into schedule

223 Methods Natural ChildbirthVery little sedation so baby/mother are alert Takes less time to recover May be more painful Lamaze Childbirth Parents prepare themselves for birth Control contractions by breathing and muscle control techniques Take weekly classes Leboyer Focuses on baby’s birth experience Make birth less shocking and more comfortable for the baby; relaxed atmosphere Have to take classes Plan early in pregnancy Cesarean Less delivery pain for mother Less stressful for baby Operation in which baby is delivered through incision Longer recovery time

224 Healthy Delivery Advantages and disadvantages of personnel to assist with deliveries: *Obstetricians specialize in care of mothers and babies both before, during and right after birth; expensive *Family doctors provide prenatal care and deliver babies; complications can be above doctor’s skills *Licensed midwives assist women in childbirth; complications can be above midwife’s skills

226 Personal Obstetrician Family Doctor AvailabilityHas latest information on delivery High demand Family Doctor Availability Has to call in an OB if there complications arise Licensed Midwife Lower cost Advanced training in normal pregnancy and birth May not be prepared to handle emergency situations Doulas Provide information to mother and answer questions she may have before hand Guides woman through relaxation exercises during labor Not required to have medical training; but have training in nutrition, & techniques for easier labor and deliveries But have training in nutrition, and techniques for easier labor and deliveries.

227 False Labor True Labor Contraction CharacteristicsHow often do the contractions occur? Contractions are often irregular and do not get closer together. Contractions come at regular intervals and last about seconds. As time goes on, they get closer together. Do they change with movement? Contractions may stop when you walk or rest, or may even stop if you change positions. Contractions continue despite movement or changing positions. How strong are they? Contractions are usually weak and do not get much stronger. Or they may be strong at first and then get weaker. Contractions steadily increase in strength. Where do you feel the pain? Contractions are usually only felt in the front of the abdomen or pelvic region. Contractions usually start in the lower back and move to the front of the abdomen.

228 Healthy Labor & DeliveryWatch for signs of approaching labor: MAY or MAY NOT include these events: *Lightening when the baby drops into the pelvis * The “show” without any contractions * Water “breaks” without any contractions * Effacement (thinning of cervix) without contractions

229 Healthy Labor & Delivery, cont.Beginning of labor/delivery: *A pinkish discharge called “show” comes out of the vagina with labor *Amniotic fluid ruptures “water breaks” *Contractions begin by tightening and relaxing of the uterus muscles; False labor is Braxton-Hicks labor****

230 Pain Medications for L & D SedationDrug given by injection or intravenously (IV) to help reduce pain and ease anxiety Local anesthesia Injected to numb vaginal area at birth, an incision will be made, or sutures are needed Regional anesthesia Injected to numb one area (region) of body Epidural Given through a tiny tube (catheter) placed in the small of back, just outside spinal cord

231 Pain Medications for L & D SpinalAdministered into spinal canal; side affects are similar to epidural; may be more dangerous; not used often Combined Spinal/Epidural (Walking epidural Low dose injected below the spinal cord into spinal fluid; diluted combined analgesic and anesthesia given as epidural General anesthesia Injected or given by a gas to put mother to sleep or to keep her from pushing; more side affects for both mother and baby

232 Types of Delivery VAGINAL (Natural or drug-assisted) MAY experience:+Signs of labor approaching =Mother may feel a burst of energy =Amniotic sac may break or leak =Effacement may begin =Mucous plug may become loose

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235 Types of Delivery Vaginal: *Stages of labor:+First stage of labor- DILATION =cervix dilates, effacement (thinning), “show”, water breaks =Contractions come about every 15 to 20 minutes, them become closer/closer =Full dilations will measure 10 centimeters in width Active Labor>Transition

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239 Types of Delivery Vaginal: *Stages of labor:+Second stage of labor-EXPULSION-baby pushed out =Cervix fully dilated, mother can move more freely =Lasts from 20 minutes to two hours =Pelvic and vaginal area scrubbed =Doctor may make a surgical cut called an episiotomy to widen the opening

241 Types of Delivery Vaginal: *Stages of labor:+Second stage of labor-baby is born, cont =Typical birth, baby travels down the birth canal head first, facing toward mother’s back =Crowning occurs; mother continues to push until head is delivered; dr rotates head/shoulders and suctions nose/mouth; total delivery =Cuts the umbilical cord when baby is delivered https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HGTePJGvsxo

242 Types of Delivery Vaginal: *Stages of labor:+Third stage of labor-AFTERBIRTH placenta delivered =Mild contractions separates placenta from uterine wall so it can be delivered =Nurse or doctor massages abdomen to help placenta release; minutes =Mother pushes to expel the placenta https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B8WPBJzxwV0

244 Types of Delivery CESAREAN: *Reasons for Cesarean delivery:+When labor is not progressing fast enough and a problem develops + Multiple births +Baby in distress or turned in wrong direction (breech birth)

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246 Types of Delivery Cesarean: *Procedures for Cesarean delivery:+Perform surgical procedure +Moved to recovery +Walk as soon as possible +Recovery up to six weeks

250 Examining the Newborn Apgar Scale: scale zero to two, checked at one minute, and again at five minutes; NORMAL score is six-to-ten range. Ten is perfect score! *Appearance *Pulse *Grimace (Reflex irritability) *Activity *Respiration

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252 Examining the Newborn Nurse’s Check: *Weight *Measurement *Dry off*Apply antibacterial drops/ointment *Injection of vitamin K to prevent bleeding disorder *Check fontanels for development

253 The pregnant woman went through effacement and the cervix became thinner. Which stage of labor is this? Pre-labor First stage Second stage Third stage

254 The pregnant woman went through effacement and the cervix became thinner. Which stage of labor is this? Pre-labor First stage Second stage Third stage

255 What do obstetricians and family doctors have in common?Both can provide prenatal care Have different backgrounds Do not have to go to school a long time Deliver babies at home

256 What do obstetricians and family doctors have in common?Both can provide prenatal care Have different backgrounds Do not have to go to school a long time Deliver babies at home

257 Which is an example of a pregnant woman getting the appropriate amount of rest and sleep?Flora goes to bed at 10 pm and sleeps until 4:30 the next morning Eva get up early each morning to enjoy a cup of coffee Donna usually rests from 1:15 to 1:45 pm each day Carolyn sleeps late in the morning so she will not need other rest times during the day.

258 Which is an example of a pregnant woman getting the appropriate amount of rest and sleep?Flora goes to bed at 10 pm and sleeps until 4:30 the next morning Eva get up early each morning to enjoy a cup of coffee Donna usually rests from 1:15 to 1:45 pm each day Carolyn sleeps late in the morning so she will not need other rest times during the day.

259 Which is an example of a pregnant woman getting the appropriate amount of physical activity/exercise? Amy plays tag football with the guys Brenda goes for long strenuous hikes in the mountains Candy plays soccer most afternoons Wanda does exercise to help strengthen the areas of her body related to the birth process

260 Which is an example of a pregnant woman getting the appropriate amount of physical activity/exercise? Amy plays tag football with the guys Brenda goes for long strenuous hikes in the mountains Candy plays soccer most afternoons Wanda does exercise to help strengthen the areas of her body related to the birth process

261 Which is an example of a pregnant woman getting appropriate amount of rest and sleep?Inez sleeps for two hours, gets up and then goes back to bed. Linda gets nine hours of sleep at night and one 30 minute nap during the day Kim sleeps 12 hours per night and naps often during the day Jennifer sleeps on the sofa and later goes to bed

262 Which is an example of a pregnant woman getting appropriate amount of rest and sleep?Inez sleeps for two hours, gets up and then goes back to bed. Linda gets nine hours of sleep at night and one 30 minute nap during the day Kim sleeps 12 hours per night and naps often during the day Jennifer sleeps on the sofa and later goes to bed

263 The baby’s head was lodged in the birth canal forcing the doctor to use forceps. What stage of labor is this? Pre-labor First stage Second stage Third stage

264 The baby’s head was lodged in the birth canal forcing the doctor to use forceps. What stage of labor is this? Pre-labor First stage Second stage Third stage

265 Which is an example of a pregnant woman getting the appropriate medical care during pregnancy?Lydia does not like doctors; so she does not go to one Myra did not go to the doctor for four months because she did not think she was pregnant Norma wanted to know the gender of the baby; so she had an ultrasound Priscilla’s doctor said her baby may have Down Syndrome; so they did an amniocentesis

266 Which is an example of a pregnant woman getting the appropriate medical care during pregnancy?Lydia does not like doctors; so she does not go to one Myra did not go to the doctor for four months because she did not think she was pregnant Norma wanted to know the gender of the baby; so she had an ultrasound Priscilla’s doctor said her baby may have Down Syndrome; so they did an amniocentesis

267 Which is an example of a pregnant woman selecting appropriate clothing for her pregnancy?Hilda bought too-large, brand-name clothes Glenda used some clothes made for pregnant women that she could wear for several months Francis used some clothes her sister had, but they do not fit her now. Eva loves to wear tight jeans and big, loose tops.

268 Which is an example of a pregnant woman selecting appropriate clothing for her pregnancy?Hilda bought too-large, brand-name clothes Glenda used some clothes made for pregnant women that she could wear for several months Francis used some clothes her sister had, but they do not fit her now. Eva loves to wear tight jeans and big, loose tops.

269 Which is an example of a pregnant woman selecting appropriate amount of rest and sleep?Beth sleeps six hours maximum each night Carol goes to bed at 11:00 and gets up at 7:00 Donna stays up all night when she needs to meet deadlines. Ann takes three two-hour naps each day.

270 Which is an example of a pregnant woman selecting appropriate amount of rest and sleep?Beth sleeps six hours maximum each night Carol goes to bed at 11:00 and gets up at 7:00 Donna stays up all night when she needs to meet deadlines. Ann takes three two-hour naps each day.

271 What is a likely cause of a woman having a Cesarean birth?The baby is premature The cervix is dilated The contractions are very strong The mother is delivering twins

272 What is a likely cause of a woman having a Cesarean birth?The baby is premature The cervix is dilated The contractions are very strong The mother is delivering twins

273 The doctor did an episiotomy; what stage of labor is this?Pre-labor First stage Second stage Third stage

274 The doctor did an episiotomy; what stage of labor is this?Pre-labor First stage Second stage Third stage

275 The nurse began massaging the woman’s abdomen after the birth; what stage of labor is this?Pre-labor First stage Second stage Third stage

276 The nurse began massaging the woman’s abdomen after the birth; what stage of labor is this?Pre-labor First stage Second stage Third stage

277 What do Lamaze and Leboyer methods of delivery have in common?Both have a person to coach the mother Both are a way to control pain and help birth be less shocking Both require the mother to attend classes after birth Both require the mother to use anesthesia

278 What do Lamaze and Leboyer methods of delivery have in common?Both have a person to coach the mother Both are a way to control pain and help birth be less shocking Both require the mother to attend classes after birth Both require the mother to use anesthesia

279 What is an advantage of having a baby in a alternative birthing center over standard hospital delivery? Rules about having family in the room during delivery are more flexible Mother is moved to recovery room and then to a room Lower cost for the delivery of baby Baby stays in nursery and brought to room periodically.

280 What is an advantage of having a baby in a alternative birthing center over standard hospital delivery? Rules about having family in the room during delivery are more flexible Mother is moved to recovery room and then to a room Lower cost for the delivery of baby Baby stays in nursery and brought to room periodically.

281 Which is an example of a nutrient-dense food that is good for pregnant women to eat?Cookies Whole grains Ground hamburger meat Doughnuts

282 Which is an example of a nutrient-dense food that is good for pregnant women to eat?Cookies Whole grains Ground hamburger meat Doughnuts

283 Which is an example of a pregnant woman using healthful eating habits during pregnancy?Glenda eats only apples all day Joyce doesn’t like liver and other iron-rich foods, so she takes an iron supplement Irma ate 300 extra calories per day during the last six months of pregnancy Heather eats cheeseburgers every night.

284 Which is an example of a pregnant woman using healthful eating habits during pregnancy?Glenda eats only apples all day Joyce doesn’t like liver and other iron-rich foods, so she takes an iron supplement Irma ate 300 extra calories per day during the last six months of pregnancy Heather eats cheeseburgers every night.