1 6.01 Aircraft Design and Construction References: FTGU pages 9-14, 27Theory of Flight 6.01 Aircraft Design and Construction References: FTGU pages 9-14, 27

2 Main Teaching Points Parts of an Airplane Aircraft ConstructionLanding Gear Standard Terminology

3 Definition The airplane is defined as: A power-driven…Heavier-than air aircraft… Deriving its lift in flight from aerodynamic reactions… On surfaces that remain fixed under given conditions of flight.

4 Parts of an Airplane

5 Parts of an Airplane

6 Parts of an Airplane

7 Parts of an Airplane

8 Fuselage The fuselage is the main body of the aircraft, where the passengers, cargo and crew go.

9 Fuselage The fuselage is normally classified according to the type of construction: -Truss Type -Monocoque -Semi-monocoque

10 Fuselage – Truss Type

11 Fuselage – Semi-Monocoque

12 Empennage The empennage is the rear portion of the airplaneIt is integral to control and stability during flight

13 Wing Construction Spars spanwise members wood or metalcarry bending loads Ribs web or truss give wing its cambered shape

14 Wing Construction Edges Leading Edge Trailing Edge Strength & ShapeWires Internal / External Bracing for strength Covering Metal or Fabric Metal  strength

15 Wing Layouts High Wing Mid Wing Low Wing Bi-Plane

16 Wing Layouts High Wing Mid Wing Low Wing Bi-Plane

17 Wing Layouts High Wing Mid Wing Low Wing Bi-Plane

18 Wing Layouts High Wing Mid Wing Low Wing Bi-Plane

19 Confirmation

20 Landing Gear Conventional (Tail-Dragger) - Two main wheels and a tail wheel Tricycle – Two main wheels and a nose wheel Retractable - Wheels may be raised so that they are enclosed in wings or fuselage (reducing drag) Fixed - Landing gear is not designed to retract

21 Landing Gear

22 Landing Gear

23 Landing Gear

24 Landing Gear

25 Landing Gear Retractable Landing Gear PROS CONS Reduced drag at cruiseHigher cruising speed CONS Added weight Added mechanical complexity Risk of “Gear Up” Landing (land based) Risk of “Gear Down” Landing (amphibious)

26 Landing Gear Shock Absorption Spring steel Landing Gear Air/Oil oleosAbsorb the impact of landing, or the effect of bumps in runway. Spring steel Landing Gear Air/Oil oleos Rubber cords (bungee) or discs Low pressure tires

27 - Spring Steel Cantilever -Landing Gear Main Landing Gear - Spring Steel Cantilever -

28 Landing Gear Nose Landing Gear - Air / Oil Oleo -

29 Landing Gear - Brakes Brakes Provide a means of stopping the aircraftAssist with steering on the ground

30 Confirmation How would you describe the aircraft to the left?-tail dragger? -tricycle gear? -retractable gear? -float plane? -high wing? -low wing? -mid wing? -biplane? Request the use of the tools to label the aircraft.

31 Wing Span Wingspan is the maximum distance from wing tip to wing tip

32 Chord Chord is the imaginary line between the leading edge and the trailing edge of the wing A measure of the width of a wing

33 Wing Area Wing Area Length of the wing multiplied by the average width of wing

34 Planform Planform Shape of the wing as seen from above

35 Aspect Ratio Aspect Ratio Ratio of the span to chord of the wingA measure of how SLENDER the wing is

36 Airfoil A structure curved to produce lift

37 Camber Camber A measure of the curvature of an airfoilMean Camber is the line equidistant between the upper & lower surfaces

38 Angle of Incidence Angle of IncidenceAngle between chord line and the longitudinal axis

39 Relative Airflow Relative Airflow Airflow over the wingRelated to the forward motion of the aircraft through the air

40 Angle of Attack Angle of AttackThe angle between the chord line and the relative airflow It is a measure of how much the wing ‘bites’ into the air

41 Confirmation Confirmation Check

42 What kind of landing gear is this?Confirmation What kind of landing gear is this?

43 What is the angle of attack?Confirmation What is the angle of attack?

44 What are some of the differences between powered aircraft and gliders?Confirmation What are some of the differences between powered aircraft and gliders?

45 Confirmation Questions? Reading: From the Ground Up, pages 9-14The next Theory of Flight Class covers the basic flight controls (6.02)