1 A CROSS CULTURAL STUDY OF ADULT HALAL EATING DEMEANOURAuthors: Siti Salwa Md. Sawari, Dr. Mohd Al’Ikhsan Ghazali, Faculty of Islamic Civilization, University Technology Malaysia.
2 OUTLINE OF PRESENTATIONIntroduction Statement of Problem Literature Review Objective of the Study Methodology Limitation/Scope.
3 Al-Baqarah: 168, Allah S.W.T mentions;INTRODUCTION Al-Baqarah: 168, Allah S.W.T mentions; O mankind! Eat of that which is lawful and wholesome in the earth, and follow not the footsteps of the devil. Lo! he is an open enemy for you. (al-Baqarah:168). This holy versus stresses on one of the fundamental need of human being. Allah revealed to all humankind the eating guidance; to eat lawful and wholesome of food provided in the earth. Eating is a vital component for humankind. The survival of worldly life somehow much depends on this need of eating. There are many people in the world suffer because of not enough food to eat, hunger and died (George, 1986) while some people in the world died because too much eating food (Ferraro, Roland, Thorpe, & Wilkinson, 2003) and the rest died because eating unhealthy food (World Health Organization, 2005).
4 INTRODUCTION This circumstance, show the importance of eating in human life cycle, people have to be aware with what they eat every day. Eating is not an ordinary or simple topic but rather it has become an exclusive discussion nowadays. Currently, numerous of countries, organization, scholars start given a major focus on this topic of “eating” for instance from 2014 until 2015 France open approximately 44 projects for researchers to run study on eating topic in secondary schools, each grants will be given $50, 000 (France Ministry of Education, 2014), record in West Welfare Society Territory (2014) within two month (March-April) there are 15th studies done discover on eating topics, there are 63 studies list in one of Wiley Online Library Journal from January to May All these statistics have successfully proven the salient of eating topic in the present circumstances.
5 LITERATURE REVIEW Islam is a comprehensive religion, in the matter of eating demonour, 1400 AH before, Islam has come out with eating guidance. Among the guidance is focused on preservation of “what you eat”, Islam name it as the concept of halal food. The word halal originates from the Arabic word that defined as allowed or permitted by Islamic Law. The definition of Halal according to the Trade Description Order (Usage of the Term “Halal”) 1975 is as follows: “Any Food which does not trunk from or contain of any part of animals forbidden by Islamic law, or animals that have not been slaughtered according to Islamic law; does not consists any impure substance that has been considered Islamic law; is not prepared, processed or manufactured using equipment or utensils that are not free from impurities as defined by Islamic law” (Halal Malaysia Portal, 2011).
6 Objective of The Study First, to investigate the halal eating level of awareness among Muslim adult. Second, to examine the significant difference of halal eating demeanour among Muslim across three countries. Third, to determine the predictive ability of attitude, subjective norm, control-belief religious belief and intention, on halal eating demeanour among adult
7 Methodology The researcher will use the qualitative design. In order to collect data, the questionnaire, consisting of the informed consent letter, demographic background of participants, Self-administered questionnaire on halal Eating Demonor was adopted from Planned Behavior Theory by Ajzen 1998, based on the theory there five importance subscale provided.
8 SEM rules of thumb = 1 parameter equivalent to 10 samples Ratio =1:10Population Mugo (2002), explain population as a group of people, objects, individuals or items which are taken for measurement of sample. Focussing the word population in researcher refers to the a group of people or individuals who are entitled to answer the questionnaire (Kicthenmen & Pfleeger, 2002). Thus population will cover the whole group of interest in study. In this research population of the study cover all Muslim adult from three country; Uzbakiestan, India and Malaysia. Sample Since this study used the Structural Equation Modelling approach, therefore the sample size calculation will be based on parameter estimate. Thus, it is important to refer number of parameter uses in the study before come to the size of research samples. According to Hair, Black, Babin & Anderson, (2006) the acceptable sample size for each parameter is 5 or ratio 1:5, how ever for better result the adequate ratio suggest by Hair et al. (2006) are 10 for each parameter. The below calculations describe sample size for this study: SEM rules of thumb = 1 parameter equivalent to 10 samples Ratio =1:10 72 items uses in questionnaire = 72 parameter . Sample size: 72 x 10 = 720 sample size
9 Table 3.1: Population DescriptionCharacter Country Uzbekistan India Malaysia Language Russian, Uzbek Hindi, Bengali, Tamil Malay Population 30,183,400 1,234,640,000 29,789,400 Muslim Population 29,126,981 180,257,440 18,290,692 % Muslim 96.5 14.6 61.4 Region Sothern Asia Central Asia South-eastern Asia Alcohol consumption among adults (1 liters per person per year) 2.7 3.6 0.9
10 Limitation of Study/ ScopeThe research is designed to study the adult between age only. The study does not include other level of ages or other type of races except for citizens which are selected from the three countries Malaysian, Indian, and Uzbekistan. Other delimitation of this study is, it only selects Muslim as the respondents. In this study Participant will only being asking question related to the halal eating demeanour and not another type of eating. Moreover, the psychological dimension focused on social psychological part. This study only involved higher institution students. Even though, in this study, research will purposely selected the participant among Muslim adult study in higher institution from three countries and the result cannot be generalise to others, yet it could be a benchmark for other Muslim or in attempt to generalize finding theories (Cresswell, 2008).
11 REFERENCES Faaiza Mahmoud Siddiqi. (2004). Scientific Proof: Islamic Way of Slaughtering is more humane. Retrieved 19/4/2014 from Ferdinand, L. A. (2004). Predictor of Health Eeating Among Ethically Diverse University Freshmen. Unpublised Master Thesis. University of Florida. Ferraro, K. F., Roland J., Thorpe, Jr., and Wilkinson, J. A. (2003). The Life Curse of Severe Obesity: Does Childhood Overweight Matter?. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. Mar 2003; 58(2): S110–S119. France Ministry of Education. (2014). Healthy Eating In Secondary Schools Grant Application Retrieved 17/4/2014 from Al Quran Retrieved from Francis, J. J., Eccles, M. P., Johnston, M., Walker, A., Grimshaw, J., Foy, R. Kaner, E. F. S., Smith, L, & Bonetti, D. (2004). Constructing Questionnaires Based On The Theory Of Planned Behaviour. Centre for Health Services Research. University of Newcastle. United Kindom George, S. (1986). How The Other Half Dies: The Real Reason for The Hunger. England. Penguin Book Ltd. Jabar Zaman Khan Khattak, Asif Mir, Zubair Anwar, Hussain Mustatab wahedi, Ghulam Abbas, Haider Zaman Khan Khattak and Humaira Ismatullah, (2011). Concept of Halal Food and Biotechnology. Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology 3(5): Kicthenmen, B. & Pfleeger, S. L. (2002). Principles of Survey Research Part 5: population and Samples. Software Engineering Notes. 27(5): Latham, B. (2007). Sampling: What is it?. Reterived 24/4/2014 from Mugo, F. W. (2002). Sampling in Research. Reterived 25/4/2014 from Nik Farakh Sulaiman. (2010). Culture Awareness Literary Stance and Literary Response: A Structural Equation Modelling of Secondary Students’ Literary in Second Language Classrooms. Unpublished PhD Thesis. International Islamic University Malaysia. Sangperm, P. (2006). Predicting Adolescent Healthy Eating Behavior Using Attitude, Subjective Norm, Invention, and self-Schema. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Mahidol University. Schwarzer, R., Sniehotta, F. F., Lippke, S., Luszczynska, A., Scholz, U., Schüz, B., Wegner, M. & Ziegelmann, J. P.(2003). On the Assessment and Analysis of Variables in the Health Action Process Approach: Conducting an Investigation. Turner, A. G. (2003). Sampling Strategies. United National Secretariat Statitic Devision. Review the Draft Handbook on Designing of Household Sample Surveys. West Welfare Society Territory (2014). Nutrition and Eating Disorder. Retrieved 17/4/2014 from World Health Organization. (2005). Chronic Diseases are The Major Cause of Health and Disability Worldwide. Retrieved 16/4/2014 from Zainalabidin, Golnaz Rezai, Mad Nasir Shamsudin & Eddie Chiew, F. C. (2008). Halal logo and consumers’ confidence: What are the important factors?. Economic and Technology Management Review. 3 (2008): 37-45