1 a particle correlations to probe the direct decay widthXII WPCF, Amsterdam, June 2017 a particle correlations to probe the direct decay width of the Hoyle state in 12C Univ. di Napoli Federico II & Université Paris-Saclay Daniele Dell’Aquila1,2 1 Università degli studi di Napoli “Federico II” & INFN – Sezione di Napoli 2 Institut de Physique Nucléaire, CNRS-IN2P3, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay Amsterdam, 11 June 2017 Amsterdam, June 13th 2017

2 In this talk… Amsterdam, June 13th 2017Particle-particle and multi-particle correlations Exotic structures in light nuclei; A powerful way to investigate structure and dynamics: nuclear correlations; 3a correlations and the Hoyle state in 12C The Hoyle state in 12C: a key state for Nuclear Structure and Astrophysics; The importance of its non-resonant decays in helium burning; A new generation hodoscope: the OSCAR project and superOSCAR; The HOYLE experiment at INFN-LNS: improving the present knowledge of Hoyle decay; Univ. di Napoli Federico II & Université Paris-Saclay Future perspectives: OSCAR and INDRA-FAZIA Amsterdam, June 13th 2017

3 Exotic structures in light nucleiComplexity of nuclear force  deviation from the sphericity: axial deformation (collective behaviours), spatial re-organization of nucleons in bounded sub-units (cluster model). 12O 13O 14O 15O 16O 17O 18O 19O 20O 21O 22O 11N 12N 13N 14N 15N 16N 17N 18N 19N 20N 21N C 8C 9C 10C 11C 12C 13C 14C 15C 16C 17C 18C 19C 20C a B 8B 9B 10B 11B 12B 13B 14B 15B 17B 19B a Univ. di Napoli Federico II & Université Paris-Saclay a Be 7Be 8Be 9Be 10Be 11Be 12Be 14Be linear chain 10Be,13-14C,16C(?),… Li 6Li 7Li 8Li 9Li 11Li He 3He 4He 6He 8He a 1H 2H 3H a core a a n a core a-cluster 8Be neutron skin 8He,C neutron halo 6He,11Li,11Be dilute gas 12C 0+,16O,20Ne(?) Daniele Dell’Aquila – Amsterdam, June 13th 2017

4 Our experimental campaignINFN-LNS D.Dell’Aquila et al. submitted to Physical Review Letters INFN-LNL UNAM (MEX) 17Ne 18Ne 19Ne 20Ne 21Ne 22Ne 23Ne 24Ne 25Ne 26Ne 27Ne 28Ne D. Dell’Aquila et al., Phys. Rev. C 93, (2016) Napoli TTT3 17F 18F 19F 20F 21F 22F 23F 24F 25F 26F 27F I. Lombardo, D. Dell’Aquila et al., J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 43 (2016) 12O 13O 14O 15O 16O 17O 18O 19O 20O 21O 22O 11N 12N 13N 14N 15N 16N 17N 18N 19N 20N 21N C 8C 9C 10C 11C 12C 13C 14C 15C 16C 17C 18C 19C 20C B 8B 9B 10B 11B 12B 13B 14B 15B 17B 19B Univ. di Napoli Federico II & Université Paris-Saclay Napoli TTT3 INFN-LNL Be 7Be 8Be 9Be 10Be 11Be 12Be 14Be I. Lombardo, D. Dell’Aquila et al., J. Phys. G 40 (2013) Li I. Lombardo, D. Dell’Aquila et al., Phys. Lett. B 748 (2015) 178. 6Li 7Li 8Li 9Li 11Li INFN-LNS He 3He 4He 6He 8He D. Dell’Aquila et al., Phys. Rev. C 93, (2016) 1H 2H 3H Napoli TTT3 n to be submitted… INFN-LNS INFN-LNS D. Dell’Aquila et al., Phys. Rev. C 93, (2016) D. Dell’Aquila et al., Phys. Rev. C 93, (2016) Daniele Dell’Aquila – Amsterdam, June 13th 2017

5 Particle-particle correlations and Nuclear StructureD. Dell’Aquila et al., Phys. Rev. C 93, (2016) In-flight production of radioactive nuclei to induce nuclear reactions on a target  the CHIMERA 4p detector for studying correlations of emitted fragments. Univ. di Napoli Federico II & Université Paris-Saclay (b) 2a invariant mass spectrum  the structure of 8Be. Ground state of 8Be  agreement with Monte Carlo calculations (dashed line). (a) 3a invariant mass spectrum  the structure of 12C. Evidence of the Hoyle state. Daniele Dell’Aquila – Amsterdam, June 13th 2017

6 Particle-particle correlations and Nuclear StructureD. Dell’Aquila et al., Phys. Rev. C 93, (2016) 10B studied via helium correlations  invariant mass spectra of correlated particles to evidence possible cluster configurations. Angular correlation studies suggest spin and parity (Jp) assignments of the populated resonances  periodicity of the 𝜓 angle spectra (angle of the relative velocity vector with the beam axis): 𝑑𝜎 𝑑Ω ∝ 𝑃 𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜓 2 Legendre polynomial of l-th order  relative angular momentum  spin of the resonance. Univ. di Napoli Federico II & Université Paris-Saclay Daniele Dell’Aquila – Amsterdam, June 13th 2017

7 The Hoyle state in 12C In Nuclear Structure a 3a 12C Hoyle 7.28 8Be 7.37 3a process in stars Cluster state of 12C located at MeV (0+)  quite unusual and not well understood properties  challenging question in nuclear physics. Univ. degli Studi di Napoli Federico II & INFN - Napoli K. Ogata et al., Prog. Theor. Phys. 122 (2009) 1055 D. Jenkins and O. Kirsebom, The Secret of Life, Physics World Feb. 2013 In Nuclear Astrophysics Proposed by Fred Hoyle in 1953  explaination to the 3a process in stars (helium burning)  production of carbon and heavier elements in the universe. At low temperatures (T<108 K)  non-resonant processes dominates  need to know the G3a! Daniele Dell’Aquila – Amsterdam, June 13th 2017

8 The Hoyle state in 12C: the non-resonant decay branchO-TPC M. Gai et al. 8Be ground state O.S. Kirsebom et al. ≈5000 events  no evidence of direct decays  upper limit of 0.5% to direct branching ratios. a a a Experiment 𝚪 𝟑𝜶 /𝚪 (%) [1] M. Freer et al. <4 [2] Ad.R. Raduta et al. 17.0±5.0 [3] J. Manfredi et al. … [4] O.S. Kirsebom et al. <0.5 [5] T.K. Rana et al. 0.91±0.14 [6] M. Itoh et al. <0.2 [7] L. Morelli et al. 1.1±0.8 T.K. Rana et al. ≈20000 events  non-vanishing direct decay branching ratio Γ 3𝛼 Γ =0.91±0.14 Univ. degli Studi di Napoli Federico II & INFN - Napoli M. Itoh et al. ≈20000 events  direct decay under the sensitivity of the experimental sensitivity  <0.2% [1] M. Freer et al., Phys. Rev. C 49, R1751 (1994). [2] Ad. R. Raduta et al., Phys. Lett. B 705, 65 (2011). [3] J. Manfredi et al., Phys. Rev. C 85, (2012). [4] O. S. Kirsebom et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, (2012). [5] T. K. Rana et al., Phys. Rev. C 88, (R) (2013). [6] M. Itoh et al., Phys. Rev. Lett 113, (2014). [7] L. Morelli et al., J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 43, (2016). Daniele Dell’Aquila – Amsterdam, June 13th 2017

9 3a correlations and the Hoyle state in 12C: our experimentThe HOYLE (Hodoscope Oriented Yield Loader Experiment) experiment at INFN-LNS  a new high statistics and low background investigation of the HOYLE state by means of the 14N(d,a2)12C(7.654) reaction. Tandem 15MV Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare LNS - Laboratori Nazionali del Sud CT-2000 chamber INFN-LNS Univ. degli Studi di Napoli Federico II & INFN - Napoli d beam at Ed = 10.5 MeV; C3N6H6 target (40 mg/cm2) + 5/10 mg/cm2 backing C; 𝐼 𝑑 ≈4𝑒𝑛𝐴; ≈30 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 of beam time; 𝜃 𝑙𝑎𝑏 =125° anti-telescope + superOSCAR hodoscope (31.4°). Daniele Dell’Aquila – Amsterdam, June 13th 2017

10 3α C3N6H6 α 3a correlations and the Hoyle state in 12C: our experimentBasic idea and experimental layout anticoincidence telescope SuperOSCAR 100 3α C3N6H6 α d Ed=10.5 MeV Univ. degli Studi di Napoli Federico II & INFN - Napoli Daniele Dell’Aquila – Amsterdam, June 13th 2017

11 3a correlations and the Hoyle state in 12C: our experimentThe superOSCAR hodoscope 64 Hamamatsu S mm silicon pads (1cmx1cm active area); ≈0.125 𝑐𝑚 ceramic frame; 4 modules 4x4 pads in 2x2 configuration; 4 pre-amplifiers Net Instruments NPA-16FE (16 chs); 3a source  0.2% energy resolution. Univ. degli Studi di Napoli Federico II & INFN - Napoli 100 anticoincidence telescope Very precise selection of Hoyle states… Daniele Dell’Aquila – Amsterdam, June 13th 2017

12 3a correlations and the Hoyle state in 12C: our experimentTo select fully reconstructed (4a) good events  cuts on time of flights (ToFs), Q-value and Ex. Q-value Univ. degli Studi di Napoli Federico II & INFN - Napoli Invariant mass Ex spectrum  Very low background level, of the order of 0.03% of the total. Narrow peak centered at MeV!!! 𝜎≈20𝑘𝑒𝑉. Daniele Dell’Aquila – Amsterdam, June 13th 2017

13 3a correlations and the Hoyle state in 12C: our experimentStudy of sequential vs direct mechanism M. Itoh et al. simulation 100% SD 𝜀 𝑖,𝑗,𝑘 = 𝐸 𝑖,𝑗,𝑘 /( 𝐸 𝑖 + 𝐸 𝑗 + 𝐸 𝑘 ) 𝜀 𝑖 > 𝜀 𝑗 > 𝜀 𝑘 𝑥= 3 ( 𝜀 𝑗 − 𝜀 𝑘 ) 𝑦=2 𝜀 𝑖 − 𝜀 𝑗 − 𝜀 𝑘 Univ. degli Studi di Napoli Federico II & INFN - Napoli Daniele Dell’Aquila – Amsterdam, June 13th 2017

14 3a correlations and the Hoyle state in 12C: our experimentStudy of sequential vs direct mechanism M. Itoh et al. simulation 100% SD 𝜀 𝑖,𝑗,𝑘 = 𝐸 𝑖,𝑗,𝑘 /( 𝐸 𝑖 + 𝐸 𝑗 + 𝐸 𝑘 ) 𝜀 𝑖 > 𝜀 𝑗 > 𝜀 𝑘 𝑥= 3 ( 𝜀 𝑗 − 𝜀 𝑘 ) 𝑦=2 𝜀 𝑖 − 𝜀 𝑗 − 𝜀 𝑘 simulation 100% SD Univ. degli Studi di Napoli Federico II & INFN - Napoli Our experiment simulation 100% DD 28000 counts under the sequential decay peak  compatible with fully sequential process! Daniele Dell’Aquila – Amsterdam, June 13th 2017

15 New upper limit DD < 0.043 % with a C.L. of 2s.3a correlations and the Hoyle state in 12C: our experiment Study of sequential vs direct mechanism M. Itoh et al. simulation 100% SD 𝜀 𝑖,𝑗,𝑘 = 𝐸 𝑖,𝑗,𝑘 /( 𝐸 𝑖 + 𝐸 𝑗 + 𝐸 𝑘 ) 𝜀 𝑖 > 𝜀 𝑗 > 𝜀 𝑘 𝑥= 3 ( 𝜀 𝑗 − 𝜀 𝑘 ) 𝑦=2 𝜀 𝑖 − 𝜀 𝑗 − 𝜀 𝑘 simulation 100% SD Univ. degli Studi di Napoli Federico II & INFN - Napoli Our experiment New upper limit DD < % with a C.L. of 2s. simulation 100% DD 28000 counts under the sequential decay peak  compatible with fully sequential process! Daniele Dell’Aquila – Amsterdam, June 13th 2017

16 Thank you for your attention.Conclusions and Perspectives Particle-particle and multi-particle correlations are a powerful tool to explore Nuclear Structure and Dynamics; Correlations involving a particles  structure of self-conjugated nuclei and clustering phenomena; We studied the Hoyle state in 12C by means of 3a correlations using the 14N(d,a2)12C(hoyle) reaction at 10.5 MeV with the aim of improving the present knowledge of its non-resonant decay branch; For obtaining a extremely low background we used the anti-telescope technique and we developed a new modular hodoscope: superOSCAR; We obtained no-evidence of non-resonant decays of the Hoyle state for the first time with an almost vanishing background level  New upper limit to direct decay of 0.043% C.L. 2s (almost an order of magnitued lower than the state of art)  consequences in low temperature helium burning astrophysical sites (T<108 K). Univ. di Napoli Federico II & Université Paris-Saclay Future perspectives: Development of new high segmentation modular hodoscopes as ancillary detectors of larger acceptance arrays; Investigation of particle-particle and multi-particle correlations in reactions involving Heavy Ions (HICs). Thank you for your attention. Daniele Dell’Aquila – Amsterdam, June 13th 2017

17 Further Slides Univ. Napoli Federico II and INFN – Napoli

18 Particle-particle correlations and Nuclear StructureM. Freer et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 82 (1999) 1383 12B studied via helium correlations  invariant mass spectra of correlated particles to evidence possible cluster configurations. Angular correlation studies suggest spin and parity (Jp) assignments of the populated resonances  periodicity of the 𝜓 angle spectra (angle of the relative velocity vector with the beam axis): 𝑑𝜎 𝑑Ω ∝ 𝑃 𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜓 2 Legendre polynomial of l-th order  relative angular momentum  spin of the resonance. Univ. di Napoli Federico II & Université Paris-Saclay Daniele Dell’Aquila – Amsterdam, June 13th 2017

19 12C structure via the 14N(d,a) reaction: the HOYLE experimentUniv. degli Studi di Napoli Federico II & INFN - Napoli Daniele Dell’Aquila – Cocoyoc (Mexico), January 6th 2017

20 12C structure via the 14N(d,a) reaction: the HOYLE experimentUniv. degli Studi di Napoli Federico II & INFN - Napoli Daniele Dell’Aquila – Cocoyoc (Mexico), January 6th 2017

21 Development of new generation hodoscopes: OSCAROSCAR: Odoscopio di Silici per le Correlazioni e le Analisi di Reazioni A new hodoscope for the analysis of nuclear reactions. SSSSD (20mm, 16 strips 3mm mm interstrip) + 16 silicon pads Univ. di Napoli Federico II & Université Paris-Saclay Developed with the INFN-Napoli SER. Plug-and-play connections on-board pre-amplifiers modular and compact detector low cross-talk levels and high resolutions Daniele Dell’Aquila - Napoli, November 3rd 2016

22 Development of new generation hodoscopes: OSCARTEST di OSCAR ai LNS: 40,48Ca+40,48Ca at 35 A MeV, 52o LAB Ca+Ca a source Univ. di Napoli Federico II & Université Paris-Saclay Good particles identification up to lithium isotopes via the DE-E technique. Identification of very low energy particles with very good energy resolution. (a dedicated experiment has been performed at LNS for studiyng the effects of the silicon non-uniformity on the particle identifications and energy resolutions. Daniele Dell’Aquila - Napoli, November 3rd 2016

23 Development of new generation hodoscopes: OSCAREnergy spectra of the lightest identified fragments obtained in 48Ca+48Ca collisions at 35MeV/u Univ. di Napoli Federico II & Université Paris-Saclay A route to SPES  development of high segmentated detectors with low detection thresholds and high modularity (ancillary detector). to be submitted for publication… Daniele Dell’Aquila - Napoli, November 3rd 2016