1 Absolute Monarchs in Europe 1500-1800Chapter 5
2 EQ: What were the characteristics of Philip II’s rule of SpainEQ: What were the characteristics of Philip II’s rule of Spain? How did his rule help spur the concept of absolutism in Europe?
3 Think About It What do you think it means to be an “absolute monarch”?King and/or queen with unlimited power and who seeks to control all aspects of society
4 Absolutism in Europe Goal: control every aspect of societyBelieved in divine right: idea that God created the monarchy ; God’s representative on Europe divine ruler answered only to God Why did this happen? Decline of feudalism of Middle Ages Rise of cities Growth of national kingdoms Wealth from colonies (king got up to 1/4th of every shipload) Eroding power of the Catholic Church Conflicts over religion and territory=constant war; increased taxes to pay armies=unrest, revolts- put down by rulers Absolute rule Regulated religious worship, social gatherings, economy (with bureaucracies)
5 Background to the rise of Philip IIFather was Charles V, a Hapsburg king, who ruled Spain and it’s colonies, parts of Italy, Austria, the Netherlands As Holy Roman Emperor, he also ruled much of “Germany” 1555- signed the Peace of Augsburg ending the religious fighting in Germany and allowing princes to choose the religion their people will follow 1556- retired to monastery and divides his kingdom To brother, Ferdinand- Austria and Holy Roman Empire To so, Philip II- Spain and it’s colonies and the Netherlands
6 Philip II 1556-1598 Devoutly Catholic HardworkingSeized Portugal 1580 when his uncle died Created an army of 50,000/ had a strong armada 1571 defeated the Ottoman Empire’s fleet 1588 sent the Spanish armada against England but it was defeated
7 Golden Age of Art/Literature in Spain 16th-17th centuries*Wealth allowed king and nobles to become patrons Art El Greco (Domenikos Theotokopoulos) Distorted human shape, used emotional symbolism, Catholic faith of Spain shown, used rich colors Diego Velazquez Court painter to Philip IV, painted court life, used rich colors Literature Don Quixote (Miguel de Cervantes) Published 1605, “birth of the modern European novel”
8 Las Meninas 1656 (The Maids of Honor) by Diego Velazquez
9 Group Work Spanish Empire weakens: Causes/EffectsUse pages in your text
10 United Provinces of NetherlandsRepublic- 1579 Religiously tolerant Each province had an elected governor Increase in Art Rembrandt Van Rijn: mostly middle-class portraits, used light/dark for focus Jan Vermeer: portraits, showed domestic life; also used light/dark Dutch trade boomed: stable government could focus on the economy Tulip Mania
11 The Storm on the Sea of Galilee 1636 Rembrandt
12 Philip II and AbsolutismInspired other European monarchs to seek complete control of their countries Did much of the work of the empire himself- he didn’t trust others to do it Grew rich on the gold/silver coming from his American colonies Able to afford the standing army needed to amass power Dominated arts through his patronage
13 Ticket Out the Door Answer the EQEQ: What were the characteristics of Philip II’s rule of Spain? How did his rule help spur the concept of absolutism in Europe?
14 EQ: Why was Louis XIV considered the most powerful monarch of his time?
15 Rise of the Bourbon Dynasty1559 King Henry I died; 4 sons- 3 rule back to back (real power is their mother: Catherine de Medicis) Religious wars begin: Catholics vs Huguenots (French Protestants) 8 between 1572 St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre: many Huguenots in city of Paris to witness wedding of Catherine’s daughter to Henry of Navarre (Huguenot) 1589 he inherits the throne- begins dynasty; becomes Catholic 1598 Edict of Nantes: religious tolerance 1610 assassinated…son becomes King Louis XIII
16 Real Power: Cardinal RichelieuKing Louis XIII: weak- appointed Cardinal Richelieu as his minister Moved against the Huguenots (French Protestants) Sought to weaken the power of the nobles; while increasing the power of his middle class agents Sought to limit Hapsburg power-involves France in 30 years war
17 Group Work: Concept WebLouis XIV- The Sun King ( ) Use pages to find the information for your section of the web Louis the Boy King Louis weakens the Noble’s Authority Economic growth Grand style Louis controls the nobility Patronage of the Arts
18 Constant State of War Goal: expand France’s borders (large pop: 20 million) 1667: invaded Spanish Netherlands Ends DEFEAT By 1680s European alliance to stop French expansion 1689: League of Augsburg- Austria, England, Sweden, Spain, etc. War of Spanish Succession 1700 Charles II of Spain died childless, throne went to grandson of Louis XIV- Philip of Anjou 1701 England, Austria, Dutch, Portugal, German and Italian States unite to stop union of Spain/France thrones Lasts until 1714: Treaty of Utrecht Great Britain (England) gets Gibraltar, an asiento (permission to send slaves to Spanish Americas), Nova Scotia and Newfoundland Austria gets Spanish Netherlands and lands in Italy Philip becomes king of Spain- NO UNIFICATION
19 Positives/Negatives of Louis XIV reignMade France powerful Increase in art, literature, statesmanship French culture dominates Europe Military leader Gained colonies Debt- war and building of Versailles People resented taxes and his abuses of power- this will plague his heirs
20 EQ: Why was Louis XIV considered the most powerful monarch of his time?Answer the EQ
21 EQ: Why did the monarchs of Central Europe clash during the 17th and 18th centuries?
22 Peace of Augsburg 1555 Settled differences between German princesEach prince would determine the religion of their subjects Peace would not last…
23 Group Work Thirty Years’ War 1618-1648Use your textbook pages to complete the graphic organizer- note Causes/ Key Facts-Events/Effects Create a comic strip using these elements
24 States form in C. Europe Economically different than WestAristocracy passed laws restricting ability of serfs to gain freedom and move Nobles sent crops grown to W. Europe markets No unified states; collapsing empires led to the rise of absolute rulers Austria: Hapsburgs conquered Bohemia, create a Catholic centralized gov’t and army, by 1699 took Hungary; 1711 Charles VI in control Maria Theresa inherited the throne from her father Prussia- arose in late 1600s Headed by Frederick William – amassed power with a large army after the 30 Years’ War Landowning Junkers (nobles) brought aboard as officers in army Son becomes Frederick II (the Great)
25 Wars….again Wars of Austrian Succession Seven Years War 1756-17631740 Maria Theresa takes the throne Frederick II sends army to Austrian land Hungary and Great Britain aids Maria Theresa; France ally of Prussia Treaty signed 1748-ends aggression, gives Prussia a piece of Austria’s land Seven Years War Global war: fought in N. America, India, Europe B. gets India; F. lost colonies in N. America Austria ally of France and Russia; Britain ally of Prussia
26 Answer the EQ EQ: Why did the monarchs of Central Europe clash during the 17th and 18th centuries?
27 EQ: What were the characteristics of the monarchs of Russia during the Age of Absolutism?
28 Ivan III 1462-1505 Conquered areas around MoscowLiberated Russia from Mongols Began to centralize the Russian gov’t Work continued under his son and grandson, Ivan IV
29 Ivan IV (the Terrible) 1533-1584Came to the throne as a child while boyars (nobles) struggled for power; he took power at 16 and became the 1st Czar Ivan’s good period Married to Anastasia Romanov Added lands to Russia, code of law, ruled justly Bad period (after Anastasia’s death) Created his own police force- murdered “traitors” Seized boyar lands, gave to new “nobles” killed his oldest son in an argument; second son unfit for rule * Led reps of cities to choose a new czar- choice: Michael Romanov- begins dynasty
30 Peter the Great 1696-1725 Solo ruler 1696 Goal- westernization1679 “Grand Embassy” tour to W. Europe to learn their customs and manufacturing methods Knew the people of Russia would fight change; became absolute monarch
31 Reforms Put Russian Orthodox Church under state controlDecreased the power of landholders; recruited low-ranking men and promoted them and gave them land Modernize army Hired Europeans to train Soldiers for life Introduced potatoes 1st Russian newspaper Increased status of women- could go to social gatherings Nobles had to wear western fashions Increased education: schools for navigation, arts, sciences Key to progress Built St. Petersburg- window on Europe
32 Academic Writing Who do you think was more of an absolute monarch: Ivan the Terrible or Peter the Great?
33 EQ: In what ways did the English Parliament manage to limit the monarchy? (17th c)
34 Elizabeth I vs. ParliamentWhile in power was constantly at odds with Parliament Died in 1603 and left a huge debt for his successor Parliament’s power over the $ kept the monarchy in check
35 Group Work Activity With your group complete your section of the graphic organizer use the textbook pages Events James 1st problems Charles I fights Parliament English Civil War Cromwell’s Rule Restoration of the monarch : Charles II James II and the Glorious Revolution Note: Ruler Time period The important facts You must have your work checked before you put in on your large paper to be posted
36 Limits on Monarch’s PowerWilliam and Mary partnered with Parliament; constitutional monarchy- laws limit ruler’s power Bill of Rights 1689 No suspending of Parliament’s laws No taxes w/o Parliament consent No interfering with P. freedom of speech No penalty for being grievances to the king **Problem: no agreement btw the 2 bodies led to standstill 1700s cabinet emerged: ministers part of Parliament act in ruler’s name-head prime minister
37 Compare/Contrast: Constitutional and Absolute Monarchy
38 Answer the EQ: In what ways did the English Parliament manage to limit the monarchy (17th c)