1 Adapted from James A. McCubbin, PhDAP PSYCHOLOGY Emotion Adapted from James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

2 Emotion Emotion a response of the whole organism physiological arousalexpressive behaviors conscious experience

3 Theories of Emotion Does your heart pound because you are afraid... or are you afraid because you feel your heart pounding?

4 James-Lange Theory of EmotionExperience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli Fear (emotion) Pounding heart (arousal) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus)

5 Cannon-Bard Theory of EmotionSight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) Fear (emotion) Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger: physiological responses subjective experience of emotion

6 Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of EmotionCognitive label “I’m afraid” Fear (emotion) Sight of oncoming car (perception of stimulus) Pounding heart (arousal) To experience emotion one must: be physically aroused cognitively label the arousal

7 Cognition and Emotion The brain’s shortcut for emotions

8 Two Routes to Emotion

9 Two Dimensions of EmotionPositive valence Negative High arousal Low pleasant relaxation joy sadness fear anger

10 Emotion and PhysiologyAutonomic nervous system controls physiological arousal Sympathetic division (arousing) Pupils dilate Decreases Perspires Increases Accelerates Inhibits Secrete stress hormones Parasympathetic division (calming) Pupils contract Dries Slows Activates secretion of stress EYES SALIVATION SKIN RESPIRATION HEART DIGESTION ADRENAL GLANDS

11 Arousal and PerformancePerformance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks

12 Emotion- Lie DetectorsPolygraph machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion perspiration cardiovascular breathing changes

13 Emotion--A Polygraph Examination

14 Emotion--Lie DetectorsControl Question Up to age 18, did you ever physically harm anyone? Relevant Question Did [the deceased] threaten to harm you in any way? Relevant > Control --> Lie

15 Emotion-- Lie DetectorsControl question Relevant (a) (b) Respiration Perspiration Heart rate

16 Emotion-- Lie DetectorsPercentage Innocent people Guilty 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Judged innocent by polygraph Judged guilty by polygraph 50 Innocents 50 Theives 1/3 of innocent declared guilty 1/4 of guilty declared innocent (from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984)

17 Emotion-- Lie DetectorsIs 70% accuracy good? Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually guilty test all employees 285 will be wrongly accused What about 95% accuracy? Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty test all employees (including 999 innocents) 50 wrongly declared guilty 1 of 51 testing positive are guilty (~2%)

18 Expressed Emotion People more speedily detect an angry face than a happy one (Ohman, 2001a)

19 Expressed Emotion Gender and expressiveness Number of expressionsMen Women Sad Happy Scary Film Type 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Number of expressions

20 Expressed Emotion Culturally universal expressions

21 Experienced Emotion The ingredients of emotion

22 Experienced Emotion Infants’ naturally occurring emotions

23 Experienced Emotion The Amygdala--a neural key to fear learning

24 Experienced Emotion Catharsis Feel-good, do-good phenomenonemotional release catharsis hypothesis “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges Feel-good, do-good phenomenon people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

25 Subjective Well-BeingExperienced Emotion Subjective Well-Being self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life used along with measures of objective well-being physical and economic indicators to evaluate people’s quality of life

26 Experienced Emotion Moods across the day

27 Experienced Emotion Changing materialism

28 Experienced Emotion Does money buy happiness? Average per-personYear 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Average per-person after-tax income in 1995 dollars Percentage describing themselves as very happy $20,000 $19,000 $18,000 $17,000 $16,000 $15,000 $14,000 $13,000 $12,000 $11,000 $10,000 $9,000 $8,000 $7,000 $6,000 $5,000 $4,000 Percentage very happy Personal income

29 Experienced Emotion Values and life satisfaction Importance scoresMoney Love Life satisfaction 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 Importance scores

30 Experienced Emotion Adaptation-Level Phenomenon Relative Deprivationtendency to form judgments relative to a “neutral” level brightness of lights volume of sound level of income defined by our prior experience Relative Deprivation perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

31 Happiness is... However, Happiness Seems Not MuchResearchers Have Found That Happy People Tend to Have high self-esteem (in individualistic countries) Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable Have close friendships or a satisfying marriage Have work and leisure that engage their skills Have a meaningful religious faith Sleep well and exercise However, Happiness Seems Not Much Related to Other Factors, Such as Age Gender (women are more often depressed, but also more often joyful) Education levels Parenthood (having children or not) Physical attractiveness