1 AKS 32: Ancient Greece Chapter 5 Pages

2 32a Explain how geographic features and cultural diffusion affected the development of the Greek civilizations WARM-UP:

3 Greek Geography: Location “Around” The Seas2,000 islands on Aegean & Ionian Seas Provided transportation link for various regions of Greece Connected Greece to other societies through trade Greece lacked natural resources & they used the sea to get them from other lands

4 Greek Geography: Rugged Mountains75% of land covered by mtns Made unification difficult Developed into small, independent communities called city-states Loyalty lay with these city-states

5 Greek Geography: Little Fertile FarmlandResulted in small population Created a need for colonies

6 Greek Geography: Moderate ClimateModerate temps (48˚ winter, 80˚ summer) Developed an outdoor life for Greek males Exs: meetings, discussions

7 Early History: Mycenaean Adaptation of Minoan CultureCame into contact with Minoans around 1500 B.C. Adapted Minoan writing system, artistic design, & culture Later formed core of Greek religious practices, politics, & literature Western civilization has its roots in these two early Mediterranean civilizations

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9 Early History: The Trojan War1200s B.C. – Mycenaean’s fought 10-yr war against Troy Provided basis for legend/epic Says Greek army destroyed Troy because Trojan prince had kidnapped Helen, beautiful wife of Greek king May have contributed to collapse of Mycenaean civilization

10 Early History: Collapse of Mycenaean CivilizationDorians attacked & burned many Mycenaean cities Led to decline in economy, trade, & writing under Dorians

11 Early History: Dorians“Dark Ages” of Greek history Less advanced civilization Economy collapsed Trade subsided No written records exist

12 Early History: Epics of Homer (Dorian Age)No written records  stories spread through spoken word Homer was greatest ( B.C.) Blind man who composed epics (narrative poems) celebrating heroic deeds Composed The Iliad & The Odyssey Trojan War forms backdrop for The Iliad

13 Early History: Myths Created32g Describe polytheism in the Greek world Early History: Myths Created Myths = traditional stories about gods Attached human qualities to their gods Zeus was the ruler of the gods who lived on Mt. Olympus with wife, Hera Athena, goddess of wisdom, daughter of Zeus Athens named in her honor

14 32b Compare the origins & structure of the Greek polis

15 Development of the PolisPolis = city-state Fundamental political unit Advantages Small, easy to control, centralized Disadvantages Controlled little territory, many rivals nearby, greater chance for conflict

16 Different Forms of Greek Gov’tMonarchy Aristocracy Oligarchy Direct Democracy

17 Different Forms of Greek Gov’t MonarchyState ruled by a king Rule is hereditary Some rulers claim divine right Practiced in Mycenae by 2000 B.C.

18 Different Forms of Greek Gov’t AristocracyState ruled by nobility Rule is hereditary & based on family ties, social rank, & wealth Social status and wealth support ruler’s authority Practiced in Athens prior to 594 B.C.

19 Different Forms of Greek Gov’t OligarchyState ruled by a small group of citizens Rule is based on wealth or ability Ruling group controls military Practiced in Sparta by 500 B.C.

20 Different Forms of Greek Gov’t Direct DemocracyState ruled by its citizens Rule is based on citizenship Majority rule decides vote Practiced in Athens by about 500 B.C.

21 Tyrants Powerful nobles of wealthy citizens would seize power by appealing to common people for support This happened in city-states where constant clashes between rulers & common people took place

22 Tyrants These were leaders who looked out for the interests of ordinary people Often established building programs to provide jobs & housing for their supporters NOT seen as harsh and cruel like we think of today

23 Important Places in AthensAcropolis Fortified hilltop where citizens would gather to discuss city gov’t Agora Marketplace

24 725 B.C. Sparta conquers MesseniaMade them helots Peasants forced to stay on the land they worked and turn over half their crop each year to the Spartans

25 650 B.C. Spartans put down Messenian revoltIn response, Spartans made themselves a strong, highly-disciplined military state

26 Sparta Government Valued duty, strength, & disciplineCouncil of Elders – 30 older citizens 2 kings ruled over Sparta’s military forces Valued duty, strength, & discipline

27 Sparta Daily Life - BoysCentered on military training Boys left at age 7 – moved into army barracks Days spent marching, fighting, exercising All weather – only tunics, no shoes No blankets, slept on hard benches Bowl of black porridge (encouraged to steal) Produced tough, resourceful soldiers

28 Sparta Daily Life - GirlsService to Sparta above everything else Taught to be mothers, wives “Come back with your shield or on it.”

29 621 B.C. Draco (Athens) writes the first legal codeCode based on idea that all Athenians were created equal Harsh punishment Death for nearly every crime

30 594 B.C. Athenian aristocrats choose Solon to governOutlawed debt slavery All citizens could participate in the Assembly

31 500 B.C. Cleisthenes introduces political reforms in AthensAllowed all citizens to introduce laws Created Council of 500 Chosen at random, proposed laws, counseled Assembly

32 Persian Wars 490 B.C. Battle at Marathon25,000 Persians v. 10,000 Athenians Athenians disciplined, well-trained, heavily armored, and had the phalanx Military formation Persians no match for phalanx Persians lost 6,000 men to Athenian 200 – Athens WINS!! Left Athens defenseless

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35 Persian Wars Battle of Marathon Cont…Pheidippedes Ran 26.2 miles from Marathon to Athens to bring the news of the Athenian victory so that the city would not be given up without a fight – “Rejoice, we conquer.” Collapsed and died right after Greek army was not far behind Persians arrived in the Athenian harbor, saw how well it was defended, and immediately retreated

36 Persian Wars 480 B.C. Xerxes assembles invasion forceWanted to crush Athens Greek city-states divided, some fighting with the Persians Xerxes faced no resistance and continued marching down the eastern coast of Greece

37 The Persian Wars 480 B.C. Battle at Thermopylae7,000 Greeks, including 300 Spartans, blocked the narrow mountain pass Continued to stop Persian attacks A Greek traitor informed the Persians there was a secret path to move in behind the Greeks Spartans held off the Persians while the remaining Greeks retreated Valiant sacrifice, as all were killed Left a good impression with other Greeks

38 The actual pass at Thermopylae.

39 The Persian Wars 480 B.C. Greeks Fight On The SeaAthenians evacuated Athens Wanted to fight at sea in a narrow channel SW of Athens Xerxes burns Athens He sent warships to block both sides of the channel Persia’s ships were not as mobile as Athens’ ships were Small & nimble Greek ships with battering rams attacked 1/3 of Persia’s fleet was sunk

40 The Persian Wars 479 B.C. Battle of PlataeaPersians lost again Persians were always on the defensive after this

41 478 B.C. Delian League formedPurpose: Form alliance among Greek city-states in order to ward off future Persian attacks Continued to press war against Persians

42 The Persian Wars Consequences: Confidence, freedom (especially Athens)Athens took lead over Delian League Emergence of Golden Age of Athens

43 32e Identify the ideas & important individuals to include Socrates, Plato, & Aristotle and the diffusion of Greek culture by Aristotle’s pupil, Alexander the Great 32h Analyze the changes & continuities from origins to the fall of the Greek Classical Civilization WARM-UP:

44 Democracy & Golden Age of Athens The Age of PericlesThree Goals: Strengthen Athenian democracy Hold & strengthen the empire Glorify Athens

45 Democracy & Golden Age of Athens Strengthen Athenian DemocracyIncreased # of paid public officials Result: More citizens involved in self-gov’t than any other city-state in Greece, which made Athens one of the most democratic governments in history *Direct Democracy is one in which citizens rule directly, not through representatives

46 Democracy & Golden Age of Athens Hold & Strengthen Athenian EmpireTook over leadership of Delian League Pericles used money from the League’s treasury to strengthen Athenian navy Needed to strengthen navy to secure safety of empire

47 Democracy & Golden Age of Athens Glorify AthensUsed money from League’s treasury to buy expensive building materials Hired artisans to create works of classical art

48 Democracy & Golden Age of Athens Architecture & SculptureParthenon 23,000 sq. ft. built in style of Greek temples Many pieces of Greek art went inside Statue of Athena stood over 30 ft. tall

49 Democracy & Golden Age of Athens DramaBuilt the first theaters in the West Two Kinds of Drama: Tragedy Serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, war, or betrayal Exs: Oedipus the King, Antigonei Comedy Contained scenes with slapstick situations & crude humor Exs: The Birds, Lysistrata

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51 Democracy & Golden Age of Athens HistoryAthenian Thucydides wrote the first history book

52 Democracy & Golden Age of Athens Greek Philosophers: SocratesSocratic Method of Questioning Question-and-answer approach to teaching Asking a series of leading questions to show that people hold many contradictory opinions Encouraged people to examine their beliefs Was tried & found guilty for corrupting the youth of Athens – he was sentenced to death by drinking Hemlock poison “There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance.” Surrounded by supporters, Socrates prepares to drink poison.

53 Democracy & Golden Age of Athens Greek Philosophers: PlatoPupil of Socrates Founded his school, The Academy, in 387 B.C. Wrote The Republic, his vision of a perfectly governed society Society divided into 3 groups (farmers & artisans, warriors, & the ruling class) Person in the ruling class with the greatest insight & intellect would be a philosopher-king “Philosophy begins in wonder.”

54 Democracy & Golden Age of Athens Greek Philosophers: AristotleStudied at Plato’s Academy Opened the Lyceum (school) in 335 B.C. Developed rules of logic Developed scientific method Mentor to Alexander the Great “He who studies how things originated…will achieve the clearest view of them.”

55 The Peloponnesian War Athens vs. SpartaCauses: Athens grew wealthier & stronger Other city-states viewed Athens with hostility, especially Sparta Sparta declared war on Athens in 431 B.C.

56 The Peloponnesian War Athens vs. SpartaAdvantages: Athens = Stronger Navy Sparta = Stronger Army (plus was inland away from the sea) Pericles of Athens decided to wait for an opportunity to strike at sea to avoid land fights with Sparta Sparta swept across Athenian territory, burning food supplies Didn’t really matter b/c Athens could be resupplied with food from their port

57 The Peloponnesian War Athens vs. Sparta2nd year of war – plague struck Athens – killed 1/3 of the population, including Pericles Continued fighting for several years 421 B.C. Athens and Sparta sign a truce

58 The Peloponnesian War Athens vs. Sparta415 B.C. Athens attacked Syracuse on the island of Sicily (one of Sparta’s wealthiest Allies) Athenian army & navy was crushed 404 B.C. Athenians & allies surrendered Sparta Wins!

59 The Peloponnesian War Athens vs. SpartaConsequences: Athenians lost empire, power, & wealth Decline of democratic gov’t

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61 32c Trace the transitions in Classical Greece from the conquest by Alexander the Great to Hellenic Greece 32f Analyze the contributions of Hellenistic culture to include government, law, gender, mathematics, & science WARM-UP:

62 Macedonia Located just north of Greece Rough terrain, cold climateMacedonians thought of themselves as Greeks, but Greeks looked down on them

63 359 B.C. Philip II became king of Macedonia23 years old at the time Formed peasants into a well-trained army Organized them into phalanxes Used phalanx to break through line, cavalry to crush disorganized opponents

64 338 B.C. Athens & Thebes joined forces to fight PhilipGreeks were defeated soundly at Battle of Chaeronea This ended Greek independence Greece fell under the control of Macedonia, and others later

65 336 B.C. King Philip of MacedoniaPhilip was stabbed at his daughter’s wedding Alexander, his son, immediately claimed the throne He was 20 years old

66 Alexander Pupil of Aristotle Quickly put down Theban RebellionNo other Greek city-state wanted a piece of him after that

67 334 B.C. Alexander led 35,000 soldiers into AnatoliaCarried out father’s plan to invade Persia Smashed first Persian defenses at Granicus (Anatolia) Victory alarmed Persian king, Darius III Darius raised 50,000-75,000 men to fight Alexander Alexander found a weak point, broke through the line, & the Persian army fled Alexander now controlled Anatolia

68 332 B.C. Alexander entered EgyptDarius offered a peace treaty Alexander, fueled by ambition, refused to accept the treaty Alexander liberated Persian-controlled Egypt They crowned him pharaoh Founded the city of Alexandria Persia’s power ended with their defeat at the Gaugamela

69 Alexander Continues ConquestsPushed toward the east He was hoping to reach the furthest edge of the continent

70 326 B.C. Alexander’s army reached the Indus ValleyWon a battle against Indian army Alexander’s soldiers were tired & yearned to go home Alexander hesitantly agreed to turn back

71 323 B.C. Alexander died at age 32Died from fever His generals began a power struggle Alexander’s empire split into 3 parts after his death, each part controlled by a different general

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73 Alexander’s Legacy Cultural ImpactAlexander adopted Persian dress & married a Persian woman Vibrant new culture emerged from blending of Greek & Persian customs

74 Hellenistic Culture Definition of Hellenism: KoineBlend of Greek, Egyptian, Persian, & Indian influences Koine Common language spoken in Hellenistic cities

75 Hellenistic Culture Trade & DiversityAlexandria Center of commerce & Hellenistic civilizations Located on Nile Delta Trade ships from all around the Mediterranean docked in its harbor Population: ~500,000

76 Hellenistic Culture Alexandria’s AttractionsPalaces overlooking harbor Pharos 350-foot lighthouse with bronze mirror reflecting light from a blazing fire Library & Museum Museum had art galleries, a zoo, botanical gardens, & dining hall Library had 500,000 papyrus scrolls

77 Hellenistic Culture AstronomyAristarchus Estimated sun was at least 300 times larger than earth He underestimated the size of the sun, but disproved the theory that the sun was smaller than Greece

78 Hellenistic Culture AstronomyEratosthenes Calculated Earth’s circumference at between 28,000 and 29,000 miles Actual circumference: 24, 860 miles

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80 Hellenistic Culture AstronomyPtolemy Incorrectly concluded that the earth was the center of the solar system

81 Hellenistic Culture MathematicsPythagoras Known for his theorem of the triangle (Pythagorean Theorem) Principles of this theorem were known prior to Pythagoras

82 Hellenistic Culture MathematicsEuclid Wrote a book called Elements which contained 465 geometry propositions & proofs His work (and that of Pythagoras) is still the basis for modern geometry classes

83 Hellenistic Culture Mathematics/PhysicsArchimedes Accurately estimated the value of pi (π) Invented compound pulley to lift heavy objects & a device to raise water from the ground

84 Hellenistic Culture PhilosophyZeno Founded Stoicism Live lives in harmony with the will of God or natural laws that God established to run the universe Human power, desires, & wealth were dangerous distractions

85 Hellenistic Culture PhilosophyEpicurus Founded Epicureanism Gods did not care about humans The only real objects were the ones perceived by the 5 senses The main goal of humans is to achieve harmony of the body and mind

86 Hellenistic Culture SculptureColossus of Rhodes Largest known Hellenistic statue Bronze statue that stood more than 100 feet high One of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

87 Hellenistic Culture By 150 B.C., the Hellenistic world was in declineA new city was growing and gaining strength…

88 …ROME!!!