1 American History STAAR Review – Part 2

2 Presidential PoliciesDomestic Policy Foreign Policy Legacy George Washington Created Cabinet Neutral Farewell address: Warned against permanent alliances and political parties John Adams Alien and Sedition Act: limited the criticism of the national government XYZ Affair: America’s poor relationship with France led to Adams increasing the national Army and creating a navy Marbury vs. Madison led to Judicial Review Thomas Jefferson Louisiana Purchase Embargo Act James Madison War Hawks War of 1812 James Monroe Missouri Compromise; Era of Good Feelings Monroe Doctrine 8.5(A): describe the major domestic policies faced by leaders of the new republic such as maintaining national security, building a military, creating a stable economic system, setting up the court system, and defining the authority of the National Government 8.22(A): Analyze the leadership qualities of elected and appointed leaders of the United States, such as George Washington

3 Democratic – RepublicansAmerica’s First Political Parties In Congress, and across the nation, differences in beliefs existed about the ____________________________on several issues, many ________ By the mid- 1790s, these differing beliefs took shape into 2 distinct political parties, ____________ and ________________________ role of the national government economic Federalists Democratic-Republicans Federalists Democratic – Republicans Leader: Alexander Hamilton Favored: Rule by the wealthy Strong Federal Gov’t Emphasis on Manufacturing Loose interpretation of the Constitution British alliance National Bank Protective Tariffs Leader: Thomas Jefferson Rule by the people Strong State Gov’t Emphasis on Agriculture Strict interpretation of the Constitution French alliance State Banks Free trade 8.5(C) Explain the origin and development of American Political Parties

4 Mr. Madison’s War War of 1812 Causes Major Events Effects ImpressmentsTrade Embargos War Hawks Major Events Burning of Washington D.C. Treaty of Ghent (no land exchanged) Battle of New Orleans (Jackson becomes famous) 8.13(A): Analyze the War of 1812 as a cause of economic changes in the nation Effects War increased manufacturing of supplies which helped boost the U.S. into the Industrial Revolution

5 Both were policies of NeutralityWashington vs. Monroe Venn Diagram Washington’s Farewell Address Monroe’s Monroe Doctrine Speech gave at the end of 2nd term Warned European nations not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere Warned against political parities and permanent alliances Both were policies of Neutrality Policy continued throughout U.S. History Set precedent of neutrality and giving a farewell address 8.5(E): Identify the foreign policies of President Washington through Monroe, and explain the impact of Washington’s Farewell Address and the Monroe Doctrine Directions: Fill in the Venn diagram above. In the differences area, explain the presidents policy. In the similarity area, explain why these two domestic policies are similar.

6 Judicial Review Gibbons vs. Ogden McCulloch vs. MarylandAdam’s Midnight Appointments Supreme Court Case Marbury vs. Madison Outcome of case: Judicial Review ________________: The right of the Supreme Court to determine if a law is constitutional or not Judicial Review Gibbons vs. Ogden McCulloch vs. Maryland Gibbons vs. Ogden McCulloch vs. Maryland Issue: Dispute over who has the right to operate steamboats between New York and New Jersey Outcome: Supreme Court ruled Federal law is above state law and Congress has the power to regulate commerce among several states Issue: Maryland tried to put a tax on the National Bank to kill it in its states Outcome: Supreme Court ruled the National Bank is CONSTITUTIONAL because it is “necessary and proper” 8.18(A): Identify the origin of Judicial Review and analyze examples of congressional and presidential responses 8.18(B): Summarize the issues, decisions, and significance of the landmark Supreme Court cases, including Marbury vs. Madison, McCulloch vs. Maryland, and Gibbons vs. Ogden

7 Gave more people, who did not own property, the right to vote.Andrew Jackson In the _______________, there was no winner because no one won the majority of the electoral college votes. __________________made a deal with Speaker of the House, ______________, saying that if the House of Representatives choose Adams as President, J.Q. Adams would make Henry Clay the _________________. The House of Representatives choose J.Q. Adams as president and Andrew Jackson called this the “________________”. However, voting requirements changed between 1824 and 1828, allowing Jackson to win by a landslide 1828! Election of 1824 John Quincy Adams Henry Clay Secretary of State Corrupt Bargain Voting Requirements Election of 1824 Election of 1828 White Male 21 or older Own Property 8.5(F): Explain the impact of the election of Jackson, including expanding suffrage Gave more people, who did not own property, the right to vote.

8 Andrew Jackson and the Nullification CrisisThe Story: Congress passed a Tariff of 1828 that increased tariffs on goods from Europe. This Protective Tariff protected Northern Industries while making products more expense for Southern planters. Southerners nicknamed this tariff the “Tariff of Abominations”, because they hated it so much. Vice President John C. Calhoun believed in states’ rights, and believed states could limit the power the of National government in their own state. South Carolina passed the Nullification Act which declared the tariff illegal in their state. South Carolina threatened to secede, withdraw, if the tariff was not lifted. Henry Clay created a compromise lowering the tariff but also giving the President more power to use force if a state threatened to secede again. Cause: Effects: Tariff helped the North at the expense of the South South Carolina tries to nullify the tariff and threatens to secede from the Union Henry Clay creates a compromise that lowers the tariff but gives the president more power to use force if a state threatens to secede 8.17(B): Explain Constitutional issues arising over states’ rights, including the Nullification Crisis and the Civil War Nullification Crisis

9 Worchester vs. Georgia However…Andrew Jackson and the Indian Removal Act Indian Removal Act: Gave the president power to move Native Americans west of the Mississippi River Jackson began to remove many Native American tribes in the Southeast to Indian Territory in present day Oklahoma Worchester vs. Georgia Cherokees refused to move and took their case to the Supreme Court Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cherokees and said they could stay in Georgia 8.18(A): Identify the origin of Judicial Review and analyze examples of congressional and presidential responses 8.23(C): identify ways conflicts between people from various racial, ethnic, and religious groups were resolved. President Jackson refused to enforce the Court’s ruling and made the Cherokees move anyways Trail of Tears: Forced removal of Native Americans to Indian Territory where they lost their homeland and many lost their lives on the way However…

10 Westward Expansion MapLabel: Original 13 Colonies Northwest Territory Florida Louisiana Purchase Oregon Country Texas Annexation Mexican Cession Gadsden Purchase Oregon Territory Original 13 Colonies Louisiana Purchase Northwest Territory Mexican Cession Texas Annexation Gadsden Purchase Florida 8.6(B): Explain the political, economic, and social roots of Manifest Destiny 8.6(C): analyze the relationship between the concept of Manifest Destiny and the westward growth of the nation

11 Westward Expansion MapOregon Country, 1846 Economic Social Political Fur Trade Bring Christianity to Native Americans Split the territory with Great Britain at the 49th parallel 8.6(B): Explain the political, economic, and social roots of Manifest Destiny 8.6(C): analyze the relationship between the concept of Manifest Destiny and the westward growth of the nation

12 Westward Expansion MapEconomic Social Political Texas could pay off war debt with money from annexation Many Americans lived in Texas Polk won election of 1844 by supporting annexation of Texas Texas Annexation, 1845 8.6(B): Explain the political, economic, and social roots of Manifest Destiny 8.6(D): Explain the causes and effects of the U.S.-Mexican War and their impact on the United States 8.6(C): analyze the relationship between the concept of Manifest Destiny and the westward growth of the nation

13 Westward Expansion MapEconomic Social Political U.S. paid $15 million for Cession and $10 million for Gadsden after Mexican War Gain California and Utah, which led to Gold Rush and Mormon Migration Ended the disputes between Mexico and the U.S. Mexican Cession, 1848 8.6(B): Explain the political, economic, and social roots of Manifest Destiny 8.6(D): Explain the causes and effects of the U.S.-Mexican War and their impact on the United States 8.6(C): analyze the relationship between the concept of Manifest Destiny and the westward growth of the nation Gadsden Purchase, 1853

14 Westward Expansion MapEconomic Social Political Agriculture, shipping, and trade expanded Many groups,49ers, rushed to California, boomtowns California applied for statehood as a free state California Gold Rush, 1849 8.6(B): Explain the political, economic, and social roots of Manifest Destiny 8.6(C): analyze the relationship between the concept of Manifest Destiny and the westward growth of the nation

15 U.S.-Mexican War Mexican American War Texas as a RepublicU.S. buys Gadsden Purchase Manifest Destiny done Treaty of G.H./Mexican Cession Texas is annexed to the U.S. Mexico is angered by Texas annexation Border disputes lead to fighting Texas gains independence from Mexico Texas gains independence from Mexico 8.6(D): Explain the causes and effects of the U.S.-Mexican War and their impact on the United States Mexican-American War Manifest Destiny is complete U.S. buys Gadsden Purchase Texas as a Republic Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, U.S. gains Mexican Cession Border disputes leads to fighting Mexico is angered by Texas annexation Texas is annexed to the U.S.

16 Causes of War with Mexico Effects of war with MexicoU.S.-Mexican War Mexican American War Texas as a Republic U.S. buys Gadsden Purchase Manifest Destiny done Treaty of G.H./Mexican Cession Texas is annexed to the U.S. Mexico is angered by Texas annexation Border disputes lead to fighting Texas gains independence from Mexico Causes of War with Mexico Effects of war with Mexico Texas Annexation Border dispute between the Nueces river and the Rio Grande Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo America gained the Mexican Cession 8.6(D): Explain the causes and effects of the U.S.-Mexican War and their impact on the United States

17 Industrial Revolution_______________built the first factory in the U.S. after he memorized the plans and brought them from England Factory System: a system of bringing manufacturing steps together in one place to increase efficiency Samuel Slater How was the geography different in the North and the South? Most of the factories were in the North because…. North: Rocky, thin soil, rushing rivers, coal and iron supply, good coasts for ports South: Fertile soil, swampy coasts, long growing season 8.27(D): Explain how technological innovations brought about economic growth such as how the factory system contributed to rapid industrialization Soil was rocky and could not farm Many rushing rivers for power Close to coal and iron for supplies Close to many ports for trading

18 Industrial RevolutionInvention Inventor What did it do? What was its effect? Cotton Gin Eli Whitney Machine that removed the seeds from the cotton fibers Increase the need to slave labor, slave trade, and increased cotton growing in the South 8.27(A): Explain the effects of technological and scientific innovations such as the steamboat, the cotton gin, and interchangeable parts 8.12(B): Explain reasons for the development of the plantation system, the transatlantic slave trade, and the spread of slavery

19 Industrial RevolutionInvention Inventor What did it do? What was its effect? Interchangeable Part Eli Whitney Parts that could be put together to create a product Mass production of goods, use of assembly lines, lowered cost of goods 8.27(A): Explain the effects of technological and scientific innovations such as the steamboat, the cotton gin, and interchangeable parts

20 Industrial RevolutionTransportation Inventor/ Builder What did it do? What was its effect? Steamboats Robert Fulton, Clermont was the first steamboat to travel from New York to Albany Steam engines used to power boats up river against a current Improved the transportation of goods that was cheaper and faster 8.27(A): Explain the effects of technological and scientific innovations such as the steamboat, the cotton gin, and interchangeable parts

21 Industrial RevolutionTransportation Inventor/ Builder What did it do? What was its effect? Transcontinental Railroad N/A Connected the Pacific to the Atlantic coast Brought new settlers to the west and opened up new markets and towns 8.27(A): Explain the effects of technological and scientific innovations such as the steamboat, the cotton gin, and interchangeable parts

22 What they were reforming? Important Individuals Abolitionists MovementReform Movements Reform Movement What they were reforming? Important Individuals Impact/Significance? Abolitionists Movement William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman - 13th Amendment freed slaves after the Civil War - Paved the way for the Women’s Rights Movement End slavery in the U.S. 8.24(B): Evaluate the impact of reform movements, including educational reform, temperance reform, the women’s rights movement, prison reform, abolitionists, the labor movement, and care of the disabled 8.22(B): Describe the contributions of significant political, social, and military leaders of the U.S., such as Frederick Douglas 8.23(D): Analyze the contribution of people of various racial, ethnic, and religious groups to our national identity

23 Reform Movements Women’s Rights Movement Reform MovementWhat they were reforming? Important Individuals Impact/Significance? Women’s Rights Movement Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony - Held first women’s rights convention in Seneca Falls in 1848, wrote the Declaration of Sentiments - Women eventually gained the right to vote in 1920 Suffrage (voting) for women 8.24(B): Evaluate the impact of reform movements, including educational reform, temperance reform, the women’s rights movement, prison reform, abolitionists, the labor movement, and care of the disabled 8.22(B): Describe the contributions of significant political, social, and military leaders of the U.S., such as Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton 8.23(D): Analyze the contribution of people of various racial, ethnic, and religious groups to our national identity

24 What they were reforming? Important Individual(s)Reform Movements Reform Movement What they were reforming? Important Individual(s) Impact/Significance? Temperance Movement Carrie Nation 18th Amendment which banned the production and sale of alcohol (later repealed by the 21st) Campaign against the sale and drinking of alcohol that was linked to alcohol abuse and breaking up families 8.24(B): Evaluate the impact of reform movements, including educational reform, temperance reform, the women’s rights movement, prison reform, abolitionists, the labor movement, and care of the disabled

25 Reform Movements Prison Reform and Care of the DisabledWhat they were reforming? Important Individual(s) Impact/Significance? Prison Reform and Care of the Disabled Dorthea Dix –went to teach Sunday school in prisons Improvements in prison life through laws Terrible treatment of mentally ill and prisoners in prison 8.24(B): Evaluate the impact of reform movements, including educational reform, temperance reform, the women’s rights movement, prison reform, abolitionists, the labor movement, and care of the disabled 8.23(D): Analyze the contribution of people of various racial, ethnic, and religious groups to our national identity

26 What they were reforming? Important Individual(s)Reform Movements Reform Movement What they were reforming? Important Individual(s) Impact/Significance? Public Education Horace Mann Free public education expanded Education was seen as a way to decrease poverty and crime 8.24(B): Evaluate the impact of reform movements, including educational reform, temperance reform, the women’s rights movement, prison reform, abolitionists, the labor movement, and care of the disabled

27 Immigration ____________________: a person who moves from one country to another. Such a movement is called ______________________ Immigrant Immigration Immigrant group Why did they come? What did they do? Irish Immigrants Potato Famine Settled in cities, found jobs in factories and mills Chinese Immigrants Many heard about the Gold that could be found in California Many settled in San Francisco and worked on the Transcontinental Railroad German Immigrants Political corruption Became factory workers in the Northeast 8.13(B): Identify the economic factors that brought about rapid industrialization and urbanization 8.12(C): explain the reasons for the increase in factories and urbanization Source of image:

28 North vs. South Perspective on SlaveryThe North and the South had differing view on slavery. This was a leading cause of the Civil War. Northern Perspective Southern Perspective Slavery was a moral issue Slavery was evil If slavery was not abolished, it could bring God’s judgment Slavery was an economic necessity Slavery was a way of life and part of their society Wanted to move slavery west 8.7C: Analyze the impact on slavery on different sections of the U.S.

29 Causes of the Civil War Election of 1860 States’ Rights Right of a state to limit the power of the Federal government Tax on imports that protected Northern industries at the expense of Southern planters John C. Calhoun and S. Carolina threaten to secede if tariff of 1828 and 1832 is not lifted South saw this as an economic necessity, however North saw it as a moral issue Book by H.B. Stowe about the evils of slavery, abolitionists movement grows in the North Kansas and Nebraska would use popular sovereignty to determine slavery in their state Settlers from both sections rushed to Kansas to vote, violence broke out, mini-civil war Abe Lincoln becomes the first Republican President and S. Carolina is first to secede Kansas-Nebraska Act Tariff of 1828 and 1832 Slavery Nullification Crisis Tariff of 1828 and 1832 Slavery States’ Rights Uncle Tom’s Cabin 8.8(B): Analyze the causes of the Civil War, including sectionalism, states’ rights, and slavery 8.17(B): Explain constitutional issues arising over states’ rights including the Nullification Crisis and the Civil War 8.7(A): analyze the impact of tariff policies on sections of the U.S. before the Civil War Kansas-Nebraska Act Uncle Tom’s Cabin Bleeding Kansas Nullification Crisis Bleeding Kansas Election of 1860

30 Compromises Missouri Compromise Compromise of 1850Because the North and the South could agree on many issues, ________________ came up with several compromises to help keep the Union together for a short time before the Civil War. Henry Clay Missouri Compromise Compromise of 1850 Henry Clay Missouri would be a slave state Maine would be a free state Creation of 36’30’’ line – no slavery above that line in the Louisiana Territory only California would be a free state Harsher fugitive slave law New Mexico and Utah will use popular sovereignty to determine slavery In the Missouri Compromise, why did Missouri and Maine have to be admitted at the same time? What parts of each compromise would the South agree with, and which parts would the North agree with? 8.7(D): identify the provisions and compare the effects of congressional conflicts and compromises prior to the Civil War, including the role of Henry Clay So the number of slave and free states would stay equal in Congress South: Missouri slave state and harsher fugitive slave law North: Maine free state and California free state

31 Supreme Court’s decided…Dred Scott Decision The Story: ___________moved with his owner from a ________state to a _______ state. When his owner died, Scott sued for his ____________ Dred Scott slave free freedom Supreme Court’s decided… 1. Slaves were not citizens and could not bring lawsuit to court 2. Slaves were property 3. Congress could not ban slavery in territories 4. Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional 8.18(A): evaluate the impact on selected landmark Supreme Court Cases, including Dred Scott v. Sanford, on the life of the U.S.

32 Civil War Leaders Union Confederacy Abe Lincoln Jefferson DavisPresident General Other important individual President General Other important individual Abe Lincoln Jefferson Davis Ulysses S. Grant Robert E. Lee William Sherman Stonewall Jackson 8.18(A): evaluate the impact on selected landmark Supreme Court Cases, including Dred Scott v. Sanford, on the life of the U.S. William Carney: 1st African Am. to receive Congressional Medal of Honor Phillip Bazaar: 1st Hispanic to receive Congressional Medal of Honor

33 The Civil War Battles Battle Date What Happened Importance Fort SumterApril 12, 1861 South refused to give up fort, firing broke out but no one was injured First battle of the Civil War Antietam Sept 18, 1862 Confederate loss, bloodiest battle of war Lincoln used victory to issue Emancipation Proclamation Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 Confederate loss meant they would never invade Union again Lincoln gave Gettysburg Address after this battle Appomattox Courthouse April 9, 1865 Robert E. Lee (confederate commander) surrenders to Ulysses S. Grant (Union commander) Civil War is over, Union Victory Assassination of Lincoln April 15, 1865 John Wilkes Booth shoots Lincoln in Ford’s theatre Reconstruction will look very differently than what Lincoln wanted ? ? ? ? 8.8(B): Explain significant events of the Civil War, including the firing on Fort Sumter, the battles of Antietam, Gettysburg, and Vicksburg; the announcements of the Emancipation Proclamation, Lee’s surrender at Appomattox court house, and the assassination of Lincoln ?

34 Reconstruction 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Freed the slaves in the U.S. Gave citizenship to former enslaved people Allowed all male citizens the right to vote How did these amendments impact the American way of life? What time period later on in history will be effected by these amendments? Remember the phrase: “Free Citizens Vote” Free: 13th Citizens: 14th Vote: 15th These 3 amendments expanded the rights of African-Americans in the U.S. 8.16(B): Describe the impact of the 19th century amendments, including the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments on the life of the U.S. These amendments lay the foundation for the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s

35 Reconstruction Hiram Rhodes Revels:1st African Am. elected to Congress after Civil War Homestead Act: 160 acres of land, improvements-land was yours after 5 years Dawes Act: Native American families given 160 acres of farmland, remaining reservation land opened up to white settlers 8.16(B): Describe the impact of the 19th century amendments, including the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments on the life of the U.S. Morrill Act: Western lands for public colleges-state received 30,000 acres for every member of Congress-A&M universities