1 An Excerpt from Book 10 of the Florentine Codex 1540 – 1580 Traducido por: Angela Mayorga Beatrice Viramontes

2 Párrafo 1

3 In teuchichimeca, in quitoznequi, Particle – Teochichimeca, - particle – (-)-qui-(i)to(a) – z - nequi sub-obj-decir-futuro-querer,desear vel nelli chichimeca, huel – algo honesto/verdadero – chichimeca Particle meaning very, greatly, an intensifier – sub. anoço molhui chichimeca, Particle meaning perhaps – intensifier – chichimeca in ioan intoca çacachichimeca, Particle – ihuan – in-toca(itl) – çacachichimeca, - Meaning and / in addition – su nombre - in quitoznequi, çacatla, quauhtla in nemi: Particle – (-)-qui-(i)to(a)-z-nequi, - relational words – particle – vivir - sub-obj-decir-futuro-querer,desear – bosque,campo -

4 ca iehoantin in veca nemi Particle – ye-huan-tin – particle – hueca – vivir Clause intro – ya-con-abs.plu – esto – distante – vivir in quauhtla, in çacatla, Particle – relational word, - particle – relational word -Bosque - - campo, area sin gente o desarollo in ixtlaoacan in texcalla nemi: Particle – ixtlahuacan – particle – relational word – vivir Sus. Tierra plana sin gente - - lugar con piedras, rocas – vivir inique in acan vel inchan, Inic – particle – neg.particle – huel – in-chan Relational word - - nowhere – particle – pos-sustantivo How,because,that,since - - nowhere – very,greatly – su casa

5 Çan quiztinemi, çan otlatocatinemi, Particle – quiça-ti-nemi, - particle – o-tla-toca-ti-nemi, Only,just – emergir, revelar-ligatura-vivir - - indef.obj-seguir-ligatura-vivir çan panotinemi, ça ça ie vi in ie vi, Particle – pano-ti-nemi, - particle – particle – ye – hui – in – ye – hui Only,just – cruzar sobre una superficie - - - ya – aceptar/acompañar - - ya – aceptar/acompañar in canin inpan iooatiuh: Particle – interrogative – relational word – (i)youa-tiuh -- where (needs the inpan relational word) – in,on,for – pos.-night-pos. Vncan quitemoa in oztotol, Oncan – (-)qui-temoa – particle – sustantivo Particle:there – sub-obj-buscar – particle – cueva/cavidad in texcalli, vncan cochi. Particle – relational word – oncan – dormir Particle – peñasco(crag) – there – dormir

6 Párrafo 1 Traducido Los Teochichimeca, que quiere decir lo Chichimeca verdadero, o alomejor asi Chichimeca, que tambien tiene el nombre çacachichimeca, que quiere decir que en el bosque y campo libre viven. Ya con vivir en la distancia, el bosque y campo libre sin gente, vivir en lo vacio y sin desarollo, por esto en ningun lugar tienen un hogar y casa. Solo emergen y siguen por alli, cruzando y viajando por la tierra, por donde ya puedan ser aceptados. Cuando les cae la noche, alli donde esten, buscan cueva o peñasco para alli dormir.

7 Párrafo 2

8 Iz catqui in iiolizmatiliz inique y, chi- Chimeca, ca tlatecque, ca cenca vel quiximati in tecpatl, in itztli, in iiacac quiquetza, quitlalia in acatl, in mitoa mitl: auh ioan cenca vel quiximati in tez- catl, ca mochintin quititlani in tezcatl, mochipa intzintempan quimana: auh in iquac canapa vi, in vtlatoca, ca ce in teia- cana can motecpana, ca cenpanti, vmpa vnmotztivi in tezcac in intzintempan ma- mantiuh: ioan quixima, quichiqui in xi- vitl, in teuxi[vi]tl in incozqui, in incuecue- ioch in ipipilol: Here are the arts of these Chichimeca. They are cutters of stone, for they are very well acquainted with flint and obsidian; they set and place it at the tip of a reed, called an arrow. And they are also very well acquainted with mirrors, for they all use mirrors. They always put them on their lower backs, and when they go somewhere, as they go along, only one leads the way, and they go in order, in single file; they go along seeing themselves in the mir- rors that go placed on their various lower backs. They also shave and scrape tur-quoise, fine turquoise, to be their neck-laces, earrings, and pendants. Paragraph 2, 2o Parrafo

9 Iz catqui in iiolizmatiliz Particle ca- t(i) –quiParticle‘yolizmatiliztli’ “here” “to be” + t(i) ligature + Class 2 preterit“the”prudence, ingenuity “are” yoliz shortened from yoliliztli – life; mati– to know; liz- gerund literally “knowing life” Inique y, chichimeca, ca tlatecque, ca Inin – demonstrative “of”?Chichimeca“to be”tlatecqui “are” pronoun “this”(they impliedone who works Inique – plural “these”from “these”)w/ stones therefore, “are” cenca vel quiximati in tecpatl, in itztli, Particle ‘huel’ qui – (i)ximatiParticle‘tecpatl’ Particle ‘itztli’ “very” Particle qui – obj prefix of v.(“the”)“flint, (“the”) obsidian, sharp- “very” “him, her, it” knife of flint” bladed iximati – to be instrument of acquianted with obsidian in iiacac quiquetza, quitlalia in acatl, Particlefrom ‘yacatl’- qui – quetza qui – tlaliaParticle“reed” “the”nose, point qui – “him, her, it”qui – “him, her, it”(“the”) from a(tl)-c(a)-tl ‘quetza’ – to raise,‘tlalia’ – to put, atI - water make stand up, erectplace, set up, install ca-tl – inhabitant of

10 in mitoamitl: Particlem - itoa‘mitl’ (“the”)m - ?arrow itoa – v. to speak auhioan cencavel quiximatiin Particle –‘ihuan’ “very”‘huel qui – (i)ximati Particle Begins a new“and, inParticle qui – obj prefix of v.“the” Independentaddition”“very” “ him, her, it” Statement iximati – to be (like “And”) acquainted with tezcatl,camochintinquititlaniin ‘tezcalt’“are”moch(i)-in-tinqui – obj prefix of vParticle Mirrormoch(i) – all, everything “him, her, it”“the” in – taken from –im-, titlani – v. to send indicator of plurality tin – plural ending of nount after consonant stem *basically, “all” Tezcatlmochipaintzintempan ‘tezcatl’mochi - pain – tzintam(alli) – pan mirrormoch(i) – all, everythingin– poss. Prefix “their” -pa – suffix particle, toward or fromtzintam(alli) – “behind”, (lower back) -pan – relational, “on, in, etc”

11 quimana: auhin iquaccanapa qui – mana (And)Particle Particlec - ana -pa qui – obj prefix of v.(“the”) (“the”)c – obj. (“mirrors”) “him, her, it”ana – v. to take mana – v. to put -pa –relational suffix, “toward” vi, invtlatlocaça ce in hui – 3 rd person pl Particle‘o h tla h toca h ’Particle “one” Particle of yauh – to go “the”to go along the“merely” (“the”) “they go”road; to proceed teicanaçan motecpana,ça cenpanti ‘teyacanqui’ Particlemo – tecpanaParticle cempanti(h) – leader“only, just,mo – refl. prefix of v.“merely” “to be” or “go qui -> a?Merely, but”“themselves” in a single file” tecpana – literally to put in order or in a line vmpavnmotztiviin tezcac in ‘ompa’‘onmotztihui’Particle tezca(tl) – c Particle Particleon – mo – (i)tztiuh“the” tezcatl – mirror “the” “there”on – directional prefix, go in -c – relational, direction away fromref. point “in, at” mo – refl. pref. of v. “themsevles” (i)tztiuh – v. to go looking toward; to head toward

12 Intzintempan mamantiuhioan quixima, in – tzintam(alli) – pan mama –n- tiuh ‘ihuan’ qui - xima in– poss. Prefix “their” mama – to carry, bear“and, in qui – obj prefix tzintam(alli) – “behind”, n - ?addition” of v. “him,her,it” (lower back) -tiuh – auxiliary “to go”, xima – to shave -pan – relational, “on, in, etc” form of yauh as aux. progressive wood, stone, - “goes along doing” hair quichiqui in xivitl, inteoxi[vi]tl Qui- (i) h chiqui Particle‘xiuitl’ Particleteo – ‘xihuitl’ qui – obj. prefix of v. “the”certain green things “the”teo – combined “him, her, it” - i.e. turquoiseform can mean (i) h chiqui – v. to fine, fancy, large scrape, scratchxihuitl – turquoise in incozqui, in incuecueiochin Particle in – cozqui Particle in – c – huicallo Particle (“the”) in – poss. prefix of noun (“the”) in – poss. prefix of nount(“the”) “their” “their” cozqui – possessed form c - object of ‘cozcatl’ – neckclace huicallo – something that goes with something else Ipipilol: Pendants?

13 2o Párrafo Traducido Ingles: Here are the ‘ingenuities’ (literal; perhaps ‘arts’) of the Chichimeca, [who] are cutters of stone, and are very well acquianted with flint and obsidian, [which] they set and install on points of reeds, naming them arrows. And they are very well acquainted with mirrors. They put their mirrors on their behinds and with them they travel. As they proceed, the leaders puts them in one line, in a single file line, bearing the mirrors on their behinds. They also shave and scrape turquoise, fine turquoise, (for) their necklaces, and other complementary jewelry pieces. Espanol: Aqui estan los artes de los Chichimecas, quienes son cortadores de piedra y quienes conozen muy bien al pedernal y al obsidiano, cuyo pedazos los instalan en las puntas de piezas de caña, llamandolas flechas. Tambien conozen muy bien a los espejos. Ponen sus espejos sobre sus sentaderas cuando viajan. Al viajar, el lider los ordena en una sola fila, con los espejos sobre sus sentaderas. Tambien trabajan piedra turquesa, muy fina, para sus collares y otras joyas.

14 Párrafo 3

15 Ioan quiximati in xiuitl, Huan – (-)qui-(i)ximati – particle – sustantivo ademas – sub.-obj.-reconocer – particle – hiervas/cosas verdes/cosa del año In tlanelhoatl in quenami, In – tlanelhuatl – in_quenami(h) Particle – raiz/fundación – como(how-interrogative) in quen ihiio, iehoantin Particle - interrogative – (i)ihiyo (tl), - yehuantin Particle – como/how – su aliento – indep.pronoun-ellos(they) intlaiximach in mitoa peiotl: in_tla-iximat(i) – particle – mi(tl)-(ih)toa – peyotl particle-_indef.obj/something-reconocer – particle – flecha-cuidar/encargarse – peyote:

16 Inique, y, in quiqua in peiotl, Inic – I – particle – cuicua – particle – peyotl Relational word/como/para/desde entonces – beber – - – cantar - - peyote Vctli ipan in quipoa, octli – posesivo-sustantivo – particle – (-)qui-pohua, Pulque – su pan – particle – sub.obj.contar/leer/tener orgullo/completar in anoço nanacatl, mocentlalia Particle – particle – sustantivo, - mo-centlalia Particle – alomejor – hongos – ref. – reunir/juntar/organizar Cana ixtlaoacan, monechicoa: (-)C-ana – ixtlahuacan, - mo-nechicoa: Sub.-obj.tomar – campo – ref.-juntar/recoger/reunir: Vncan mitotia, cuica ceioal, cemilhuitl: Oncan – m(o)-itotia – cuica - (i)cehual(li) - cemilhuitl Alli – ref.bailar – cantar – sus sombras – todo el dia/un dia entero:

17 Auh in imuztlaioc, oc ceppa Particle – particle – i(m)-moztlayoc, - oc_ceppa (particle) Indica nueva idea – - – posesivo (su) – sus. (el dia despues de algo) – otra vez Mocentlalia choca, cenca choca Mo-centlalia – llorar, - particle – llorar Ref.-reunir – llorar – very/greatly (general intensifier) – llorar Quil mixpaca, ic quichipaoa Particle – mix(tli)-paca, - relational word – (-)qui-chipahua Ellos dicen/es dicho que – nube-lavar algo – adverbial sense – sub (el/ellos)- obj (eso)-limpiar/purificar in imixtelolo: Particle – im-ixtelolo(tli): Particle – su(s) – ojo (eyeball):

18 Párrafo 3 Traducido Ademas ellos reconocen las hierbas, y verduras del año, conocen su aliento y como originaron. Fueron ellos los que reconocen y directamente se encargan del peyote. Entonces en su beber y cantar, aye peyote, en que se cuenta como su pulque, pan, y hasta hongos. Se junta alli en el campo para tomar, bailar y cantar en sus sombras todo el dia. Para ellos, el proximo dia se juntan de nuevo y lloran, lloran mucho. Es dicho que asi se purifica y se limpian lo nuboso de los ojos.

19 Párrafo 4

20 ioan hivicaloque, amanteca, ca quichi-oa, ca quicaloa in cocoiaoalolli: ioan cue- tlaxoaoanque, tlaiamanilique: ipampa in ixquich imeoaquen chichimeca, ioan im- eoacue in incioaoa, ca iehoantin quiia- mania, quioaoana: They are also gluers of feathers, feather Workers, for they make and glue together a round device of yellow parrot feathers. They are also curers and softeners of hides, because all the clothing of the Chichimeca is of leather, and their women’s skirts are leather; they (the women) soften it and scrape it. Paragraph 4, 4o Parrafo

21 ioan hiviçaloque,amantecacaquichioa, ‘ihuan’ qui? – çalo – que plural of amantecatl“are”qui - obj. prefix of “and, in qui – obj. pref.of v.- artisan, sometimesverb, “him, her, it” addition” “him, her, it” specifically a‘chihua’ – to do, çalo - to glue feather worker. make, engender -que – preterit plural “feather workers” “they glued” ca quicaloa,in coçoiaoalolli: (introductoryqui – obj. prefix of v.Particle ‘coçoyahualolli’ - particle) caloa – v. to glue“the” a round device made something, make with feathers of a things stick together yellow parrot coçotl – parrot yahualoa – patientive ioan cuetlaxoaoanque,tlaiamanilique: ‘ihuan’ listed as ‘cuetlaxhuahuanqui’ -listed as ‘tlayamanilin’ - “and, in curer of hidessoftener/curer of hides addition” -que – preterit plural -que – preterit plural therefore, “curers of hides”therefore, “softeners of hides” ipampa inixquich imeoaquen -pampa – relational, Particlequantifier, im – ‘ehuaquemitl’ “because of” “the”“everything, all, im – poss. Prefix of noun, “their” a certain amount” listed as ‘ehuaquem-itl’ – clothing of hides of leather

22 Chichimeca,ioan inincioaoaca Chichimeca‘ihuan’ Particlein – cihua(tl) – hua“are” “and, in “the”in – poss. Prefix of n. addition” “their” cihua(tl) - woman, in compounds indicates the female of anything hua – possesor of Iehoantin quiiamaniaquioaoana ‘yehauntin’ - qui – ‘yamania’qui - huahuana Independent pronounqui – obj. prefix of v.qui – obj. prefix of v. “they, those”“her, him, it”“her, him, it” yamania – v. to softenhuahuana – v. to scrape, make stripes somethingor striations in something, cure hides.

23 4o Párrafo Traducido Ingles: And they, the featherworkers glued feathers, gluing them together [and] making a round device made with feathers of a yellow parrot. And they were also curers and softeners of hides because all of the clothing of the Chichimeca is made of leather, and the women’s ‘clothing’ (literal, though must refer to skirt, as Anderson and Dibble claim, since this is the piece of clothing that must have been specific to women) is made of leather; and they [the women] soften and scrape/cure the hides. Espanol: Y los trabajadores de pluma pegaban las plumas, construyendo un objeto hecho de plumas de un perico de plumas amarillas. Tambien eran preparadores de cuero, raspando y ablandandola, porque toda la ropa de los Chichimeca era de cuero, y las faldas de las mujeres eran de cuero; ellas [las mujeres] ablandaban y raspaban las piezas de cuero.

24 Párrafo 5

25 auh in aço itla tlaqualli quixca, Part.–part.–a(h)ço (part.)– quantifier/something – comida – (-)qu(i)-ixca Empiezo de nueva idea - - alomejor - - - - el.eso(la comida).asar/cocinar al horno quitleoatza, anoço quipaoaci: (-)qui-tlehuatza, - particle – (-)qui-pahuaci: el-eso-asar a la parilla(broil)–alomejor–el-eso-hervir-cocinar en una olla amo iehoan quitequipanoa in Particle – yehuan – (-)qui-tequipanoa – particle Negative – indep.pronoun They – el-eso-trabajar/servir a alguien Oquichtin, çan iehoan in cioa: Oquich-tin, - particle – yehuan – particle – cihua(tl): Hombre absolutivo – solamente, justo – ellos – mujer Ipampa cenca quimalhuia in imixtelolo, i-pampa – particle – (-)qui-malhuia – particle – im-ixtelolo, - Rel. de parte de – intensifier/very – sub-obj-cuidar algo muy bien – sus ojos

26 amo quititlani in poctli, Neg.particle – (-)qui-titlani – particle – sustantivo Neg.particle – sub-obj-mandar recados – particle – humo Quil quimixitlacoa, ca cenca veca Particle – (-)qui-mix(tl)-itlacoa, to be/stative – particle – hueca Part.-sub-obj-nube-dañar – - – very,greatly – particle (distant) Tlachia inique, y, chichimeca: Tlachiuh-tli – inic – i – sustantivo Algo hecho o creado – relational word(como, para, porque) – beber - - Ioan cenca tlatlamelauhcaittani, Yehuan – particle – tla-tlamelauh-ca-itta-ni, Ellos – very/greatly – algo – ir directo – ligature – ver – agentive ending ca in tlein quimina, amo oppa, expa, Indica nueva frase – part.- interrogativo, que–qui(m)mina,-neg.part – part, - part Part – part. – que – ellos/el-disparar – neg.part – dos veces – tres veces

27 Quitlaxilia çan cen: in manel (-)qui-tlaça-app. – particle – siempre: - particle – particle Sub-obj-lanzar/dejar ir –app – justo,solo- -: - part. – aunque Cenca tepiton, amo quineoa, in manel Particle – quantifier, - neg. particle – (-)quin-ehua, - part. – part. Mucho, intensifier-un poco, - neg.part. – sub-obj-cantar, levantar - - aunque Noço veca ca, vel quimina, amo quineoa, Part. – hueca (part.) – part. – huel – (-)qui(m)-mina, - neg.part. – (-)quin-ehua, Or – distant – part., - intensifier – ellos/el – disparar, - neg.part – sub.obj.cantar Amo no quezquipa in quintlaxilia. amo.no – particle – particl e- (-)quin-tlaça-ilia Ninguno/ni – algunas veces/muchas veces – sub-obj (cosas)-lanzar/dejar ir – app.

28 Párrafo 5 Traducido En Espanol: En buenos tiempos con comida, ellos la asaban en el horno, en la parilla, y la hervian en una olla. Los hombres no servian a nadia, sino solamente las mujeres porque [los hombres] tenian que cuidar muy bien a sus ojos. No hacian contacto con el humo, algo que creaban los Chichimeca [para cocinar], porque danaba bien mucho a sus ojos. Los Chichimeca veian cosas muy lejanas. Ellos no disparaban dos veces, ni tres veces, lanzaban [flechas] solo una vez. Aunque era un poco, aunque no era mucho, celebraban. Aunque era lejos, ellos no disparaban mucho y celebraban. Ninguno lanzaba muchas veces. En Ingles: In good times of food, they baked, grilled, and boiled the food. The men did not serve the food, only the women did, because the men had to take very good care of their eyes. They did not make contact with the smoke, which the Chichimeca produced for cooking, because it damaged the eyes very much. The Chichimeca saw things far away. They did not shoot [arrows] twice, nor thrice, instead only once. Although it was not much, they celebrated. Although it was far and they did not shoot [arrows] often, they celebrated. None of them shot [arrows] multiple times.

29 El Fin