1 Anatomy and Physiology- Unit C

2 Discuss the role of major systems of small animals.Essential Standard 5.00 Discuss the role of major systems of small animals.

3 Objective 5.01 Discuss the role of major body systems of small animals.

4 Basic Anatomy TerminologyCheek- fleshy side of the face Dewlap- loose skin under the chin (female rabbits) Elbow- upper joint of the front leg Flank- fleshy part of the side between ribs and rump (croup) Foot pad- part that the animal walks on Guard hair- longer coarse hair above the shorter under fur (protection from rain and cold)

5 Basic Anatomy TerminologyHock- tarsal joint halfway up the hind limb Muzzle- projecting jaw (nose and mouth) Nose pad Tip of the nose Used for investigating food and unfamiliar objects Called the nose leather in cats

6 Basic Anatomy TerminologyRump- upper rounded part of the hindquarter (a.k.a. croup) Shoulder- above the elbow of the fore leg Stifle- joint above the hock Thigh- area between the rump and hock Whiskers- long hairs growing near the mouth

7 Basic Anatomy Terminology- BirdsCrown top of the head Ear covert feathers covering the ears Nape back of the neck Orbital ring ring around the eye

8 Basic Anatomy Terminology- Fish, Amphibians, and ReptilesBrille transparent layer covering eyes Eyelid for snakes Fins Web of skin supported with bone or cartilage rods Enables fish to move through water

9 Basic Anatomy Terminology- Fish, Amphibians, and ReptilesGills Major organ of the respiratory system Breath without lungs Scales Modified portion of the epidermal layer Provides protection Fish and reptiles Scutes Epidermal scales found on turtles

10 Skeletal System Purpose-to protect vital body organs and give form or shape to the body Skull protects brain Ribs protect lungs and internal organs Spinal column or backbone protects the spinal cord and provides shape to the animal.

11 Skeletal System Axial skeleton Vertebral column Ribs Sternum skull

12 Dog Skeleton

13 Dog Skeleton

14 Skeletal System Pectoral limb front limbs shoulders, legs and feetscapula (shoulder blade) humerus (arm) radius and ulna (forearm) carpals, metacarpals and phalanges (toes)

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16 http://www. biology. ualberta. ca/courses. hp/zoo. 225/Catskeleton

17 Skeletal System Pelvic limb rear legs and pelvic bones hooks pin bonesfemur (upper leg bone) tibia and fibula (lower leg bones) Tarsals (hocks) Metatarsals (feet) Phalanges (toes)

18 Rabbit Skeleton

19 Rabbit Skeleton

20 Skeletal System-BirdsHave some unique bones unlike mammals Most have a skull bone that elongates toward the front of the head Some have a skull with an upper beak fused to it while other birds have hinges on both upper and lower mandibles giving it more flexibility

21 http://www. enchantedlearning. com/subjects/birds/printouts/Skeleton

22 Internal Anatomy Heart major organ in the circulatory system3 muscle layers

23 Circulatory System Myocardium Endocardium Epicardiumsecond layer muscle that makes up the thickness of the heart Endocardium thin layer inside myocardium Epicardium thin cover over the myocardium Other parts of the circulatory system are the arteries, capillaries, veins and blood

24 Layers of the Heart

25 Heart

26 Circulatory System- FunctionsTransports nutrients metabolic waste oxygen Protects against microbes and injury

27 Kidneys and Bladder Part of the excretory systemrids the body of waste maintain chemical composition volume of blood regulates tissue fluid

28 Stomach and IntestinesMajor part of digestive system breaks food down into smaller pieces to be used by the body Nutrients are gleaned from these food materials

29 Lungs Part of the respiratory systemoxygen is taken in by the nose, passed on to the lungs and then goes into the blood

30 Nervous System Brains, spinal cord, and nervesCoordinator of all body activities Regulates other systems Controls memory and learning

31 Reproductive system Ovaries and testesEgg Sperm Help produce new individuals of the same species

32 Muscular System Muscles Movement Posture Support Produces heat

33 Assignment Get a sheet of paper off the back table.Draw a sketch of the heart Label the parts of the heart

34 Digestive System Monogastric (non ruminants)Non ruminants = Single-stomached Monogastric (non ruminants) includes all of the small animals Cats Dogs Rabbits Birds

35 Rabbits Different than other small animals Non-ruminant herbivoresConsume a lot of roughage System is similar to equine: Large cecum and colon between the small and large intestines contains bacteria

36 Rabbit Digestive System

37 Rabbits Rabbits eat undigested feces CoprophagyUsually occurs late night or early morning Makes use of undigested material so they can make full use of bacteria in cecum

38 Birds Unique system for breaking down food Lack teethSaliva is added to aid in swallowing Very little breakdown in the mouth Gizzard Largest digestive organ Grinds and crushes food before passing to small intestine

39 Digestive System- Bird

40 Digestive Process of Non-RuminantsFood is broken down in mouth (except birds) Passes to the stomach Small Intestine Primary absorption site - carbs, fats, proteins Large Intestine Absorption of Water from undigested food Addition of mucus – aids in passing waste

41 Fish Digestive System Systems varyType of feed determines teeth Some fish swallow their prey whole while others chew it up

42 Fish digestive system

43 Reproduction in Small AnimalsSexual Reproduction is the union of egg and sperm to product a new animal. Two parents required: Male furnishes sperm Female supplies egg or ovum

44 Sexual Terminology Conception EstrusCreation of new life by fertilization Union of egg and sperm Estrus Heat period Female is receptive to breeding Stand for mating

45 Estrus- Stand for mating

46 Sexual Terminology Gestation Ovulation Parturition Period of pregnancyBegins at conception ends at parturition Ovulation Release of egg Parturition Process of giving birth

47 Female Reproductive AnatomyOvary Primary reproductive organ Produces the female gamete (egg) Gamete Sex cell that unites with other sex cells Embryo Developing young Mammals Enters uterus after 3-5 days

48 Female Reproductive AnatomyUterus Place of embryo growth and development Cervix Part of uterus that contains rings Cervical mucus Seals uterus during pregnancy

49 Female Reproductive AnatomyVagina Reproductive passageway Urine excretion Vulva External opening of reproductive tract

50 Male Reproductive AnatomyTesticle Primary organ Produces male gametes Externally held in scrotum Controls temperature Sheath Fold of skin Protective covering

51 Gestation Time from conception to parturition (birth)Varies for each species General Characteristics Increase size of breast and abdomen and appetite Restlessness End of gestation

52 End of Gestation Pocket pets and rabbits Dogs and catsNesting box should be provided Wood shavings Straw Paper Dogs and cats Birthing box One to three weeks prior Helps them to get comfortable with the setting

53 Gestation Period Species Period (days) Cats 51-65 (7-9 weeks) DogsRabbits 30-32 (4-4.5 weeks) Hamsters 16 Gerbils 24-26 Rats 21-24 Mice Guinea Pig 56-74 Ferrets 42

54 Examine the role of nutrition in the support of animal life.Essential Standard 6.00 Examine the role of nutrition in the support of animal life.

55 Objective 6.01 Discuss the nutritional requirements of small animals including deficiency symptoms and functions.

56 Nutrition Process by which animals receive a proper and balanced food and water ration so it can grow, maintain its body, reproduce, and perform.

57 Nutrients Substance or feedstuff that is necessary for an organism to live and grow Single group of foods of the same general chemical composition that supports animal life There are six basic nutrients

58 Water More important nutrient than any other nutrientmakes up 55-65% of an animal’s body

59 Water Aids in digestion Dissolves and transports nutrientsRegulates body temperature Carries waste from the body Supports respiration

60 Proteins Complex nutrients composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen Develop and repairing body organs and tissues muscles, nerves, skin, hair, hooves, and feathers

61 Proteins Production of milk, wool, and eggsReproduction process of the developing fetus Developing the young Transmitting DNA

62 Carbohydrates Converting of food into energyMade up of chemical elements Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Supports breathing and digesting

63 Carbohydrates Production of heat for body warmth Stores fatTypes of carbohydrates Sugars Starch fiber

64 Fats Chemical elements ofCarbon Hydrogen Oxygen Same elements as carbohydrates but different combinations

65 Fats Fats contain 2.25 times more energyAid in absorbing fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K Provides the essential fatty acids needed in an animal’s diet

66 Vitamins Organic substances needed for specific biochemical reactionsA,B, C, D, E and K Needed in small amounts

67 Vitamins Regulation of body glands Digestive system AbsorptionMetabolism The chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life. In metabolism some substances are broken down to yield energy for vital processes while other substances, necessary for life, are synthesized.

68 Minerals Supply the material for building the skeleton and producing regulators such as enzymes and hormones Divided into 2 groups Macro Micro

69 Macro vs. Micro Macro MicroSeven major minerals needed in largest quantity and most likely lacking in the ration Micro Nine trace minerals needed in small amounts

70 Macro-minerals Phosphorus Calcium Sulfur Magnesium PotassiumSodium and chlorine Sulfur Magnesium

71 Micro-minerals Iron Iodine Copper Cobalt Manganese Zinc MolybdenumSelenium Fluorine

72 Nutrient DeficienciesSlow growth (common of all nutrients) Water deficiency Overheating slowdown in normal body functions occurs Carbohydrates lack of energy Lack of normal body functions loss of body heat

73 Nutrient DeficienciesProteins Normal growth development and repairing of body organs ex: muscles, nerves, skin, hair, hooves, and feathers suffers Protein deficiency may result Anorexia Anemia Edema Slow growth rate Low birth weight of young Lower milk production Decreased feed efficiency

74 Nutrient DeficienciesFats Provides energy aids in absorption of fat-soluble vitamins Vitamins various body functions will suffer when vitamins are lacking Depends on the vitamins in question

75 Nutrient DeficienciesMineral deficiency low rate of gains poor feed efficiency decreased reproduction decrease in milk, meat, eggs, and wool production

76 Objective 6.02 Distinguish between feeding programs for small animals.

77 Nutrient Use Maintenance Growth keeping constantno gain or loss of weight usually high in carbohydrates and fats Growth increase in body size rations high in energy and protein

78 Nutrient Use ReproductionFailures are a major result from poor nutrition Contains a large amount of protein, minerals, and vitamins Improper nutrition can affect conception rates and breeding ability

79 Reproduction Babies that are underweight at birth, or which become an aborted fetus are often the result of improper nutrition to female during gestation

80 Nutrient Use Lactation Time during which females are producing milkRequires the proper nutrients to have large milk production

81 Lactation Diet high in protein, calcium, and phosphorus.The same nutrients contained in the milk are the same needed by a lactating female

82 Nutrient Use Work and activityIncreased amounts of fats and carbohydrates are needed in a working diet to supply the extra energy needed Hunting dogs need special diets because they require energy to chase after game

83 Feeding Terminology Diet Amount and type of feedstuff is based upon:Feed and water that an animal uses Amount and type of feedstuff is based upon: Animal Needs Kind of and amounts of nutrients contained in feed Palatability- digestible and appeals to the animal A good nutritious feed is only good if it is eaten

84 Feeding Terminology Feed classifications Roughages (or forages)made up of leaves and the plants tender stems

85 Feeding Terminology Concentratesrecommended for small animals as a regular part of their diet High energy Corn, wheat, sorghum, barley, rye, oats High protein Soybean meal, cottonseed oil meal, sunflower meal

86 Feeding Terminology Supplements Ration contains a specific nutrientfeed that contains the right amount and proportion of nutrients

87 Specific Diets Dogs and Cats Commercial feed is the bestPuppies need diet higher in protein than adults and food intake is regulated by activity Cats need 2X the protein of dogs 10% of their diet should be fat

88 Rabbits Pellet type of commercial feed is bestAvoid feeding too much leafy green vegetables

89 Pocket Pets Best to use pellet type commercial feedIf mixing ration; should have a wide range of food

90 Pocket Pets Gerbils Rats Ferrets Need a little green food in dietCan have dog food substituted Ferrets Can eat cat food

91 Pocket Pets Mice Guinea pigs Will not overeatNeed solid food to dull their teeth and a certain amount of Vitamin C

92 Amphibians & Reptiles Prefer to eat animals if large enough Tadpoleseat pellets of rabbit, dog, or cat food Turtles Pieces of liver Strawberries and other fruits

93 Amphibians & Reptiles Snakes (in captivity) LizardsFull grown can learn to eat canned dog food Variety of insects Baby rodents Frogs and toads Lizards Most eat insects

94 Birds Diet mostly consists of seedsIncluding cereal seeds and oil seeds Fruit and nectar birds Oranges Grapes Apple slices

95 Fish Diet is affected by water temperatureHigher temperature Increased food intake Variety of food should be given to decrease boredom

96 Fish Amount fish is fed should be amount it can eat in a few minutes to avoid contaminating water Smaller fish Flaked food Larger Fish Shrimp Krill Plankton