1 ANDER DELGADO University of the Basque Country UPV/EHUIkastola or the Basque educational cooperatives in Franco’s dictatorship and Transition to Democracy ANDER DELGADO University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU MANCHESTER, 5 July 2012

2 CONTENTS Definition of Ikastola Brief overview of its creationReason why the co-operative became an institutional form 2

3 “School to make Spaniards”1.- Definition of Ikastola Ikastola: “Basque Schools” vs. “School to make Spaniards” SABINO ARANA GOIRI (1865 – 1903)

4 1.- Definition of IkastolaSchools which taught the majority of the subjects in the Basque language or euskera. They established a specific curriculum that took into account the Basque culture, history, traditions, etc. 4

5 House-Schools (semi-clandestine) Schools (open to society)2.- Overview of its creation House-Schools (semi-clandestine) Schools (open to society) 5

6 Number of ikastolas founded 2.- Overview of creation Number of ikastolas founded in the Basque Country and Navarre each year over the period Fuente: SIADECO, Estudio socio-lingüístico del euskera, vol. III, tomo VII (Las Ikastolas en el País Vasco), San Sebastián: Siadeco, [1977], p. 21.

7 Total number of ikastolas over the 1960-1980 period2.- Overview of creation Total number of ikastolas over the period Fuente: I. Fernández, Oroimenaren hitza. Ikastolen historia , Bilbao: UEU, 1994, 198.

8 Total number of pupils of the Ikastolas (1964-1981)2.- Overview of creation Total number of pupils of the Ikastolas ( ) Fuente: F. Basurto, “La normalización de la ikastola: breve historia y estado de la cuestión de la Escuela Pública Vasca”, Historia de la Educación, nº 8, 1989, pp , 148.

9 (The Basque Country and Navarre):2.- Overview of creation Academic year 1981/1982 (The Basque Country and Navarre): Nursery Schools (2 – 5 years): 22 % Primary Schools (6 – 13 years): 9 % 9

10 Legal and educational context Mondragon co-operatives Popular movement10

11 THANK YOU – ESKERRIK ASKO