1 AP BIO Review Cells Structure/Function Membranes, & SignalingKelly Riedell Brookings Biology Remember: Biology is more than "just the facts". It's all about connections. (That said... you have to know the vocab and concepts to be able to see the "big picture" and make those connections)
2 Name the colored part What is it made of? Give its function ROUGH ERNetwork of membranes with ribosomes attached “Intracellular highway” Transport proteins made on its ribosomes Essential knowledge 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes. b. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) occurs in two forms: smooth and rough. [See also 2.B.3] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum functions to compartmentalize the cell, serves as mechanical support, provides site-specific protein synthesis with membrane-bound ribosomes and plays a role in intracellular transport.
3 Name the structural polysaccaride that provides support here?Name the colored part Name the structural polysaccaride that provides support here? Give the function Cell wall cellulose Provides support & protection Essential knowledge 2.B.1.4 c. Cell walls provide a structural boundary, as well as a permeability barrier for some substances to the internal environments. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Plant cell walls are made of cellulose and are external to the cell membrane.
4 Which of these proteins is a peripheral protein? Which of these proteins is a peripheral protein? B; sticks on the surface of the membrane 2.B.1.b.1 Cell membranes consist of a structural framework of phospholipid molecules, embedded proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.
5 Plasma membrane Ribosomes Cytoskeleton DNAName some cell parts found in all cells Plasma membrane Ribosomes Cytoskeleton DNA Essential knowledge 1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. a. Structural and functional evidence supports the relatedness of all domains LO 1.15 The student is able to describe specific examples of conserved core biological processes and features shared by domains or within one domain of life, and how these shared, conserved core processes and features support the concept of common ancestry for all organisms [See SP 7.2]
6 Plasma (Cell) membraneName the colored part What is it made of? Give its function Plasma (Cell) membrane Mainly phospholipids & proteins with cholesterol (animals), glycoproteins, and glycolipids Acts as boundary to separate internal/external environment; Controls what enters and leaves cell (selectively permeable) 2.B.1.a Cell membranes separate the internal environment of the cell from the external environment 2.B.1.b 1. Cell membranes consist of a structural framework of phospholipids molecules, embedded proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids
7 How is a fat different than a phospholipid? Draw a picture showing the components used to make a FAT molecule. What kind of reaction joins the “pieces”? How is a fat different than a phospholipid? How does adding unsaturated fatty acid tails change whether the fat is solid or liquid at room temperature? 4.A.1.a.3. In general, lipids are nonpolar; however phospholipids exhibit structural properties , with polar regions that interact with other polar molecules such as water, and with nonpolar regions where differences in saturation determine the structure and function of lipids
8 FAT = 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid tailsJoined by dehydration synthesis Phospholipid = 1 glycerol + 2 fatty acid tails + 1 phosphate group
9 MAKE A FAT GLYCEROL 3 FATTY ACIDS
10 PHOSPHOLIPID
11 STRUCTURE/FUNCTION! Learn more UNSATURATED FA’s put “kinks” in tailsCan’t pack as tightly. Learn more UNSATURATED Fats = liquid at room temperature. Saturated fats = solid at room temperature.
12 Name the colored part Smooth ER Give its functionIn most cells: it makes lipids (phospholipids/steroids) Muscle cells: regulates calcium (sarcoplasmic reticulum) Liver cells: breaks down toxins Essential knowledge 4.A.2:. b. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) occurs in two forms: smooth and rough. [See also 2.B.3] of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: In most cases, smooth ER synthesizes lipids.
13 Compare basic organelles in plant cells vs bacterial cellsPLANTS Bacteria Eukaryotes prokaryotes Have chloroplasts No chloroplasts Cellulose in cell wall peptidoglycan in cell wall Big vacuole no vacuole nucleus no nucleus Membrane bound organelles No membrane bound organelles Essential knowledge 1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. b. Structural evidence supports the relatedness of all eukaryotes {See also 2.B.3, 4.A.2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can chose an illustrative example such • Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement morphological integrity and organelle transport • Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts) • Linear chromosomes • Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope LO 1.15 The student is able to describe specific examples of conserved core biological processes and features shared by domains or within one domain of life, and how these shared, conserved core processes and features support the concept of common ancestry for all organisms [See SP 7.2]
14 Explain why this tail on the left is bent?Image from: Identify this molecule and use the words: hydrophobic, hydrophilic, polar, non-polar to identify the parts of this molecule. Explain why this tail on the left is bent? Tails are non-polar and hydrophobic Head is polar and hydrophilic Fatty acid tail is unsaturated. It has a double bond which puts a “kink” in the tail 4.a.1.3. In general lipids are nonpolar; however, phospholipids exhibit structural properties, with polar regions that interact with other polar molecules such as water, and with nonpolar regions where differences in saturation the determine the structure and function of lipids [ See also 1.D.1, 2.A.3, 2.B.1]
15 Name the colored part What is it made of? Give its functionGolgi body (apparatus) Name the colored part What is it made of? Give its function Stacks of membrane sacs called cisternae Modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials received from Rough ER for transport; Make lysosomes Essential knowledge 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes. c. The Golgi complex is a membrane-bound structure that consists of a series of flattened membrane sacs (cisternae).[See also 2.B.3] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of the following: Functions of the Golgi include synthesis and packaging of materials (small molecules) for transport (in vesicles), and production of lysosomes.
16 Hydrophobic; non-polarDescribes molecules that try to stay away from water or other polar molecules Hydrophobic; non-polar Scale used to measure acidity pH Vocab
17 Describe the pathway a protein hormone like insulin might Animation from: Describe the pathway a protein hormone like insulin might follow from where it is made until it is secreted by a pancreas cell. -made by RIBOSOMES attached to ROUGH ER -inserted into and transported through the ROUGH ER - travel in a vesicle to a nearby GOLGI BODY (complex) -modified, sorted, and packaged into a transport vesicle by GOLGI BODY - Shipped to plasma membrane where it leaves cell by exocytosis 4.A.2.a Ribosomes … site of protein synthesis 4.A.2.b.1 Rough ER . . Protein synthesis with membrane-bound ribosomes and plays role in intracellular transport. 4.A.2.c.1.Golgi complex . . Synthesis and packaging of materials (small molecules) for transport (in vesicles) LO 4.4 The student is able to make a prediction about the interactions of subcellular organelles [ See SP 6.4]
18 Name the structural polysaccharide used to make plants sturdycellulose Special kind of nucleotide used by cells to store the energy released from burning glucose. ATP RIBOSE Image by Riedell Essential knowledge 4.A.1: The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule
19 Tell which part does it? flagella ciliaIntracellular highway _____________ Few long structures on surface of cells that help in movement _____________ Few short structures on surface of cells that help move cell or move substances past cell ______________ rough ER flagella cilia 4.A.2 The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions provide essential cellular processes
20 Cellular respiration Burn glucose and store energy as ATPName the colored part What is the folded membrane inside called? Give its function mitochondria cristae Cellular respiration Burn glucose and store energy as ATP Essential knowledge 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes. d. Mitochondria specialize in energy capture and transformation. [See also 2.A.2, 2.B.3] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Mitochondria have a double membrane that allows compartmentalization within the mitochondria and is important to its function. 2. The outer membrane is smooth, but the inner membrane is highly convoluted, forming folds called cristae. 3. Cristae contain enzymes important to ATP production; cristae also increase the surface area for ATP production.
21 Image from: https://s-media-cache-ak0. pinimgA small membrane bound sac in a eukaryotic cell used to transport substances around inside a cell vesicle 4.A.2 The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions provide essential cellular processes 4.A.2.c.1 Functions of the Golgi include synthesis and packaging of materials (small molecules) for transport (in vesicles)
22 Essential knowledge 4.A.1: The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule Carbohydrates made from 2-10 sugar molecules like those found in glycoproteins are called _____________ Compare the molecules found in the cell walls of the following: Plants Bacteria Fungi oligosaccharides cellulose peptidoglycan chitin Essential knowledge 2.B.1.4 c. Cell walls provide a structural boundary, as well as a permeability barrier for some substances to the internal environments. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Plant cell walls are made of cellulose and are external to the cell membrane. 2. Other examples are cells walls of prokaryotes and fungi.
23 A = ___________________ B = ___________________ Label A = ___________________ B = ___________________ C = ___________________ D = ___________________ E = ___________________ Outer membrane Intermembrane space cristae matrix cytoplasm Essential knowledge 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes. d. Mitochondria specialize in energy capture and transformation. [See also 2.A.2, 2.B.3] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Mitochondria have a double membrane that allows compartmentalization within the mitochondria and is important to its function. 2. The outer membrane is smooth, but the inner membrane is highly convoluted, forming folds called cristae.
24 Identify the location of hydrophobic and hydrophilic Image from: https://askabiologist.asu.edu/sites/default/files/resources/activities/body_depot/venom/aquaporin_cartoon_large.jpg Identify the location of hydrophobic and hydrophilic R-groups in the integral proteins that make up transport proteins in cell membranes. Essential knowledge 4.A.1. The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule a.2 The R groups of an amino acid can be categorized by chemical properties (hydrophobic, hydrophilic and ionic) and the interactions of these R groups determine structure and function of that region of the protein [1.D.1, 2.A.3, 2.B.1] 2.B.1.3. Embedded proteins can be hydrophilic, with charged and polar side groups, or hydrophobic, with nonpolar side groups
25 Name a cell part that would use this moleculeIt is an amino acid; ribosomes use it to make proteins Name the cell part that makes this molecule mitochondria
26 Which cell organelle participates in this process? Name the process in human embryos by which your fingers and toes formed from paddle-like structures and your tail disappeared? Which cell organelle participates in this process? Apoptosis= autophagy lysosomes 2.E.1.c Programmed cell death plays a role in the normal development and differentiation. Students should be able to demonstrate understanding of the above concept by using an illustrative example such as: Morphogenesis of fingers and toes Essential knowledge 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes. e. Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed sacs that contain hydrolytic enzymes, which are important in intracellular digestion, the recycling of a cell's organic materials and programmed cell death (apoptosis). Lysosomes carry out intracellular digestion in a variety of ways. [See also 2.B.3]
27 Compare and contrast CHITIN and CELLULOSEImages from: https://www.colourbox.com/preview/ the-structural-formula-of-cellulose-polymer.jpg Compare and contrast CHITIN and CELLULOSE Both are structural polysaccharides made from β-glucose monomers Chitin has nitrogen groups attached to its β-glucose monomers. Essential knowledge 4.A.1: The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule
28 Help separate chromosomes during mitosis in animal cells Name this cell part centriole What is it made out of? Give a function Microtubule proteins Help separate chromosomes during mitosis in animal cells 4.A.2 The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions provide essential cellular processes
29 A = ___________________ B = ___________________ Label A = ___________________ B = ___________________ C = ___________________ D = ___________________ E = ___________________ Thylakoid sacs Thylakoid space granum stroma cytoplasm 4.A.2.g..3. Chloroplasts have a double outer membrane that creates a compartmentalized structure, which supports its function. Within the chloroplasts are membrane-bound structures called thylakoids. Energy-capturing reactions housed in the thylakoids are organized in stacks, called "grana,“ Carbon fixation occurs in the stroma,
30 Tell which part does it? Plasma (cell) membrane CentriolesBurns glucose and stores energy released as ATP _____________ Controls what enters or leaves the cell _______________ Log shaped structures that help guide chromosomes apart during cell division in animal _______________ cells Mitochondria Plasma (cell) membrane Centrioles 4.A.2 The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions provide essential cellular processes d. Mitochondria specialize in energy capture and transformation [See also 2.A.2, 2.b.3]
31 Ribosomes are made from which two molecules?What is the function of ribosomes? Proteins and RNA protein synthesis Essential knowledge 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes. a. Ribosomes are small, universal structures comprised of two interacting parts: ribosomal RNA and protein. In a sequential manner, these cellular components interact to become the site of protein synthesis where the translation of the genetic instructions yields specific polypeptides. [See also 2.B.3]
32 Describes molecules that try to stay away from water… DNA with attached proteins found spread out in the nucleus of non-dividing cells chromatin Describes molecules that try to stay away from water… means “water fearing” hydrophobic VOCAB
33 Which type of endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached?What is the function of smooth ER in most cells? Rough ER Most cells = lipid synthesis Muscle cells- regulate Ca++ during muscle contraction (modified as sarcoplasmic reticulum) Essential knowledge 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes. b. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) occurs in two forms: smooth and rough. [See also 2.B.3] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum functions to compartmentalize the cell, serves as mechanical support, provides site-specific protein synthesis with membrane-bound ribosomes and plays a role in intracellular transport. 2. In most cases, smooth ER synthesizes lipids.
34 Image from: http://media. pearsoncmgName the kind of lipid joined in rings instead of chains made mainly from carbon and hydrogen that can be found in animal cell membranes and can act as hormones steroids Essential knowledge 4.A.1: The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule
35 https://twitter.com/medschooladvice/status/456593149540855808
36 Which two molecules are the main components in cell plasma membranes?What is the function of the plasma membrane? Phospholipids and proteins Control what enters and leaves cell compartmentalization (separates inside /outside) Essential knowledge 2.B.1: Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure. a. Cell membranes separate the internal environment of the cell from the external environment. b. Selective permeability is a direct consequence of membrane structure, as described by the fluid mosaic model. [See also 4.A.1] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Cell membranes consist of a structural framework of phospholipid molecules, embedded proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins and glycolipids. 2. Phospholipids give the membrane both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The hydrophilic phosphate portions of the phospholipids are oriented toward the aqueous external or internal environments, while the hydrophobic fatty acid portions face each other within the interior of the membrane itself.
37 Modifies and transports proteins made on its attached ribosomes This organelle is the ____________ Give its function Rough ER Modifies and transports proteins made on its attached ribosomes Essential knowledge 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes. b. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) occurs in two forms: smooth and rough. [See also 2.B.3] Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum functions to compartmentalize the cell, serves as mechanical support, provides site-specific protein synthesis with membrane-bound ribosomes and plays a role in intracellular transport.
38 Exits through nuclear poresName the colored part Give its function nucleolus Makes ribosomal RNA How does the rRNA get out of the nucleus? Exits through nuclear pores Which other kind of molecule combines with RNA to make ribosomes? proteins Essential knowledge 4.A.2. The structure and function of subcellular components and their interactions provide essential cellular processes a. Ribosomes are small universal structures comprised of two interacting parts ribosomal RNA and proteins
39 Identify the parts that are hydrophobic and hydrophilic.Draw the shape of a phospholipid and identify the parts that are polar and non-polar. Identify the parts that are hydrophobic and hydrophilic. How does adding unsaturated fatty acids change the shape of the molecule and impact membrane fluidity? 4.A.1.a.3. In general, lipids are nonpolar; however phospholipids exhibit structural properties , with polar regions that interact with other polar molecules such as water, and with nonpolar regions where differences in saturation determine the structure and function of lipids Essential knowledge 4.C.1: Variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. a. Variations within molecular classes provide cells and organisms with a wider range of functions. [See also 2.B.1, 3.A.1, 4.A.1, 4.A.2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Different types of phospholipids in cell membranes : LO 4.22 The student is able to construct explanations based on evidence of how variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. [See SP 6.2]
40 HEAD = polar/hydrophilicImage from: HEAD = polar/hydrophilic TAILS = non-polar/hydrophobic Unsaturated fatty acids put “kinks” in the tails; They pack less tightly together in membrane; Increase fluidity Plants that can tolerated cold and fish that live in cold places have more unsaturated FA’s in their phospholipids 4.A.1.a.3. In general, lipids are nonpolar; however phospholipids exhibit structural properties , with polar regions that interact with other polar molecules such as water, and with nonpolar regions where differences in saturation determine the structure and function of lipids Essential knowledge 4.C.1: Variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. a. Variations within molecular classes provide cells and organisms with a wider range of functions. [See also 2.B.1, 3.A.1, 4.A.1, 4.A.2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative example such as: • Different types of phospholipids in cell membranes : LO 4.22 The student is able to construct explanations based on evidence of how variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. [See SP 6.2]
41 What other molecules can be found in cell membranes?Draw a diagram of a typical biological membrane including the lipid bilayer and both integral and peripheral proteins. Label your diagram and GIVE AN EXAMPLE of an integral and a peripheral protein you learned about. What other molecules can be found in cell membranes? 2.B.1.b.1. Cell membranes consist of a structural frame work of phospholipid molecules, embedded proteins, and cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids. 2.B.1.b.2 Phospholipids give the membrane both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The hydrophilic phosphate portions of the phospholipids are oriented toward the aqueous external or internal environments, while the hydrophobic fatty acids portions face each other within the interior of the membrane itself
42 Peripheral proteins- G protein Last ETC proteinIntegral proteins: transport proteins (ion channels, carriers, aquaporins, ATP synthase ) .
43
44 Other molecules in cell membranesGlycoproteins Glycolipids Cholesterol (animals)
45 Tell some ways all eukaryotic cells are alikeALL have a nuclear membrane have membrane bound organelles have a cell membrane cytoskeleton have DNA in multiple paired linear chromosomes have larger ribosomes than prokaryotes Essential knowledge 1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. b. Structural evidence supports the relatedness of all eukaryotes {See also 2.B.3, 4.A.2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can chose an illustrative example such • Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement morphological integrity and organelle transport • Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts) • Linear chromosomes • Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope LO 1.15 The student is able to describe specific examples of conserved core biological processes and features shared by domains or within one domain of life, and how these shared, conserved core processes and features support the concept of common ancestry for all organisms [See SP 7.2]
46 and provide evidence for Lynn Margulis’s Endosymbiotic theoryDraw a bacterial cell engulfed by phagocytosis and label 3 parts that are similar to mitochondria and chloroplasts and provide evidence for Lynn Margulis’s Endosymbiotic theory Essential knowledge 1.A.4 Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics b. Molecular, morphological and genetic information of existing and extinct organisms add to our understanding of evolution.
47 Humans inherit the mitochondrial DNA from only motheronly father both mother and father Need a study break? Watch this Biology Mother's day song 4.A.2 The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions provide essential cellular processes
48 What 2 molecules are the main components?Name the colored part What 2 molecules are the main components? Give its function Plasma (cell) membrane Bilayer of phospholipids & proteins Separates internal/external environment Controls what enters and leaves Cell (selectively permeable) Essential knowledge 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes.
49 A; sticks into the membrane Which of these proteins is an integral protein? A; sticks into the membrane 2.B.1.b.1 Cell membranes consist of a structural framework of phospholipid molecules, embedded proteins, cholesterol, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.
50 Identify the parts that are hydrophobic and hydrophilic.Draw the shape of a phospholipid and identify the parts that are polar and non-polar. Identify the parts that are hydrophobic and hydrophilic. How does the structure of phospholipids lead to the formation of cell membranes and their selectively permeable characteristics. 4.A.1.a.3. In general, lipids are nonpolar; however phospholipids exhibit structural properties , with polar regions that interact with other polar molecules such as water, and with nonpolar regions where differences in saturation determine the structure and function of lipids 2.B.1.b.2 Phospholipids give the membrane both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The hydrophilic phosphate portions of the phospholipids are oriented toward the aqueous external or internal environments, while the hydrophobic fatty acids portions face each other within the interior of the membrane itself
51 MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS: DNA is one circular loop like prokaryotes Have ribosomes smaller than cellular ribosomes like prokaryotes Only organelles with double membranes Inner mitochondrial/chloroplast membranes have bacterial phospholipids Outer mitochondrial/chloroplast membrane like cell membranes Inner membranes have enzymes for respiration/photosynthesis like bacterial plasma membranes Reproduce with binary fission like prokaryotes See a movie about ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY
52 HEAD = polar/hydrophilicTAILS = non-polar/hydrophobic Phospholipids associate with phobic tails toward inside and polar heads to outside touching water. Phobic tails keep polar molecules/ions from passing through without help (ion channels, carriers, etc). Small non-polar molecules can pass through without help.
53 This theory also explains the origin of what other organelle? Image from: https://endosymbiotichypothesis.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/endosymbiosis_theory.gif According to the Endosymbiotic theory, which organelle probably evolved from aerobic bacteria that were incorporated into early prokaryotic cells? This theory also explains the origin of what other organelle? mitochondria chloroplasts See a movie about ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY Essential knowledge 1.A.4 Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics b. Molecular, morphological and genetic information of existing and extinct organisms add to our understanding of evolution.
54 In what kind of organisms would this organelle be found? chloroplastsName the circled part What are the membrane sacs inside called? Give its function In what kind of organisms would this organelle be found? chloroplasts thylakoids photosynthesis Plants and algae Essential knowledge 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes. g. Chloroplasts are specialized organelles found in algae and higher plants that capture energy through photosynthesis.
55 Tell one way animal cells and bacterial cells are alike?Both: have a cell membrane have DNA have a cytoskeleton have ribosomes Essential knowledge 1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. b. Structural evidence supports the relatedness of all eukaryotes {See also 2.B.3, 4.A.2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can chose an illustrative example such • Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement morphological integrity and organelle transport • Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts) • Linear chromosomes • Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope LO 1.15 The student is able to describe specific examples of conserved core biological processes and features shared by domains or within one domain of life, and how these shared, conserved core processes and features support the concept of common ancestry for all organisms [See SP 7.2]
56 Cholesterol can be called a “temperature buffer” because at higher temperatures (like body temp) it makes the phospholipids _____ fluid by restraining their movements less more At lower temperatures cholesterol hinders the close packing of phospholipids so it ________ the temperature required for membranes to solidify lowers raises less lowers Essential knowledge 4.C.1: Variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. a. Variations within molecular classes provide cells and organisms with a wider range of functions. [See also 2.B.1, 3.A.1, 4.A.1, 4.A.2] : LO 4.22 The student is able to construct explanations based on evidence of how variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions. [See SP 6.2]
57 Identify the organelle these parts are found in thylakoids cisternae cristae chloroplast Golgi bodies Mitochondria https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/5e/d8/01/5ed8012d3194a0ac80a9a56d767115d9.jpg 4.A.2 The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions provide essential cellular processes
58 Image from: http://bonnevillefpMany antibiotics that are used to kill bacteria that make us sick work because they interfere with the ability of bacterial ribosomes to make proteins. These antibiotics don’t work on fungal infections. EXPLAIN WHY these antibiotics don’t kill fungi and WHY doctors can’t use medicines that affect fungal ribosomes to treat athlete’s foot fungus in humans. Essential knowledge 1.B.1.b. Structural evidence supports the relatedness of all eukaryotes {See also 2.B.3, 4.A.2] LO 1.15 The student is able to describe specific examples of conserved core biological processes and features shared by domains or within one domain of life, and how these shared, conserved core processes and features support the concept of common ancestry for all organisms [See SP 7.2]
59 Image from: http://bonnevillefpProkaryotes have smaller ribosomes than eukaryotes. Antibiotics that target bacterial ribosomes don’t affect human host ribosomes so medicine can kill bacteria without harming the host. Fungi are eukaryotes like humans. They have the same size ribosomes that humans have so medicine that would target fungi would also affect the human host’s ribosomes. Essential knowledge 1.B.1.b. Structural evidence supports the relatedness of all eukaryotes {See also 2.B.3, 4.A.2] LO 1.15 The student is able to describe specific examples of conserved core biological processes and features shared by domains or within one domain of life, and how these shared, conserved core processes and features support the concept of common ancestry for all organisms [See SP 7.2]
60 Name an organelle made of microtubules that assists with movementWhat arrangement of microtubules is unique to cilia and flagella? How are eukaryotic flagella different from prokaryotic flagella? Cilia OR flagella OR CYTOSKELETON 9 + 2 pattern 9 doublets in ring 2 singles in middle Eukaryotes have pattern; Prokaryotes have single filament Essential knowledge 1.B.1.b. Structural evidence supports the relatedness of all eukaryotes {See also 2.B.3, 4.A.2] LO 1.15 The student is able to describe specific examples of conserved core biological processes and features shared by domains or within one domain of life, and how these shared, conserved core processes and features support the concept of common ancestry for all organisms [See SP 7.2]
61 How are eukaryotes and prokaryotes different?How are they alike? Prokaryotes Eukaryotes NO nucleus Have a nucleus NO membrane bound Organelles surrounded organelles by membranes DNA in cytoplasm DNA in nucleus Have DNA Plasma membrane cytoskeleton ribosomes Essential knowledge 1.B.1.b. Structural evidence supports the relatedness of all eukaryotes {See also 2.B.3, 4.A.2] LO 1.15 The student is able to describe specific examples of conserved core biological processes and features shared by domains or within one domain of life, and how these shared, conserved core processes and features support the concept of common ancestry for all organisms [See SP 7.2]
62 http://msfeucht. blogspot. com/2010/08/homeostasis-and-lipid-bilayer
63 Motor proteins interact with Animation: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kinesin_walking.gif/220px-Kinesin_walking.gif Motor proteins interact with the microtubules in the ____________ to move chromosomes or cell parts cytoskeleton Peripheral __________ proteins found on the inside or outside surface of cell membranes Essential knowledge 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes.
64 Compare basic organelles in plant cells vs animal cellsPLANTS ANIMALS Have cell wall NO cell wall Have chloroplasts No chloroplasts No centrioles have centrioles One big vacuole small vacuoles Essential knowledge 1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. b. Structural evidence supports the relatedness of all eukaryotes {See also 2.B.3, 4.A.2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can chose an illustrative example such • Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement morphological integrity and organelle transport • Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts) • Linear chromosomes • Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope LO 1.15 The student is able to describe specific examples of conserved core biological processes and features shared by domains or within one domain of life, and how these shared, conserved core processes and features support the concept of common ancestry for all organisms [See SP 7.2]
65 Mitochondria OR chloroplastsName an organelle besides the nucleus that has a double membrane and DNA Mitochondria OR chloroplasts How is mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA different from nuclear DNA? Mitochondria and chloroplasts DNA like bacterial DNA= only one circular chromosome Nuclear DNA= multiple paired linear chromosomes 1.B.1b. Structural evidence supports the relatedness of all eukaryotes {See also 2.B.3, 4.A.2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can chose an illustrative example such as • Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts) • Linear chromosomes
66 Fluid mosaic The currently accepted model that describes cellAnimation from: Click here to See Fluidity The currently accepted model that describes cell membranes as the arrangement of constantly moving proteins embedded in or attached to a bilayer or phospholipids is called the _______________ model Fluid mosaic Essential knowledge 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes.
67 Name the molecule that provides the energy for cell activitiesName the storage space that is larger in plants than animals. vacuole Name the molecule that provides the energy for cell activities ATP VOCAB
68 Name the organelle that acts as the cell’s control center.Cells that have a cell membrane but NOT a nuclear membrane are ________________ prokaryotes Name the organelle that acts as the cell’s control center. nucleus VOCAB
69 Golgi Bodies ID this kind of transport EXOCYTOSISSubstance is put in a vesicle and transported up to the cell membrane and released OUTSIDE INSIDE OUTSIDE CELL CELL Name an organelle that uses this kind of transport to transport substances Golgi Bodies 4.A.2 The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions provide essential cellular processes
70 to be ___________________ permeable.Name the dark spot in the nucleus of a cell where ribosomal RNA is made. nucleolus Membranes that allow certain molecules to pass through and not others are said to be ___________________ permeable. Selectively OR semi- VOCAB
71 Interlocking mesh of fibrous proteins found outside the cell membrane; made up of glycoproteins, glycolipids, & collagen Extracellular matrix VOCAB
72 Which part has this function?Digests unwanted substances or cell parts _______________ Protein synthesis ___________ In plants, stores water, waste, pigments, poisonous substances ___________ Modify, sort, package molecules for transport _____________ Lysosomes Ribosomes vacuole Golgi body (complex) 4.A.2 The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions provide essential cellular processes 4.A.2.c. 1. Functions of the Golgi include synthesis and packaging of materials (small molecules) for transport (in vesicles) and production of lysosomes 4. A. 2.f. In plants, a large vacuole serves many functions, from storage of pigments or poisonous substances to a role in cell growth. In addition a large central vacuole allows for a large surface area to volume ratio [See 2.A.3, 2.B.3]
73 Images from :http://www. beckstone. cumbria. schThe cells in an ant and the cells in an elephant are approximately the same size. What is the main advantage of small cell size? Smaller cells have greater surface area/volume ratio allowing for more efficient transfer of oxygen, nutrients, CO2, and waste across their plasma membranes. Large cells have a greater demand for resources and a harder time getting the nutrients they need fast enough Essential knowledge 2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce and maintain organization. b. Surface area-to-volume ratios affect a biological system's ability to obtain necessary resources or eliminate waste products. Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following: 1. As cells increase in volume, the relative surface area decreases and demand for material resources increases; more cellular structures are necessary to adequately exchange materials and energy with the environment. These limitations restrict cell size The surface area of the plasma membrane must be large enough to adequately exchange materials; smaller cells have a more favorable surface area-to-volume ratio for exchange of materials with the environment
74 Which part has this function?Control center of cell _______________ Internal framework provides shape/support, moves molecules/organelles ___________ Intracellular highway ___________ Interlocking mesh of fibrous proteins with polysaccharides attached that plays role in cell recognition, attachment, communication ________________ nucleus cytoskeleton Rough ER Extracellular matrix 4.A.2 The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions provide essential cellular processes
75 Use the following choices to answer this ?Modified from: Biology in Focus Test your knowledge Use the following choices to answer this ? A. muscle cells in the thigh muscle of a runner B. pancreatic cells that manufacture digestive enzymes C. macrophages that engulf bacteria D. epithelial cells lining the digestive tract E. ovarian cells that produce estrogen (steroid hormone) ___ Which would have more tight junctions ___ Which would have more lysosomes ___ Which would have more smooth ER ___ Which would have more membrane bound ribosomes ___ Which would have more mitochondria D C E B A Essential knowledge 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes.
76 Which part has this function?Golgi body (complex) Produce lysosomes _______________ Membrane bound sac that plays roles in intracellular digestion and release of cellular waste products ________________ Photosynthesis ___________ Makes steroids _______________ vacuole chloroplasts Smooth ER 4.A.2 The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions provide essential cellular processes 4.A.2.c. 1. Functions of the Golgi include synthesis and packaging of materials (small molecules) for transport (in vesicles) and production of lysosome 4.A.2.f. A vacuole is a membrane bound sac that plays roles in intracellular digestion and the release of cellular waste products.
77 Tell which part has this function?Makes lipids for membranes __________________ Regulates calcium levels in muscle cells ______________ Found outside the cell membrane for support and protection ______________ smooth ER Smooth ER Cell wall Essential knowledge 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes.
78 Explain how these are structurally different Images from: https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/291/flashcards/ /jpg/flagella jpg Explain how these are structurally different Centrioles _______________ Cilia & flagella ______________ Basal bodies _______________ 9 triplets in ring 9+2 pattern 9 doublets in ring; 2 singles in middle 9 triplets in ring Essential knowledge 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes.
79 https://s-media-cache-ak0. pinimghttps://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/55/a7/48/55a7481b91bb0ec17bb5e5ec27cb5b4f.jpg
80 Tell one difference between cilia and flagella. How are they alike?Animation from: Tell one difference between cilia and flagella. How are they alike? Cilia- many, shorter Flagella-one or two, longer Found on exterior of cells Help in movement Have pattern of microtubules Essential knowledge 4.A.2: The structure and function of subcellular components, and their interactions, provide essential cellular processes.
81 E The pores in the nuclear envelope provide for the movement ofA. proteins into the nucleus B. ribosomes subunits out of the nucleus C. mRNA out of the nucleus D. signal molecules into the nucleus E. All of the above E Biology in Focus Test your knowledge
82 cilia eukaryotes amphipathicAnimation from: The many short structures on the top of this cell are __________ cilia Cells that have a nuclear membrane are called _________ eukaryotes A _______________ molecule has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region. amphipathic VOCAB
83 Tell why cells switch their DNA between chromatin and chromosome formsImage from: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/ba/9e/95/ba9e9528c84022bb9b0b9a14f jpg Tell why cells switch their DNA between chromatin and chromosome forms Chromosomes-tightly packed so easy to move during cell division; Chromatin-loosely packed and spread out so it is easier to read and get information when cell is “doing its job” VOCAB
84 Tell some ways plant cells and bacterial cells are alikeBoth: have a cell wall have a plasma membrane have DNA have a cytoskeleton have ribosomes Essential knowledge 1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. b. Structural evidence supports the relatedness of all eukaryotes {See also 2.B.3, 4.A.2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can chose an illustrative example such • Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement morphological integrity and organelle transport • Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts) • Linear chromosomes • Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope LO 1.15 The student is able to describe specific examples of conserved core biological processes and features shared by domains or within one domain of life, and how these shared, conserved core processes and features support the concept of common ancestry for all organisms [See SP 7.2]
85 Maintaining stable internal conditions Proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic core of a membrane are called _________________ Membrane proteins with carbohydrates attached are called _____________ used in cell recognition Maintaining stable internal conditions Made of microtubules in a triplet ring forms the base/anchors cilia and flagella Integral proteins glycoproteins homeostasis Basal bodies VOCAB
86 Membrane surrounding large vacuole in plants glycolipidsMembrane lipids with carbohydrates attached are called ____________________ Small membrane sac surrounded by contractile proteins used to maintain water balance in single cells fresh water organisms Small membrane sacs that pinch off cell membrane, ER, or Golgi used for transport Membrane surrounding large vacuole in plants glycolipids Contractile vacuole vesicle tonoplast VOCAB
87 Name a cell part organelle that is made of microtubulesName a cell part surrounded by a double membrane Name a type of cell with a cell wall Cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles, basal bodies Nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts PLANTS, BACTERIA, FUNGI
88 According to the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure, proteins of the membrane are mostlyA. spread in a continuous layer over the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane B. confined to the hydrophobic core of the membrane C. embedded in a lipid bilayer D. randomly oriented in the membrane with not fixed inside-outside polarity E. free to depart from the fluid membrane and dissolve in the surrounding solution Campbell Concept check C
89 Compare basic organelles in animal cells vs bacteria cells?Animal Bacteria eukaryotes prokaryotes No cell wall cell wall vacuole no vacuole nucleus no nucleus Membrane bound organelles No membrane bound organelles Centrioles no centrioles Essential knowledge 1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organisms today. b. Structural evidence supports the relatedness of all eukaryotes {See also 2.B.3, 4.A.2] To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can chose an illustrative example such • Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement morphological integrity and organelle transport • Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and chloroplasts) • Linear chromosomes • Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope LO 1.15 The student is able to describe specific examples of conserved core biological processes and features shared by domains or within one domain of life, and how these shared, conserved core processes and features support the concept of common ancestry for all organisms [See SP 7.2]
90 THE END Animation from: