1 AP EUROPEAN HISTORY: A HISTORY OF WESTERN SOCIETY. 11TH EDITIONCh. 14 European Exploration & Conquest,

2 Learning Objectives Describe the Afro-Eurasian trading world before Columbus. Explain how & why Europeans undertook ambitious voyages of expansion. Analyze the impact of European conquest on the people’s & ecologies of the New World Describe how the era of global contact was shaped by new commodities, commercial empires, & forced migrations. Analyze how new ideas about race & the works of Montaigne & Shakespeare reflected the encounter with new peoples & places.

3 I. World Contacts Before Columbus (pgsI. World Contacts Before Columbus (pgs ) - Describe the Afro-Eurasian trading world before Columbus. AfroEurasian trade world linked the products & people of Asia, Africa, & Europe in the 15th C. The West was the #1 player before Columbus & European voyages derived from a desire to share in & control the wealth coming from the Indian Ocean. A. The Trade World of the Indian Ocean Location of Indian Ocean makes it a crossroads for commercial & cultural exchange among China, India, the Middle East, Africa, & Europe Trading increases as merchants congregated in cosmopolitan port cities around the Indian Ocean, most of which had some form of autonomous self-government Most developed area was in South China Sea – port of Malacca becomes great trading post Mongol emperors open doors of China to the West, encouraging Europeans like Marco Polo to travel & do business there. Marco Polo’s tales of his Eastern travels fueled Western fantasy about the exotic Orient. After Mongols fall to Ming Dynasty(1368), China enters into period of economic expansion, population growth, & urbanization

4 Nanjing, China becomes largest city in worldChina takes lead in exploration Admiral Zheng He goes on his seven expeditions ( ) involving hundreds of ships & tens of thousands of men sailing thousands of miles to reach as far as west Egypt. Court conflicts & the need to defend against Mongol encroachment led to the abandonment of maritime expeditions Turn away from external trade, opening opportunities for European states to claim decisive role in world trade. India is a crucial link between the Persian Gulf & the South China Sea trade networks Also contributor of goods to the world trading system, especially pepper & cotton textiles B. The Trading States of Africa 1450 – Africa had a few large & developed empires along with hundreds of smaller states Cairo, capital of Mamluk Egyptian empire, is center of Islamic learning & religious authority & hub for Indian Ocean trade goods. Ethiopia & the Christian Kingdom share in Cairo’s prosperity

5 Cities like Mogadishu & Mombasa, are confident & urbane merchants engage in Indian Ocean trade were known for their prosperity & culture Gold from W. Africa & the Akan is transported by camel across the Sahara & sold in ports of N. Africa Mali emerges as an important player on the overland trade route, gaining prestige from its ruler Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 – 1325 Slaves are another important object of trade Arabic & African merchants took W. African slaves to the Mediterranean to be sold in European, Egyptian, & Middle Eastern markets & also brought E. Europeans to W. Africa as slaves Indian & Arabic merchants also trade slaves in the coastal regions of E. Africa

6 C. The Ottoman & Persian EmpiresMiddle East serves as an intermediary for trade among Asia, Africa, & Europe & as an important supplier of silk & cotton. Two great rivals, the Persian Safavids & the Turkish Ottomans, dominate the region Economically the two compete over western trade routes to the East Under Sultan Mohammed II (1451 – 1481), the Ottomans capture Constantinople, Europe’s largest city May 1453 – city is renamed Istanbul Soon control the sea trade in the E. Mediterranean Ottoman expansion frightened Europeans Ottoman armies seem invincible & its desire for expansion limitless Eastern trade routes are dominated by Ottomans so Europeans seek routes free of Ottoman control

7 Genoese & Venetian MiddlemenEuropeans produced few products to rival the fine wares & coveted spices of Asia, & constituted a minor outpost of the world trading system 1304 – Venice est. formal relations with the sultan of Mamluk Egypt, opening operations in Cairo, the gateway to Asian trade Venetian merchants specialized in luxury goods like spices, silks, & carpets obtained from middlemen in the eastern Mediterranean & Asia Minor Demand for European products of wool & metal goods are low so Venetians earn currency in the shipping industry & through trade in firearms, slaves, & precious metals Genoa dominated the Northern route to Asia through the Black Sea 1291 – sponsored expedition into the Atlantic in search of India, which never returned 15th C – Venice claims victory in spice trade so the Genoese shift focus from trade to finance Spanish & Portuguese voyages begin to explore the Western Atlantic, Genoese merchants, navigators, & financiers provided their skills to the Iberian Monarchs.

8 Genoese merchants help finance Spanish colonization of the New world.Major element of Italian trade was slavery Merchants bought slaves in the Balkans & sold them in various Mediterranean ports After loss of the Black Sea to the Ottomans (source of slaves), the Genoese sought new supplies of slaves in the West Take indigenous peoples from Canary Islands, Muslim prisoners & Jewish refugees from Spain Early 1500s – take both black & Berber Africans Genoese & Venetian merchants become important players in Atlantic Salve Trade Mariners, merchants, & financers from Venice & Genoa, including Christopher Columbus, brought their experience to the Iberian states & the New World

9 The European Voyages of Discovery (pgs 432 – 445)Because thy did not produce many products desired by Easter elites, Europeans were modest players in the Indian Ocean trading world New technology, missionaries, desire to undo dominance of Italian and Ottomans Iberian explorers began overseas voyages that helped create the modern world A. Causes of European Expansion By middle of 15th c, Europe was experiencing a revival of population and economic activity after Black Death Created demands for luxury goods, especially spices from the East Fall of Constantinople and Ottoman control created obstacles to fulfilling these demands Europeans needed new sources of precious metals to trade with Ottomans or trade routes that bypassed Ottomans Why were spices so desirable? Added flavor, marvel, and mystery, used a medicines, perfumes, dyes Religious fervor was another catalyst for expansion Christian reconquista encouraged Portuguese and Spanish to continue Christian crusade Overseas expansion was a transfer of religious zeal, enthusiasm for conquest, and certainty of God’s blessing to new non- Christian territories Since remaining Muslim states were too strong to defeat, Iberians turned attention elsewhere Combined with eagerness for profits and Christianity, was desire for glory and the urge to chart new waters Curiosity about physical universe Desire to know more about the geography and peoples of the world

10 B. Technology and the Rise of ExplorationTech developments in shipbuilding, weaponry, and navigation provided another impetus for European expansion Middle ages had galleys propelled by slaves, could not withstand rough winds of Atlantic Need for sturdier craft and deaths from Black Death forced development of new style of ship that did not require much manpower Portuguese developed caravel: small, light ship that held more cargo, triangular lateen sails, sternpost rudder, much more maneuverable vessel Great strides in cartography and navigational aids Ptolemy’s Geography: synthesized geographical knowledge of classical world Improved from medieval cartography, added longitude and latitude Had errors: smaller than it is Cartographers fashioned new maps based on this work that combined latest information Magnetic compass Determine direction and position at sea Astrolabe Determine altitude of sun and other celestial bodies, plot latitude Much of new technology that Europeans used on their voyages was borrowed from East Gunpowder, sternpost ruder, lateen sail Advances in cartography form Judeo-Arabic mathematical and astronomical learning in Iberia Sometimes used knowledge from actual ppl

11 Christopher Columbus Devout Christian Goals were to serve God and grow rich Spanish conquistadors wanted fame and gold Eagerness for expansion was heightened by lack of opportunity at home Young men of Spanish upper classes found economic and political opportunities limited Turned to sea to seek fortunes Voyages made possible by growth of gov power Spanish monarchy was in position to support foreign ventures Portugal Prince Henry the Navigator gave financial support and encouragement Monarchs had mixed motivations Desire to please God Desire to win glory and profit from trade Competition among European monarchs encouraged steady stream of expeditions in the 15th c Ordinary sailors were ill paid, and life at sea meant danger, overcrowding, unbearable stench, and hunger Shared living with animals, uncomfortable, lice, disease Men chose to join miserable crews to escape poverty at home, continue a family trade, to win a few crumbs of the great riches of empire, r to find better lives as illegal immigrants in the colonies Many orphans/poor boys were placed on board Women paid a prices for exploration Left alone for months, frequently widowed, struggled to support fam Ppl who stayed at home had a powerful impact on the process Royal ministers and factions influenced monarchs to provide/deny support Literate ppl read fantastic tales – enormous interest among educated ppl

12 C. The Portuguese Overseas EmpireFor centuries, Portugal was small and poor subsistence farming and fishing Phenomenal success overseas after 1450 Portugal had long history of seafaring and navigation Blocked from access to western Europe by Spain, Portuguese turned to Atlantic and North Africa Nature favored them: winds Prince Henry the Navigator: support for study of geography and navigation, annual expeditions he sponsored; made sure Portugal did not abandon efforts Objectives of Portuguese exploration was desire for military glory, crusades to Christianize Muslims, to locate mythical Christian king, quest to find gold, slaves, and an overseas route to spice markets of India Portuguese established trading posts and fort on penetrated African continent Controlled flow of African gold to Europe Bartholomew Diaz: rounded tip of Africa, Cape of Good hope, but storms and threatened mutiny forced him to turn back Vasco de Gama: rounded Cape Reached Calicut in India Failed to forge any trading alliances with local powers Arrogance ensured future hostility Proved possibility of lucrative trade with east via Cape route Portuguese now dominated the rich spice trade of Indian Ocean; port for Asian goods into Europe Ottomans not happy, but lost to a fight

13 Glorified by some, vilified by others D. The Problem of Christopher Columbus Glorified by some, vilified by others Embodied a long standing Genoese ambition to circumvent Venetian domination of eastward trade, which was now being dominated by the Portuguese Columbus Knowledgeable about the sea; experienced seaman Acquired theoretical and practical experience Deeply religious: viewed Christianity as a missionary religion that should be carried to places where it did not exist Viewed himself as a divine agent Object of Columbus’s Voyage: “The Enterprise of the Indies” Direct ocean trading route to Asia Ferd and Isa subsidized his voyage Got 1/10 of material rewards he found Dreamed of reaching Mongol Khan Landed in Bahamas, believed he found islands off of Japan Believed he was in the Indies; was in Hispaniola Thought they’d be good slaves, and could quickly be converted to Christianity Found out there was gold and a great leader nearby Columbus sailed southward, landed in Cuba Thought he was in China

14 E. Later Explorers Amerigo Vespucci: Realized what Columbus did not; continent was named after him To settle competing claims to Atlantic discoveries, Spain and Portugal turned to Pope Alexander VI, resulting in the Treaty of Tordesillas Gave Spain everything to west of imaginary line, Portugal everything to east Portugal got favorable end of trade: Cabral sailed to Brazil and claimed it for Portugal Search for profits led Spanish to search for western passage to Asia Ferdinand Magellan: to find a sea route to southeast Asia spices Located treacherous traits, calm Pacific, and Took Philippines for Spain First voyage to circumnavigate the globe Demonstrated vastness of Pacific Westward passage to Indies was too long and dangerous for commercial purposes Abandoned attempt to oust Portugal from Eastern spice trade and concentrated on New World territories English John Cabot: discovered Newfoundland, English got no permanent colonies Frobisher: Canada French Jacques Cartier: made several voyages to Canada, searching for India New source of profit within Canada: beavers, fishing, trading,

15 Forcibly subjugated island of Hispaniola Found small villages; Columbus gave up on meeting Khan; focused on trying to find gold or other valuables among the ppl Saw gold was available Headed back to Spain to report his discovery Spanish would follow policy of conquest and colonization Columbus’s second voyage Forcibly subjugated island of Hispaniola Brought with him settlers for new Spanish territories, along with agricultural seed and livestock Revolt in Hispaniola Columbus sent back in chains; soon was cleared of charges; territories came under royal control Columbus was a man of his times Believed he found islands off coast of Asia Newer realized what he’d actually done

16 Spanish sent Hernan Cortes to explore mainland F. Spanish Conquest in the New World Spanish sent Hernan Cortes to explore mainland Led to conquest of Mexica Empire (Aztec) Mexica empire ruled by Montezuma II, capital at Tenochtitlan Heart of sophisticated civilization with advanced mathematics, economy, engineering Cortes was visited by delegations of unarmed Mexica leaders Cortes saw the richness of the empire cut ties with Spain: founded Vera Cruz and burned ships Tried to exploit internal dissension within the empire to his own advantage Constant need for religious sacrifices and laborers made warfare constant Conquered ppl had to pay tribute Cortes forged alliances with Tlaxcalas and other subject kingdoms Spanish-Tlaxcalan forces occupied city of Cholula, second largest in empire and massacred inhabitants Cortes made alliances with other native kingdoms Cortes marched on Tenochtitlan Montezuma didn’t attack Spaniards, welcomed them in Montezuma relied on advice from divided state council Montezuma’s hesitation was disastrous Cortes took Montezuma and the emperor’s influence over his ppl crumbled During ensuing attacks and counterattacks, Montezuma was killed Spaniards and allies escaped from city and forced new alliances against Mexica Cortes led second assault on Tenochtitlan Spanish victory was hard won and aided by smallpox After defeat of Tenochtitlan, Cortes and conquistadors began conquest of Mexico Over time, indigenous kingdoms gradually fell under Spanish domination

17 Fall of Inca Empire Incas isolated from other cultures Had a complicated civilization Built roads, postal service, taxing gov Incas were weakened by civil war and disease Francisco Pizarro: landed in Peru the day Atahualpa won control over empire Atahualpa was aware of Spanish conquest: planned to lure them in and keep their ablest men, and kill the rest With loyal army of 40,000 he had little to fear Spaniards ambushed and captured him, collected a ransom, ten executed him Spanish marched on capital Formed alliances with local peoples Cuzco fell; Spanish gained immense riches Decades of violence/resistance ensued

18 G. Early French and English Settlement in the New WorldCoast of New England used for religious freedom English crown grew more interested in colonial expansion Champlain: first permanent French settlement in Quebec Acquired Cayenne, Martinique, Guadeloupe Originally bases for plundering Spanish shipping, centers of tobacco and sugar European involvement in the Americas led to profound transformation of preexisting indigenous societies and the rise of a transatlantic slave trade Acceleration of a global trade and cultural exchange Over time, the combination of indigenous, European, and African cultures gave birth to new societies in the New World In turn, profits ad impact of cultural exchange influenced European society

19 III. The Impact of Conquest (pgs. 445 – 458)