1 AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY EXAM REVIEW

2 The AP Exam 2 hrs, 15 mins Section 1: MCQs Section 2: FRQs 60 minutes75 questions Section 2: FRQs 75 minutes 3 questions 50% MCQ 50% FRQ

3 Section 1: Multiple Choice TipsScores are based how many you get right No points are deducted for wrong answers So ANSWER EVERY QUESTION- don’t leave ny blank!

4 Section 1: Multiple Choice TipsRead carefully! Eliminate as many answer choices as possible Let’s practice a couple…

5 Section 2: Free Response QuestionsYou have 75 minutes to answer all 3 questions You should spend 25 minutes on each Read the question carefully before you answer.

6 Section 2: Free Response QuestionsYou must write in complete sentences, but it does not need to be a formal essay. If you are given three parts to a question (A,B,C…) organize your answers in the same way You may NOT bullet your answers… even if they ask to “list”.

7 Practice FRQ: 2010

8 The population pyramids above represent two countries at different stages of the demographic transition and economic development. Part A (2 points) Explain the demographic characteristics of each country above with respect to the demographic transition model. • Must mention Stage 2 (second or early expanding stage) AND elaborate briefly about its characteristics, such as high birth rate, falling death rate, youthful population, developing country. Country A • It is not acceptable to suggest Stages 1 or 3 for Country A. • Must mention Stage 4 (fourth, final, or low stationary stage) AND elaborate briefly about its characteristics, such as low birth rate, low death rate, aging population, developed country. Country B • It is acceptable to mention a possible Stage 5 (fifth stage) for Country B.

9 Part B (2 points) Discuss ONE positive impact of EACH country’s population structure on its economic development. Country A • Expanding or large workforce (1 point) • Youthful population, which can spark creativity, receptivity to change, etc. • Less need for immigrant labor • Less need for elder social safety net (e.g., Social Security) Country B • Educated (skilled, experienced, etc.) workforce • Low youth dependency ratio • More women in the compensated workforce • Tendency to spend discretionary income on needs other than education • Might need immigrant labor, which would allow citizens to take higher-order jobs

10 Part C (2 points) Discuss ONE negative impact of EACH country’s population structure on its economic development. Country A • High youth dependency ratio (1 point) • Strain on resources, the environment or society owing to rapid population growth • Low literacy rate for women • Fewer women in the compensated workforce Country B • High elder dependency ratio • Possible future labor shortage • Greater need to fund elder social safety net (e.g., Social Security)

11 Exam Scores 5 Extremely Well Qualified = an A in college 4= a B in college 3 Qualified = a C in college 2 Possibly Qualified = a D 1 No recommendation

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13 Unit 1 Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives5-10% of the AP Exam

14 The 5 Themes Location Place Human/Environment Interaction MovementRegions

15 The 5 Themes Location Place Human/Environment Interaction MovementAbsolute Relative Place Human/Environment Interaction Movement Regions

16 The 5 Themes Location Place Human/Environment Interaction MovementToponyms- place names Site- location based on characteristics Situation- relative location Human/Environment Interaction Movement Regions

17 The 5 Themes Location Place Human/Environment Interaction MovementMigration Communication, transportation, trade Regions

18 The 5 Themes Location Place Human/Environment Interaction MovementRegions Formal Functional Perceptual

19 Scale Small scale = small detail Large scale= large detail

20 Large-scale Small-scale

21 Important lines of latitudeParallels are circular lines used to indicate latitude Equator: 0 degrees Tropic of Cancer: 23.5 degrees North Tropic of Capricorn: 23.5 degrees South Arctic Circle: 66.5 degrees North Antarctic Circle: 66.5 degrees South

22 important lines of longitudePrime Meridian: 0 degrees (runs through Greenwich, England) International Dateline: 180 degrees Time Zones: every 15 degrees of longitude equals one hour

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24 Time Zones http://www.timezonecheck.com/

25 Geographic Information System: a collection of computer hardwareand software that permits storage and analysis of layers of spatial data.

26 Space-Time Compression, 1492-1962The times required to cross the Atlantic, or orbit the earth, illustrate how transport improvements have shrunk the world.

27 When contact diminishes with increasing distance and eventually disappears.Distance Decay

28 Thematic Maps Dot Map Cartogram map Cloropleth map Contour or Isoline map Proportional symbol map Flow line

29 World Population Cartogram

30 Space: Distribution of FeaturesSpatial Distribution—The regular arrangement of a phenomenon across Earth’s surface. Three features (1)Density (2)Concentration (3)Pattern

31 Diffusion The process by which a characteristic spreads across space and over time Hearth = source area for innovations There are two main types of diffusion (1)Relocation (2)Expansion

32 The Cultural LandscapeA unique combination of social relationships and physical processes Each region = a distinctive landscape People = the most important agents of change to Earth’s surface

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34 Unit 2 Population 13-17% of the AP Exam

35 Density Arithmetic Physiological AgriculturalTotal pop/total land area Physiological Total pop/arable land Agricultural Farmers/arable land

36 Population Pyramids

37 90% of all people live NORTH of the equator 2/3 of the world’s population is concentrated in four regions: East Asia South Asia SE Asia Western Europe

38 World Population Density

39 VIP Terms CBR CDR IMR TFR NIR Dependency Ratio Demography

40 The Demographic TransitionFig. 2-13: The demographic transition consists of four stages, which move from high birth and death rates, to declines first in death rates then in birth rates, and finally to a stage of low birth and death rates. Population growth is most rapid in the second stage.

41 REVIEW!

42 Theories of Population GrowthThomas Malthus 1798 British economist First critic to note that the population was growing faster than the food supply Malthus (early 1800s) worried about population growing exponentially and resources growing linearly. Ehrlich (1960s) warned of a population bomb because the world’s population was outpacing food production.

43 Exponential vs. Linear GrowthPopulation increases = GEOMETRIC (exponential growth) Food supply increases = ARITHMETIC (linear growth)

44 Population Issues and PoliciesAging population Overpopulation

45 Migration Immigration Emigration Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration1885- British Most migrants = young, unmarried, males Most move to places that are close, to cities

46 Global Migration PatternsFrom Asia to Europe From Asia to North America From South America to North America

47 INTERregional – between regionsINTRA-regional- within one region

48 U.S. Immigration Patterns (3)Colonization Emigration from Europe Immigration since WWII

49 Unit 3 Cultural Patterns and Processes13-17% of the AP Exam

50 Schools of Thought Environmental Determinism PossibilismEnvironmental Perception Cultural Determinism

51 Concepts of Culture Non-material vs material AcculturationAssimiliation Transculturation Syncretism

52 Language Chinese = most spoken (as a first language)Indo-European languages = 50% of languages spoken in the world Tree Branch group language

53 Lingua franca Dialect Pidgin

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55 Religion Universalizing Ethnic Christianity Islam Buddhism JewishRoman Catholicism Eastern Orthodox Protestant Islam Sunni Shiite Buddhism Mahayana Theravada Jewish Hinduism Chinese Religions Shintoism Shamanism

56 Pop VS Folk

57 Unit 4 Political Organization of Space13-17% of the AP Exam

58 Territorial MorphologyShapes of states Compact Prorupted Elongated Fragmented Perforated

59 Exclaves Enclaves Microstates

60 Worlds System Theory Core Semi Periphery Periphery

61 Dependency Theory Many countries are poor today because of their colonization by European powers

62 Geopolitics Organic theory Heartland theory Rimland Theory

63 Capital Cities Primate city Forward cityBiggest city in a country- more economically powerful than any other city in the state Forward city Built to achieve some national goal Brasilia Saint Petersburg

64 CentriFUgal vs CentriPETAL

65 Devolution Balkanization Centrifugal forces

66 Supranationalism United Nations NATO NAFTAEuropean Union 27 countries Only 17 use the Euro Benelux OPEC

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68 Unit 5 Agriculture and Rural Land Use13-17% of the AP Exam

69 Agricultural Hearths Root/Vegetative Seed

70 Agricultural Revolutions1st Agricultural Revolution Domestication 2nd Agricultural Revolution 1600s- Western Europe Enclosure movement 3rd Agricultural Revolution Late 1800s USA Industrialization of Farming Process Agribusiness

71 Types of Agriculture Subsistence Commercial

72 Von Thunen: Agricultural Location Theory19th century- German economist

73 Von Thünen Model Fig : Von Thünen’s model shows how distance from a city or market affects the choice of agricultural activity in (a) a uniform landscape and (b) one with a river.

74 Example of Von Thünen’s ModelThe example shows that a farmer would make a profit growing wheat on land located less than 4 kilometers from the market. Beyond 4 kilometers, wheat is not profitable, because the cost of transporting it exceeds the gross profit. More distant farms are more likely to select crops that can be transported less expensively.

75 Application of Von Thünen’s ModelVon Thünen based his general model of the spatial arrangement of different crops on his experiences as owner of a large estate in northern Germany during the early nineteenth century. He found that specific crops were grown in different rings around the cities in the area. Von Thünen did not consider site or human factors in his model, although he recognized that the model could vary according to topography and other distinctive physical conditions. The model also failed to understand that social customs and government policies influence the attractiveness of plants and animals for a commercial farmer. Although von Thünen developed the model for a small region with a single market center, it also applies to a national or global scale.

76 Green Revolution Part of the 3rd Agricultural RevolutionStarted in 1940s Hybrid seeds and fertilizers Higher-yielding varieties of wheat, rice, and maize crops Successful in India Many criticisms

77 Unit 6 Industrialization and Economic Development13-17% of the AP Exam

78 Types of Economic ActivitiesPrimary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Quinary

79 Industrial Revolution1750s-1850s England Coal and Steel Industry = textile Fueled by mercantilism and capitalism

80 Ford Production

81 Weber’s Least Cost Theory

82 HDI- Human Development IndexLife expectancy Average educational levels Standard of living GDP Total value of outputs of foods and services produced in a country over one year

83 North-South Divide

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85 Unit 7 Cities and Urban Land Use13-17% of the AP Exam

86 Walter Christaller (1930s) Used to describe the pattern of urban places

87 Central Place Model: VariablesHinterland = rural areas serviced by central places Threshold = minimum number of people needed Range= maximum travel distance Spatial competition

88 Rank Size Rule nth largest city’s population size = 1/n the size of the regions largest city popultion 4th largest city = ¼ the size of the regions largest city’s population size

89 Megacities Over 10 million inhabitants NYC Mexico City Cairo Jakarta

90 Borchert Model of Urban EvolutionStudied US cities: Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790–1830), Iron Horse Epoch (1830–1870), characterized by impact of steam engine technology, and development of steamboats and regional railroad networks. Steel Rail Epoch (1870–1920), dominated by the development of long haul railroads and a national railroad network. Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920–1970), saw growth in the gasoline combustion engine Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion (1970-?), also called the High-Technology Epoch

91 Basic vs Non Basic Basic = brings money into an urban place Non-basicAutomobile manufacturing Non-basic - shifts money within the city, but doesn’t bring money in -service jobs

92 Concentric Zone Mode 1920s- 1st one- Chicago- Ernst Burgess

93 Sector Model 1930s- Hoyt

94 Multiple Nuclei Ullman and Harris-1945

95 Urban Realms-1970s help explain the growth and importance of suburban areas

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