1 AP US Chapter1- 2 Notes

2 Bering Sea Land Bridge MigrationKey Concepts 1.1.I.A, 1.1.I.B, 1.1.I.C, 1.1.I.D

3 Key Concepts 1.1.I.A, 1.1.I.B, 1.1.I.C, 1.1.I.D

4 Native Culture and LifestyleNomadic OR Sedentary Gender Roles Women shared in labor except hunting Animism Eastern Woodlands Hunting and Agriculture (fur, corn, beans, squash) Hopewell Iroquois Mohawks, Oneidas, Onodagas, Cayugas, Senecas Algonquian Mississippian Hunting and Agriculture Great Plains Hunting (buffalo) Sioux Southwest Agriculture (corn) Anasazi/Pueblo Stone and adobe structures Pacific Northwest Hunting and fishing (salmon) Cedar forests Totem poles Key Concepts 1.1.I.A, 1.1.I.B, 1.1.I.C, 1.1.I.D Cahokia, c CE

5 The “New World” Indirect Discoverers of the New WorldThe 1st Europeans to come to America were the Norse (Vikings from Norway). Around 1,000 A.D., the Vikings landed, led by Erik the Red and Leif Erikson. They landed in “Newfoundland” or “Vinland” (due to all of the vines). However, these men left America and left no written record and therefore didn’t get the credit. The only record is found in Viking sagas or songs. The Christian Crusaders of Middle Ages fought in Palestine to regain the Holy Land from Muslims. This mixing of East and West created a sweet-tooth where Europeans wanted the spices of the exotic East.

6 Europeans and Africa Marco Polo traveled to China and stirred up a storm of European interest. Mixed with desire for spices, an East to West (Asia to Europe) trade flourished but had to be overland, at least in part. This initiated new exploration down around Africa in hopes of an easier (all water) route. Portugal literally started a sailing school to find better ways to get to the “Spice Islands,” eventually rounding Africa’s southern Cape of Good Hope. New developments emerged… caravel – a ship with triangular sail that could better tack (zig-zag) ahead into the wind and thus return to Europe from the Africa coast. compass – to determine direction. astrolabe – a sextant gizmo that could tell a ship’s latitude.

7 Europeans and Africa Slave trade beginsSlavery was initially race-independent. A slave was whoever lost in battle. Usually, slaves came from the Slavic regions of Europe, hence the name. The first African slave trade was across the Sahara Desert. Later, it was along the West African coast. Slave traders purposely busted up tribes and families in order to squelch any possible uprising. Slaves wound up on sugar plantations the Portuguese had set up on the tropical islands off of Africa’s coast. Spain watched Portugal’s success with exploration and slaving with envy and wanted a piece of the pie.

8 World Collide Christopher Columbus convinced Isabella and Ferdinand to fund his expedition. His goal was to reach the East (East Indies) by sailing west, thus bypassing the around-Africa route that Portugal monopolized. 30 days at sea (approx.) then hits lands, confused about his location This spawned the following system: Europe would provide the market, capital, technology. Africa would provide the labor. The New World would provide the raw materials (gold, soil, lumber).

9 World Collide--EffectsOf huge importance was the biological flip-flop of Old and New Worlds. Simply put, we traded life such as plants, foods, animals, germs. Columbian Exchange: From the New World (America) to the Old corn, potatoes, tobacco, beans, peppers, manioc, pumpkin, squash, tomato, wild rice, etc. also, syphilis From the Old World to the New cows, pigs, horses, wheat, sugar cane, apples, cabbage, citrus, carrots, Kentucky bluegrass, etc. devastating diseases (smallpox, yellow fever, malaria), as Indians had no immunities. The Indians had no immunities in their systems built up over generations. An estimated 90% of all pre-Columbus Indians died, mostly due to disease.

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12 Smallpox Key Concept 1.2.II.A

13 European ColonizationGod Glory Gold Spain Christopher Columbus (1492) France Jacques Cartier (1534) Dutch Henry Hudson (1609) England Charter Colonies, Proprietary Colonies, Royal Colonies Key Concepts 1.2.I.A, 1.2.I.C

14 Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) 1494 – Portugal and Spain feuded over who got what land. The Pope drew this line as he was respected by both. The line ran North-South, and chopped off the Brazilian coast of South America Portugal got everything east of the line (Brazil and land around/under Africa) Spain got everything west of the line (which turned out to be much more, though they didn’t know it at the time)

15 Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)Key Concepts 1.2.I.A, 1.2.I.C

16 Spain Conquistadores is Spanish “conquerors”.Vasco Balboa – “discovered” the Pacific Ocean across the isthmus of Panama. Ferdinand Magellan – circumnavigated the globe (he was the first to do so). Ponce de Leon – touches and names Florida looking for legendary “Fountain of Youth”. Hernando Cortes – enters Florida, travels up into present day Southeastern U.S., dies and is “buried” in Mississippi River, Francisco Pizarro – conquers Incan Empire of Peru and begins shipping tons of gold/silver back to Spain. This huge influx of precious metals made European prices skyrocket (inflation). Francisco Coronado – ventured into current Southwest U.S. looking for legendaryCibola, city of gold. He found the Pueblo Indians

17 Spanish in America In service to God but also in search of Glory and Gold Conquistadors Purpose Catholic Jesuit Purpose Impact on Interaction with Native Americans?? What do you think?

18 Encomienda System Encomienda system established (why was this..labor)Indians were “commended” or given to Spanish landlords The idealistic theory of the encomienda was that Indians would work on the farm and be converted to Christianity. But it was basically just slavery on a sugar plantation guised as missionary work.

19 The Spanish in America The Vallodilid Controversy (1550-1551)Juan Gines de Sepulveda Concerning the Just Cause of the War Against the Indians (1547) “Those whose condition is such that their function is the use of their bodies and nothing better can be expected of them, those, I say, are slaves of nature. It is better for them to be ruled thus.” Bartoleme de las Casas The New Laws (1542) A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies (1552) “The Indians are our brothers, and Christ has given his life for them. Why, then, do we persecute them with such inhuman savagery?... They will embrace the teaching of the Gospel, as well I know, for they are not stupid or barbarous but have a native sincerity and are simple, moderate, and meek.... Once they have embraced it, it is marvelous with what piety, eagerness, faith, and charity they obey Christ's precepts and venerate the sacraments. For they are docile and clever, and in their diligence and gifts of nature, they excel most peoples of the known world.” Key Concept 1.2.II.A, 1.2.II.B, 1.2.II.C, 1.2.II.D

20 Cortes and Mexico 1519 Cortes leaves from Cuba with 16 horses, several hundred men on 11 ships On the way he picks up Spanish castaway who had been living with Mayan-speaking Indians as slave for several years and female Indian slave, Malinche (also speaks Mayan and Nahuatl, language of Aztec rulers) How did the use of interpreters change the situation? You tell me.

21 Conquest of Mexico Lands at what is now Vera-Cruz because of interpreters learns of unrest among Aztec society also learns of riches that were in Tenochtitlan Prepares to take what is his (burn his ships now no help of retreat, gets about 20,000 native allies and marches to Tenochtitlan https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_nS6MpVbB_g Montezuma, the Aztec king, thought Cortez might be the god Quetzalcoatl who was due to re-appear that very year. Montezuma welcomed Cortez into Tenochtitlan. The Spanish lust for gold led Montezuma to attack on the noche triste, “sad night:” Cortez and men fought their way out, but it was smallpox that eventually beat the Indians. The Spanish then destroyed Tenochtitlan, building the Spanish capital (Mexico City) exactly on top of the Aztec city. A new race of people emerged, mestizos, a mix of Spanish and Indian blood.

22 The Spanish in America Key Concept 1.2.II.A, 1.2.II.B, 1.2.II.C, 1.2.II.D

23 The French in America-stopRoyal Colonies Jesuits and Catholic Conversion Fur Trade Coureurs de Bois (runner of the woods) Native Relations Trade Networks Alliances Intermarriage Key Concepts 1.2.III.A, 1.2.III.B, 1.2.III.C

24 Here Comes England…. North America in 1600 was largely unclaimed, though the Spanish had much control in Central and South America. Spain had only set up Santa Fe, while France had founded Quebec and Britain had founded Jamestown. In the 1500s, Britain failed to effectively colonize due to internal conflicts. King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s and launched the English Protestant Reformation. After Elizabeth I became queen, Britain became basically Protestant, and a rivalry with Catholic Spain intensified. In Ireland, the Catholics sought Spain’s help in revolting against England, but the English crushed the uprising with brutal atrocity, and developed an attitude of sneering contempt for natives.

25 Here Comes Elizabeth… Elizabeth I comes to powerRenewed interests in exploration God, Glory, Gold Sir Francis Drake top explorer Spain mad about having a rival so….. Seeking to get their revenge, Spain attacked Britain but lost in the Spanish Armada’s defeat of This opened the door for Britain to cross the Atlantic. They swarmed to America and took over the lead in colonization and power. Victory also fueled England to new heights due to… Strong government/popular monarch, more religious unity, a sense of nationalism Golden age of literature (Shakespeare) Beginning of British dominance at sea (which lasts until U.S. tops them, around 1900) Britain and Spain finally signed a peace treaty in 1604.

26 Colonies? 1st try for English colony is off the coast of Newfoundland, promoter of colony, Sir Humphrey Gilbert dies at sea but WR decides to try again in a warmer climate 1585 Roanoke Island (off NC/VA coasts), named area Virginia after the Queen Colony vanishes….

27 Push toward New World Fever…Several Economic and Social reasons why: Population Increase. New policy of enclosure (fencing in land) for farming. More people with less jobs, go to cities looking for work, can’t find it, the wealthy worried the “rabble” will cause problems, say cities to full, have to put them somewhere. The woolen districts fell upon hard times economically. Tradition of primogeniture = 1st born son inherits ALL father’s land. By the 1600s, the joint-stock company was perfected (investors put money into the company with hopes for a good return),

28 England on Eve of Empire17th century lots of social and economic changes for England that cause increase in move to New World: Population Increase Enclosing of Land Primogeniture Joint Stock Companies Easy to Remember List: Unemployment Thirst of Adventure Financial Backing of JSCs

29 Joint Stock Company By the 1600s, the joint-stock company was perfected. In this type of company, people invest money with hopes and expectations the company will do well. Thus the investor will make money as a share-owner. The benefit of the joint-stock company is that they can generate large amounts of start-up money to get a company going. The joint-stock company is the forerunner of today’s corporation

30 Jamestown 1606 Virginia Company of London gets charter from King James I for settlement Main goal is GOLD! Pressure put on colonists to get Gold above all else, will cause problems Charter of VA Co of London important! Guarantees settlers same rights as Englishmen, trend will continue and cause problems later on….. **Example of colonists allowed rights*

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32 Jamestown Leave 1606, land in Chesapeake Bay attacked by NA’sMove up to river. Lots of mosquitoes = malaria. Name river in honor of King May 24, 1607 make land fall, 100 men only 40 died on the boat ride over. MAJOR FAILURE

33 Why Jamestown Failed Why? Problems then emerged including(a) the swampy site of Jamestown meant poor drinking water and mosquitoes causing malaria and yellow fever, (b) “gentlemen” wasted time looking for gold rather than doing useful tasks (digging wells, building shelter, planting crops), and (c) there were zero women on the initial ship

34 Help? 1609, second group arrives, BUT supplies and leaders lost in shipwreck off Bermuda Settlers die of malnutrition and starvation, food is there but goal is GOLD not food Irony—actually was enough food stuffs and supplies to be successful if the men weren’t so lazy. Booo!!!

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37 John Smith Credited with saving colony Takes over in 1608“He who does not work does not eat” Pocahontas and Powhatan tribe Fact vs Fiction NA’s give some help and food to settlers But they still die in large numbers “Starving Time” Winter of Eat anything and everything (shoe leather, rats, horses, etc) 1610 plan to give up and go home but help arrives in form of Lord De La Warr Imposes Marshall Law and takes anti-NA attitude Disease still is a major problem. left out of 8000 that came

38 Cultural Clash When settlers arrive Powhatan chief of tribe12 make up Powhatan confederacy Could have been friends but colonists steal from Powhatans, not good 1614 1st Anglo-Powhatan War Result of De La Warr 1610 raid and burn policy Ended with peace settlement, lasts about 8 years 1622, Powhatans fed up with settlers ways, launch series of attacks and kill 347 VA co says Destroy them! 1644 2nd Anglo-Powhatan War, Powhatan lose 1685 English say Powhatan extinct

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40 Destruction of Native Peoples3 main reasons: 1. Disease 2. Disorganization 3. Disposability Can’t use them, hard to enslave, but need for food Native Americans stand in way of getting land Does lead to some banding together of Natives Trade networks = some success Have to adjust to more and more whites who always want more and keep changing the rules of the game

41 Virginia and Tobacco John Rolfe, perfects tobacco in 1612Europeans go crazy for the golden leaf! All of Virginia switches to planting tobacco, they plant it EVERYWHERE It is THE focus Use $ from tobacco to import food But need more land to plant more tobacco continue to push further west Tobacco is bad for the soil, also a factor Need more and more labor….

42 Tobacco and Labor Original source of labor is Indentured Servants and NOT slaves 1619 1st slaves arrive on a Dutch ship Historical records are unclear Slaves are VERY expensive so not used by most colonists 1650, 300 slaves 1700, make up 14% of population

43 House of Burgesses- VA created representative self-government, House of Burgesses (H o B) Look for seeds that link to Revolution (so far 2, VA company charter and HoB) King James dislikes what is going on, feels out of power 1624 revokes VA co charter and makes a royal colony, now he controls and makes $$

44 Maryland 2nd plantation based colony, but 4th English colony (MA and NH before it) Founded 1634 by Lord Baltimore for 2 main reasons Catholic refuge and to make $$ Acted as an absentee proprietor 200 original settlers Large land tracts for pals Results in haves vs have nots

45 Maryland Rebellion toward end of century, LB temporarily loses rightsMD does well financially, tobacco cash crop Indentured servants for labor, no slaves until late 17th century Allowed religious toleration 1649, Act of Toleration: guaranteed religious toleration to all CHRISTIANS. Those that were not Christian could be killed

46 West Indies English also colonizing West IndiesSpain was busy with other issues so have lost control of the area (or at least wasn’t able to prevent other nations from colonizing) Mid 17th century biggest claim was Jamaica (1655), sugar was the big crop Tobacco is a poor man’s crop vs sugar is a rich man’s crop Sugar is very labor intensive

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48 Sugar Plantations Very labor intensiveOriginal plan was to use Natives as slave labor but disease kills about 90% so then focus on Africans Disease still an issue, work to death 1700 slaves out number whites 4:1 Africans have remained predominant pop example of African Diaspora (scattering of African peoples throughout New World in 3.5 centuries post Columbus Results in slave codes, fear of insurrection 1661 (Barbados) total control of owner, can punish at will Plant so much sugar must import food from American South Some farmers migrate from West Indies to American South, Carolinas bring with the concept of Slave Codes Carolinas officially adopt policy in 1696

49 Sugar Cane Processing http://youtu.be/icjSbcw9V54

50 Problems of England, 1600s England having serious political problemsKing Charles I beheaded, Oliver Cromwell ruled as religious dictator for 10 yrs Charles II is placed back on throne (The Restoration) Went through a big civil war to get rid of king rule but decided to bring it back Colonization on hold during turmoil Charles II wants to get moving again so….

51 Carolinas Charles II creates Carolinas colony (named after himself), makes 8 of his friends proprietors Went from Coast to Coast (still unclear about geography of North America) Main port was Charles Town, focus on what today is South Carolina Goal was to grow food for West Indies and export wine, silk, olive oil

52 West Indies and CarolinasAlso closely connected through slave trade Received African slaves from WI and would ship Native Americans to WI and Rhode Island (Natives did launch attacks on settlers) Tobacco did not work well but rice did Rice becomes big export crop, which results in increase in African slaves because they had stronger resistance to malaria and knowledge of how to grow rice By 1710 slaves majority of population, slave codes in full effect, constant fear of rebellion

53 North vs South CarolinaBiggest sea port Becomes very prosperous, looks down on northern part of Carolinas Northern section is still very wild, populated by those unhappy with VA or unable to make it financially Made up of squatters Raised tobacco on small family farms and had little need for slaves Those living in “North Carolina” were seen as poor, uncultured, friendly to pirates, isolated because of coastline, looked down upon by VA and SC Official split comes in 1712 Both NC and SC had Native American issues NC Tuscaroras, SC from Florida

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56 Georgia (on my mind) Founded 1733, last of 13 colonies led by James Oglethrope 126 years after VA and 52 yrs after 12th, PA Acted as a (1) buffer between Carolinas and Spanish Florida and French Louisiana many who needed a “second chance” came here Original plan was to keep slavery out, (2) penal colony (dumping ground for English criminals) Allowed any Christian, except Catholics Missionaries tried to convert Native Americans, best known was John Wesley (will go own to found Methodists)

57 Summary of Plantation ColoniesSlavery existed in ALL colonies, more in South due to financial “need” Cities slow to grow, those that did served as ports Schools, churches, and towns slow to grow due to spread out nature/geography Main cash crops: tobacco, rice, indigo COTTON not a factor at this time!! White vs Native Americans conflicts were frequent Less concerned with religious issues than making money