1 Applying Psychology – Assessment 3Wellbeing - The power of a smile. Megan mcbride.

2 The Theory - William James (1884) – theory of emotion.Information retrieved from: https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/the-evolution-of-emotion-charles-darwins-little-known-psychology-experiment/ - Charles Darwin (1872) -How we recognise emotion in faces. -Believed that facial expressions play an important role In promoting the feelings that accompany.t. - Disagreed with Duchenne’s work - Choose 11 of Duchenne's previous slides at random. - Presented them to over 20 of his guests. - “Which emotion is being portrayed on each slide?” - Produced table of answers. - Results showed: Darwin's guests agreed on certain emotions. - Strongly disagreed on other emotions. -Darwin believed that only the slides agreed on were the true universal human emotions.. - Guillaume Duchenne (1862). - Studied emotional expression. - Stimulated various facial muscles with electoral currents. - Produced more than 60 photographic slides of his subjects – distinct emotions. - Believed muscles can simulate a smile, but only the peculiar tango of the zygomatic major and the orbicularis oculi produces a genuine expression of positive emotion. -The intensity of a grin can predict personal well-being. - William James (1884) – theory of emotion. - Believed that the physical reaction happens first. - The facial feedback theory. -A study from the 1970s and 1980s showed that participants who mimicked a fearful expression showed an increase in heart rate and skin temperature.

3 The Power of a Smile – Application.Article retrieved from: https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/07/study-forcing-a- smile-genuinely-decreases-stress/260513/ Study relates to previous theoretical points about the power of a smile. Duchenne believed that producing a ‘Duchenne smile’ can produce genuine positive emotions. Linked to the study – participants in study who had a Duchenne smile were the most relaxed out of all other participants and had most positive affect. Therefore, supporting Duchenne’s theory that a Duchenne smile produced positive emotion. Also relates to previous theoretical points relating to William James theory of emotion. As we established before James believed that the physical reaction happens first. Therefore, this supports our application as the study showed that participants who forced a smile held by the chopsticks reported having positive feelings than participants who didn’t smile at all. Supports James theory that the physical reaction happens first so in this case the participants were forced to smile – this being the physical reaction – and as a result of this physical reaction (smile) the participants actually did begin to feel positive emotions. Also, study related to theoretical points of Darwin, Darwin believed that Facial expressions play an important role In promoting the feelings that accompany. Therefore linked to the study as the participants who had a Duchenne smile as a result of the chopsticks reported feeling positive feelings. This showing that facial expressions in this case the Duchenne smile played an important role in promoting the feelings that accompany in this case positive feelings. Hypothesis: Smiling can make us happier and reduce stress. Participants: 169 participants took part in study. Method: Researchers used chopsticks to manipulate participants facial expressions. Standard smile/Duchenne smile. Some participants were explicitly instructed to smile. Participants then put through stressful multi tasking activities. Participants heart rates and stress levels monitored throughout. Results: Study found participants instructed to smile recovered from stressful activities with lower heart rates than participants with neutral expressions. Also found that participants with Duchenne smiles were the most relaxed out of all participants – most positive affect. Participants who forced a smile with chopsticks reported having more positive emotions than participants who didn’t smile at all. Conclusions: When you feel stressed, forcing a smile can decrease stress levels and leave you feeling happier.

4 regret in regards to the elderly.Topic 2 – Lifespan. regret in regards to the elderly.

5 The Theory. Ego integrity vs despair:- Reflecting on ones lifeWhat is life span? - Infancy - Childhood - Adolescents - Early adulthood - Middle age - Older age- focusing on elderly individuals. . Sigmund Freud and Abraham Maslow – looked at development of individuals. - Erik Erikson ( ). -Erikson believed there is 8 stages of development , but we are going to focus closely on ego integrity vs despair he believed this related to those 65 and over (1) trust vs mistrust (birth-1 year) (2) autonomy vs shame and doubt (18 months – 2/3yrs) - Erik Erikson ( ):- 8 stages of development (65+) :- (1) trust vs mistrust (birth-1 yr.) (2) autonomy vs shame/doubt (18month– 2/3yrs) (3) initiative vs guilt (3-5yrs) (4) industry vs inferiority (5-12yrs) (5) identity vs role confusion (12-18yrs) (6) intimacy vs isolation (approx yrs) (7) generativity vs stagnation (approx yrs) (8) ego integrity vs despair (65+) Ego integrity vs despair:- Reflecting on ones life Happy with life: Moving on and feeling satisfied. Sense of regret/Guilt about life: can lead to depression and hopelessness. Success in life: feelings of wisdom. Failure in life: regret, bitterness, despair.

6 Regret amongst Elderly - ApplicationArticle retrieved from:-Retrieved from:- https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/07/15/aging-survey-second-chances/ / - According to research at Concordia University in Montreal, the emotional distress of regrets can disrupt your hormonal and immune systems, particularly if you are 65 or older, which can lead to colds, headaches — or worse. Bauer also found an increase in depressive symptoms — such as difficulty sleeping and concentrating — in those with unresolved regret. "Obsessing or ruminating over regrets can also lead to depression and anxiety as you kick yourself over and over," says psychologist Neal Roese, a professor of marketing at the Kellogg School of Management at North-western University in Evanston - This again, supports Erikson's theory of development as the information in this study states that regrets can have severe outcomes especially for individuals 65 and over, this can support Erikson's theory as Erikson stated that individuals 65 and over often feel a sense of regret. This can also support the theory of Erikson as the research found that unresolved regret led to an increase in depressive symptoms. Therefore this can back up Erikson's theory as Erikson stated that if individuals feel a sense of regret in their lives it can ultimately lead to them feeling depressed. - Hypothesis: life regrets can shape later years. Participants: i1,000 adults 60 and older and a comparison group of 1,027 individuals aged Methods: study carried out researchers asked individuals about a preselected list of steps they wish they had taken "to plan and prepare for your senior years,“ Results: the most-cited responses from individuals showed how regret plays a role in getting older. Of the respondents, only 17% of individuals said "none of the above.“ to the answers given on regret. These responses included 1000 adults aged 60 and over., two-thirds being aged Supports Erikson's theory of psychosocial stages of development as Erikson's theory stated that elderly individuals look back on their life and experience regret and this study supports this as it has shown that elderly individuals do look back at their life and have feelings of regret. Article retrieved from: -http://www.aarp.org/health/healthy-living/info /how-to-overcome-regrets-protect-health.html