1

2 Atomic Physics at Relativistic Beam Energies2

3 Laser Cooling at Relativistic Energies ─ Relativistic Doppler Shift

4 Dp/p ~ 10-5 Scanning Laser Frequency with a Coasting Ion BeamSchottky Signal Intensity [a.u.] Dp/p ~ 10-5 Schottky Signal Density [arb. units] 4

5 Laser „pushes“ the Ion Beam in Momentum Space to lower VelocitiesSchottky Signal Intensity [a.u.] Schottky Signal Density [arb. units] faster Laser slower 5

6 ions Laser Force bucket potential vionsBunching the Ion Beam counteracts the Laser Force ions Laser Force bucket potential vions 6

7 C3+ Laser Cooling Setup (ESR, CSRe)Ebeam = 122 MeV/u = 1.47 GeV ( b = 0.47, g = 1.13 ) frev = MHz Solid laser (cw) llaser = 257 nm 2S1/2 → 2P1/2 lrest = nm trest = 3.8 ns E-cooler Ions Laser 257 nm

8 Line Shape determines the Probability of Photon AbsorptionAbsorption Probability 1/ttrans Photon Frequency wphoton Transition Frequency wtrans C3+ t‘trans = 3.8 ns ħk‘trans = 8 eV/c l‘trans = 155 nm

9 Scattering Rate of Photons is directly proportional to Line ShapeS‘ ~ 1 : Saturation Parameter (S > 1 does not increase cooling!) t‘trans ~ ns : Lifetime of the Transition (determines minimum cooling time!) d‘ : detuning between laser light and atomic transition (photon frequency in rest frame!) ESR, CSRe gt‘trans = 4.3 ns trev = ns Nscat = trev/gt‘trans = 179

10 (1+b)-3g-4I‘sat = 9.2 W/cm2 / ((1+0.47) 3×1.134) = 17.9 mW/mm2Saturation Intensity > 1, depends on Relativistic Effects and Transition I‘sat : Saturation Intensity (laser power depends on the ion beam diameter) I‘sat for C3+ : Laser Spot Size = Ion Beam Diameter (we need between 1 mW to 100 mW) ESR, CSRe (1+b)-3g-4I‘sat = 9.2 W/cm2 / ((1+0.47) 3×1.134) = 17.9 mW/mm2

11 Force = Momentum Transfer RateScattering Rate Photon Momentum ESR, CSRe lphot = g(1+b)l‘trans = 257 nm ttrans = gt‘trans = 4.3 ns F(0) = h/(2 lphot ttrans) = 1.87 eV / m

12 0.2 10-7 (pion-p0) / p0 [×10-5] Time (s) 20 60 40Laser Cooling Force vs. Electron Cooling Force (Coasting Beam) 10-7 0.2 Time (s) 20 60 40 Schottky Signal Density [arb. units] Electron Cooler „heats up“ laser-cooled Part of Beam laser scanning Laser detuning range -3.0 -2.0 -1.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 (pion-p0) / p0 [×10-5] 20 mW Laser Beam working against the 250 mA Electron Cooler

13 The Beam as a Strongly Coupled OCP13

14 With increasing Coupling, IBS increases (but not forever!)[1] [2] [3]

15 How would a Crystalline Beam look like?Radial Confinement Ions Spheroid Axial Confinement CCD Image from PALLAS

16 The Structure of Ion Crystals depends on the Confinement PotentialString Zig-Zag Helix

17 (see Poster by W. Wen for CSRe Activities)Laser Cooling at ESR (see Poster by W. Wen for CSRe Activities) 17

18 t p Scanning the Bucket Frequency (2004, 2006) s Schottky fb Laserfbunch Laser s fb s fb p fbunch = 20 x MHz — Dfbunch/Dt = 20 Hz / 5 s — fsync ~ 170 Hz — Dp/paccept ≈ 10-5 18

19 2012 Setup at ESR C3+ Ebeam = 122 MeV/u = 1.47 GeV( b = 0.47, g = 1.13 ) frev = MHz tbeam ~ 100 s Slip factor = 0.607 Betatron tune = 2.3 Diode laser (cw) llaser = 257 nm 2S1/2 → 2P1/2 lrest = nm Dp/p ~ 10-5 trest = 3.8 ns 19

20 Ion Beam Momentum p ~ GeV/cScanning the Laser Frequency (2012) s t fb Laser Laser Frequency Laser s fb Laser Scanning Time t ~ s Dp/p s fbunch p fb Ion Beam Momentum p ~ GeV/c 20

21 Schottky Measurements of Bunched Laser Cooling21

22 Preliminary cw not possible > MHz XUV/X-ray SIS 100Laser Cooling at Relativistic Energies (llaser = 257 nm, S. Shevelko) cw not possible > MHz XUV/X-ray SIS 100 Preliminary 22

23 Worked for days in CSRe tunnelTurn-Key Pulsed Laser System (Dp/p acc. ~ 10-4, MHz repetition rate) ~1 m Worked for days in CSRe tunnel should work for SIS 100 23

24 Schottky Signal vanishes (4-5 orders of magnitude)Zero Schottky 16 mA (much better vacuum in 2006) Schottky < 10-5 Schottky Signal vanishes (4-5 orders of magnitude) h = Iion = 16 mA bunch length 1.01…0.78 m bunch width = 5.26 mm Iecool = 2 mA 24

25 „Laser Cooling [at mid-size Ion Storage Rings] is not very active“M. Steck on Monday (freely interpreted) 25

26 „That‘s because there are not many mid-size Rings available“M. Bussmann 26

27 „But R&D for future Facilities is highly active“M. Bussmann 27

28 Chinese NSFC funding for Wen Weiqiang ~ 40 k€ German & Chinese Activities in Laser Cooling 4 BMBF-funded University Contributions to Laser Cooling (1 x Dresden, 1 x Münster, 2 x Darmstadt) ~ 500 k€ Chinese NSFC funding for Wen Weiqiang ~ 40 k€ 1 Beam Time at ESR (2012), 2 at CSRe (2013, 2014) compared to 3 Beam Times between 1998 and 2006 Dedicated Laser Cooling Project at SIS 100 inside the Helmholtz Program „Accelerator Research & Development“ 28

29 „ARD“ Laser Cooling at SIS 100 (D. Winters, P. Spiller, M. Bussmann)funded ~ 1 M€ 29

30 Lorentz-boosted Fluorescence (e.g. „Optical Schottky“)30

31 Preliminary What can we expect if everything works perfectly*?*hey, one can dream 31

32 Fixed laser frequeny, cw laser beam, coasting ion beamThank you!