1 Basic Electricity Overview2016

2 Training Objectives At the conclusion of this training, you should expect to have addressed the following topics: Atomic Electricity, Electricity at its most basic level; The three characteristics of electrical charges; The six major sources of electricity; Current, Voltage, and Resistance, What are they, How are they related;

3 Training Objectives Continued: Power, Watts, Watt-Hour; Circuits,Series Circuits, Parallel Circuits, How current, voltage, and resistance are calculated in series and parallel circuits;

4 Training Objectives Continued: Magnetism, Electromagnetism,How a changing magnetic field affects a conductor; Induction, Parts of a typical inductor, What inductors do, Self-Induction, Characteristics of inductance;

5 Training Objectives Continued: Transformers, Their construction,How they work, The difference between a step-up and a step- down transformer.

6 What is Electricity?

7 Introductions Stephen Gray English Dyer & Astronomer 1666 – 1736Electrical Conduction Charles Francois du Fay French Chemist 1698 – 1739 Electrical Charges (+ & -), Conductors, Insulators Benjamin Franklin American Polymath 1706 – 1790 Relationship between Electricity & Lightning

8 Introductions James Watt Scottish Inventor 1736 – 1819Theory of Horsepower, the “WATT” Alessandro Volta Italian Physicist 1745 – 1827 Voltage, Battery, Capacitance, the “VOLT” André-Marie Ampére French Physicist 1775 – 1836 Electrical Current, Electromagnetism, the “AMPERE”

9 Introductions Hans Christian Ørsted Danish Physicist Michael Faraday1777 – 1851 Relationship between Electric Currents & Magnetic Fields Georg Simon Ohm German Physicist 1789 – 1854 Ohm’s Law, the “OHM” Michael Faraday British Physicist 1791 – 1867 Electromagnetic Induction

10 Introductions Joseph Henry American Scientist 1797 – 1878Electromagnet, Inductance, the “HENRY” James Prescott Joule British Physicist 1818 – 1889 Electrical Current, Resistance, the “JOULE” Nikola Tesla Serbian Inventor 1856 – 1943 Designer of the Modern AC Electricity Supply System

11 What is Electricity / MATTER?What is Matter? Matter has 2 primary characteristics: Has WEIGHT Requires SPACE

12 Matter Matter comes in Three Forms:

13 What is Electricity / ATOMS?What makes matter? Matter is made from ATOMS ATOMS are the basic materials that make up everything we see

14 What is Electricity / Atoms?Atom is a Greek word for indivisible (cannot be divided) An Atom is the smallest particle that an element may be reduced to and still retain its elemental properties Over 100 Atoms are known to exist Hydrogen (the most basic of atoms), Helium, Oxygen, Aluminum, Gold, and Mercury are some examples

15 The Periodic Table of Elements

16 Atoms Multiple Atoms may be combined to form other materialsWater (liquid, gas, solid) is formed from Hydrogen and Oxygen (gases) 2 Hydrogen Atoms 1 Oxygen Atom 1 Water Molecule H O O H H

17 Atoms Subatomic Particles are the building blocks of AtomsAtoms contain 3 types of Subatomic Particles 1. Electrons (E) (-) 2. Protons (P) (+) 3. Neutrons (N)

18 Atoms The center of the Atom is called the NucleusThe Nucleus is composed of Protons (Positive Charge) and Neutrons (Neutral or No Charge) Protons and Neutrons bond together to form the Nucleus (+) Proton (N) Neutron

19 Atoms Electrons (Negative Charge) orbit the NucleusAtoms contain one or more Electron - N + (+) (N) Proton Neutron Electron (-)

20 Atoms Atoms resemble a miniature solar systemElectrons revolve around the Nucleus much the same as planets revolve around the sun P(+) N E(-)

21 Atomic Structure Atoms having an equal number of Electrons and Protons are known as Balanced or Neutral Hydrogen Atoms have 1 Proton and 1 Electron - + (+) Proton Electron (-)

22 Atomic Structure A Copper Nucleus has 35 Neutrons and 29 ProtonsThere are 29 Electrons orbiting the Nucleus The outer Electron is easily exchanged between Copper Atoms 29 + 35 N -

23 Atomic Structure Because Copper Atoms may easily exchange Electrons, Copper Atoms are good electrical conductors After exchanging Electrons, the Atoms remain balanced 29 + 35 N - 29 + 35 N - - -

24 Atomic Structure Conducting Atoms will normally have no more than three Electrons on the outer orbit Semiconducting Atoms will have exactly four Insulating Atoms will have a minimum of five + N - Conducting + N - Semiconducting + N - Insulating

25 Single Electron in Outermost OrbitAtomic Structure An example of two Atoms that are good electrical conductors would be Silver and Copper Copper Atom 29 + 35 N - Silver Atom 47 + 61 N Single Electron in Outermost Orbit

26 Atomic Structure The best Pure Metal conductors for electricity are:Silver - expensive, used in special applications Copper - the most widely used metal conductor Gold - very expensive, used in specialized applications due to its non-corrosive characteristics Aluminum - used in many electrical transmission applications

27 Relative Conductivities of MetalsELEMENT RELATIVE CONDUCTIVITY % Silver 100 Copper 98 Gold 78 Aluminum 61 Zinc 30 Platinum 17 Iron 16 Lead 15 Tin 9 Nickel 7 Mercury 1

28 When Electrons Move, Current Flows, THINGS HAPPENBasic Electricity When Electrons Move, Current Flows, THINGS HAPPEN

29 Basic Electricity What Makes Electricity? Friction Heat Pressure LightElectricity is produced from six major sources Friction Heat Pressure Light Chemical Reactions Magnetism

30 Electricity is Produced By FrictionFriction occurs when one object is rubbed against a second object Protons (Positive Charge) and Electrons (Negative Charge) are present in equal quantities in both the rod and the fur Electrons are transferred from the fur to the rod

31 Electricity is Produced By HeatMeter detects the electrical charge An electrical charge is produced when heat is applied to the junction of the twisted metals.

32 Electricity is Produced By PressureAn electrical charge is produced when pressure is applied to crystals of certain materials.

33 Electricity is Produced By LightAn electrical charge is produced when light strikes photo sensitive material.

34 Electricity is Produced By Chemical ReactionsAn electrical charge is produced by chemical reactions in an electric cell.

35 Electricity is Produced By MagnetismElectricity is produced by relative movement of a magnet and a wire which results in the cutting of lines of force.

36 Sources of ElectricityMAGNETISM CHEMICAL LIGHT HEAT HEAT 2,000 LBS. PRESSURE

37 Sources of ElectricityOf the six major electricity sources, which are the two most commonly used? Chemical Reaction DC Flows in Only One Direction Magnetism AC Reverses Direction as it Flows

38 Basic Electrical ReviewWhich two particles have an electrical charge? Protons Electrons

39 Basic Electrical ReviewTrue or False: Protons have a negative charge and electrons have a positive charge. False

40 Basic Electrical ReviewLaw of Attraction: Do opposite electrical charges attract or repel each other? Attract

41 Basic Electrical ReviewLaw of Attraction: Do like electrical charges attract or repel each other? Repel

42 Basic Electrical ReviewElectrical Current is the movement of ______. A. protons. B. electrons. C. atoms. D. neutrons. E. all or none of the above.

43 Basic Electrical ReviewThe two major sources of energy that are used to produce large amounts of electricity are: Magnetism Chemical Reaction

44 Basic Electrical Quantities

45 Basic Electrical QuantitiesThere are three basic electrical quantities: Voltage Current Resistance

46 Basic Electrical QuantitiesVoltage, Current, and Resistance combine to form an electrical circuit. How? Voltage has to PUSH the electrons through a circuit.

47 Basic Electrical Quantities – VoltageWithout steam, a steam locomotive will simply sit on the track. Using the same logic, without Voltage, electrons will not move or flow through the circuit.

48 Basic Electrical Quantities – Voltage29 + 35 N - Voltage: The electromotive force that makes electrons move Measured in Volts (V)

49 Basic Electrical Quantities – CurrentThe flow of electrons Measured in Amps (A) - Current is the movement of free electrons through a conductor from a more negative charge to a more positive charge.

50 Basic Electrical Quantities – CurrentA circuit’s current is directly proportional to the circuit’s voltage…. . . . likewise, if you want more Current, you need more Voltage. Current Volts Current Volts Current Volts

51 Basic Electrical Quantities – ResistanceOpposition to current flow Measured in Ohms Ω

52 Basic Electrical Quantities – ResistanceCurrent A circuit’s current is inversely proportional to the circuit’s resistance. Resistance Current Resistance Current

53 Basic Electrical Quantities – Ohm’s LawVoltage E I R Current Resistance

54 Basic Electrical Quantities – Ohm’s LawElectromotive Force Voltage Measure in Volts E I R

55 Basic Electrical Quantities – Ohm’s LawIntensity Current Measure in Amps E I R

56 Basic Electrical Quantities – Ohm’s LawResistance Measure in Ohms (Ω)

57 Basic Electrical Quantities – Ohm’s LawE = I x R E I R I = E R R= E I

58 Basic Electrical Quantities – Ohm’s LawE = I x R E I R I = E R R= E I

59 Basic Electrical Quantities – Ohm’s LawE = I x R E I R I = E R R= E I

60 Basic Electrical Quantities – Ohm’s LawE = I x R E I R I = E R R= E I

61 Basic Electrical Quantities – Ohm’s LawGiven: I = 2 Amps R = 120 Ohms Find the Voltage, E E E = I x R I R Volts = Current x Resistance E = 2 Amps x 120 Ohms E = 240 Volts

62 Basic Electrical Quantities – Ohm’s LawGiven: E = 120 Volts R = 60 Ohms Find the Current, I E I = E ÷ R I R Current = Volts ÷ Resistance I = 120 Volts ÷ 60 Ohms I = 2 Amps

63 Basic Electrical Quantities – Ohm’s LawGiven: E = 120 Volts I = 3 Amps Find the Resistance, R E R = E ÷ I I R Resistance = Volts ÷ Current R = 120 Volts ÷ 3 Amps R = 40 Ohms

64 Basic Electrical QuantitiesCan the components of Electricity be compared to anything? We can compare the components of Electricity to the components of a Water system.

65 Water Electricity Water and Electricity Pump Pipe PressureFlow of Water Gallons Restriction Electricity Generator Conductor Voltage Current Amperes Resistance

66 Basic Electrical Quantities – Power

67 Basic Electrical Quantities – PowerMeasured in Watts Defined as the rate at which work is done

68 Basic Electrical Quantities – Power

69 Basic Electrical Quantities – Power

70 Basic Electrical Quantities – PowerRate at which work is done Measure in Watts P E I

71 Basic Electrical Quantities – PowerP = E x I P E I E = P I I = P E

72 Basic Electrical Quantities – PowerP = E x I P E I E = P I I = P E

73 Basic Electrical Quantities – PowerP = E x I P E I E = P I I = P E

74 Basic Electrical Quantities – PowerGiven: E = 240 Volts and I = 2 Amps Find the Power, P P P = E x I E I Power = Volts x Current P = 240 Volts x 120 Amps P = 480 Watts

75 Basic Electrical Quantities – PowerGiven: P = 600 Watts and I = 3 Amps Find the Voltage, E P E = P ÷ I E I Volts = Power ÷ Current E = 600 Watts ÷ 3 Amps E = 200 Volts

76 Basic Electrical Quantities – PowerGiven: P = 600 Watts and E = 120 Volts Find the Current, I P I = P ÷ E E I Current = Power ÷ Volts I = 600 Watts ÷ 120 Volts I = 5 Amps

77 Watt – Watt-Hour – Kilowatt-HourA Watt-Hour is: The basic unit used to measure electrical energy; Determined by multiplying Power by Time; The amount of electrical energy used when one Watt of Power is delivered to an electrical device for one hour. Watt

78 Watt – Watt-Hour – Kilowatt-HourWatt = unit of measure for Power Kilowatt = 1,000 Watts Watt Kilowatt-Hour = unit of measure for electrical energy Used to measure power consumption during a period of time

79 Watt – Watt-Hour – Kilowatt-Hour120 V CHINA 100 W 120 V CHINA 12 11 1 10 2 9 3 8 4 7 5 6 A 100 Watt Bulb is energized for 10 Hours, 100 Watts x 10 Hours = 1,000 Watt-Hours ,THEREFORE 1 Kilowatt-Hour of Electrical Energy was consumed.

80 Watt – Watt-Hour – Kilowatt-HourIf 1 kW-H = $0.05 and you have the following bulbs burning in your house every day for 30 days, how much will the electricity for these bulbs cost? 4 hours 2 hours 3 hours 25 W 50 W 60 W $2.43 / 30 Day Month

81 Watt – Watt-Hour – Kilowatt-Hour25W x 6B = 150W 18kW-H x $0.05 = $0.90 4 hours / day 150W x 4H = 600W / Day 600W / Day x 30 Days = 18,000W or 18kW-H 50 W 50W x 3B = 150W 9kW-H x $0.05 = $0.45 2 hours / day 150W x 2H = 300W / Day 300W / Day x 30 Days = 9,000W or 9kW-H 60 W 60W x 4B = 240W 21.6kW-H x $0.05 = $1.08 3 hours / day 240W x 3H = 720W / Day 720W / Day x 30 Days = 21,600W or 21.6kW-H

82 Basic Electrical ReviewCurrent is measured in units called: Amperes OR Amps

83 Basic Electrical ReviewTrue or False: Direct current continuously reverses direction as it flows through a circuit. False

84 Basic Electrical ReviewTrue or False: Voltage is the driving force that causes current flow. True

85 Basic Electrical ReviewVoltage is measured in units called: Volts

86 Basic Electrical ReviewElectrical Resistance: Accelerate or Oppose Electron Movement? Oppose Electron Movement

87 Basic Electrical ReviewMaterials that offer little opposition to electron flow are called: insulators conductors resistors assistors all or none of the above

88 Basic Electrical ReviewResistance is measured in units called: Ohms

89 Basic Electrical ReviewState the meaning of the following electrical symbols: I = E = R = Current Voltage Resistance

90 Basic Electrical ReviewWhat are the three ways Ohm’s Law can be written using symbols E, R, and I? E = I x R E I E R R = I =

91 Basic Electrical ReviewTrue or False: When Voltage remains constant, Ohm’s Law can be used to predict how a change in Resistance will effect the Current. True

92 Basic Electrical ReviewIn a short circuit, is resistance high or low? Resistance is low in a short circuit In a short circuit, is current high or low? Current is high in a short circuit

93 Basic Electrical ReviewTo calculate Power, you should multiply ______ by _____. You should multiply Voltage by Current

94 Basic Electrical ReviewPower is measured in units called: Watts

95 Electrical Circuits

96 Circuits Think of a Circuit as a circular path.A Circuit is a complete path for Current to flow. Circuits include a source of Voltage and Resistance.

97 Circuits There are two basic types of Circuits: Series CircuitsParallel Circuits

98 Series Circuits In a Series Circuit, there is only ONE path for the current to flow.

99 Series Circuits A string of Christmas Lights is an example of a Series Circuit – one bulb out, all bulbs out. + -

100 Series Circuits In a Series Circuit, Current is the same throughout the circuit. 2 A 2 A

101 Series Circuits In a Series Circuit, the sum of the individual source voltages equals the total applied voltage 12 v 4 v 4 v 4 v

102 Series Circuits In a Series Circuit, the sum of the individual resistances in the circuit is equal to the total circuit resistance. 5  RT = 10 

103 Series Circuits In a Series Circuit, the total applied voltage in the circuit is equal to the sum of the voltage drops across the resistors in the circuit. 6 v 12 v

104 Parallel Circuit Example – Two Paths

105 Parallel Circuit Example – Three Paths

106 Series Circuits In a Series Circuit . . .the current is constant throughout the circuit. the sum of the individual source voltages equals the total applied voltage. the total resistance equals the sum of the individual resistors. the sum of the voltage drops is equal to the source voltage.

107 Parallel Circuits In a Parallel Circuit, the circuit current has more than one path.

108 Parallel Circuits In a Parallel Circuit, the total circuit current is equal to the sum of the currents flowing through each leg. 4 A 2 A 2 A

109 Parallel Circuits In a Parallel Circuit, the voltage drop across each leg is equal to the source voltage. 12 v 12 v 12 v 12 v 12 v

110 Parallel Circuits In a Parallel Circuit, the branch circuits with the lowest resistances will conduct the most current. 20 Ω 5 Ω

111 Parallel Circuits In a Parallel Circuit . . .the current has more than one path to flow the total circuit current is equal to the sum of the currents flowing through each leg the total current resistance is less than the resistance in any single leg the voltage across each circuit leg is the same as the source voltage the branch circuits with the lowest resistances will conduct the most current

112 Let’s Review Circuits currentThe sum of the ______ of each branch circuit adds up to the total ______ in the circuit. current current

113 Let’s Review Circuits Voltage is ________ for each parallel branch circuit. constant

114 Let’s Review Circuits The total circuit __________ is smaller than the smallest _________ in any parallel branch circuit. resistance resistor

115 Let’s Review Circuits The total current divides among each branch circuit depending on the resistances of the branch circuits. The branch circuits with the ________ resistances will conduct the most current. lowest

116 Let’s Review Circuits Is a circuit that contains a single current path having the circuit components connected end-to-end a series or a parallel circuit? series circuit

117 Let’s Review Circuits Is a circuit that contains two or more current paths having the circuit components connected side-by-side a series or a parallel circuit? parallel circuit

118 Let’s Review Circuits True or False:The two main differences between series and parallel circuits are (1) the circuit arrangements and (2) the way in which current, voltage, and resistance behave. True

119 Let’s Review Circuits Which of the following statements apply to series circuits? There could be up to four correct answers. The amount of current flowing through each circuit component is the same. Depending on the leg resistance, the current in each leg may be different. The total applied voltage is equal to the sum of the individual source voltages. The total circuit resistance is equal to the sum of all the resistances of all circuit resistors.

120 Let’s Review Circuits True or False:The amount of resistance in each leg of a parallel circuit will affect the amount of current flowing through the circuit legs. True

121 Let’s Review Circuits True or False:Electrical current will continue to flow through the legs of a parallel circuit if the current of other legs in the same circuit has been interrupted. True

122 Let’s Review Circuits Which of the following statements apply to parallel circuits? There could be up to four correct answers. The amount of current flowing through each circuit leg is equal to the total circuit current. The total circuit resistance is always greater than any single leg resistance. The voltage drop across each leg equals the source voltage. The total circuit current is equal to the sum of the currents in each leg.

123 Magnetism – Opposites Attract

124 Magnetism What, exactly, is Magnetism?Magnetism is an invisible force of attraction – kind of like an invisible glue Akin to electricity in that it cannot be seen but it produces certain effects It cannot be insulated against – it penetrates everything

125 Electromagnetism Electromagnetism: magnetism that is created when an electrical current flows through an electrical conductor

126 Electromagnetism When electrical current flows through an electrical conductor, an electromagnetic field is produced around the conductor. This field only occurs while current is flowing.

127 Electromagnetism The creation of an electromagnetic field happens within a fraction of a second but it is not instantaneous. The field builds as current flow increases and collapses when current flow stops. Changes in the current flow through the conductor causes a corresponding change to the field around the conductor.

128 Induction Induction is the process which produces a Voltage due to the interaction between: A Conductor; A Magnetic Field; And the Relative Motion between them.

129 Induced Voltage Induced Voltage:Causes current to flow in one direction as the magnetic field is building and the opposite direction as the field is collapsing

130 Induction and Self-InductionThere is a difference between Induction and Self-Induction Induction is the process that produces a voltage due to interaction of a conductor, a magnetic field, and the relative motion between them. Self-Induction is a type of induction occurring within a single conductor. It occurs when a conductor’s electromagnetic field changes and voltage is induced in that conductor.

131 Induction and Self-InductionInducing Voltage Induced Voltage Magnetic Lines of Force in a Straight Conductor Self-Induction

132 Inductance in a Coiled ConductorThe changing magnetic field cuts through the loop where the current originates and through each additional loop as well. The amount of inductance in the coiled conductor is far greater than the amount of inductance in the straight conductor.

133 Questions True or False:Voltage cannot be induced in single conductor. False

134 Questions True or False:Self-induced voltage will always oppose changes in current. True

135 Questions Inductance is a _______ ________ that is present in all conductors. physical property

136 Questions True or False:Winding a conductor around a core made from magnetic material makes it possible to increase the inductance of that conductor. True

137 Questions The two parts of a typical inductor are the __________ and the ______. conductor core

138 Transformers

139 Transformers The type of Transformers we mean are electrical components that change AC voltage to meet specific requirements. The type of Transformer used varies depending upon the different voltage requirements of the equipment needing the electricity.

140 Transformers Typically, transformers will either Increase (Step Up) or Decrease (Step Down) Voltage. 7,260 VAC 120 VAC 120 VAC

141 Transformer ConstructionParts of a Typical Transformer

142 Transformer Turns / VoltageThere is a DIRECT and corresponding relationship between the number of TURNS in each winding and the amount of VOLTAGE change from the primary winding to the secondary winding. If a transformer’s secondary winding has more turns than its primary winding, the magnetic field for the primary side must cross more conductors. In this case, the induced voltage will be greater than the applied voltage.

143 Step Up Transformer

144 Step Up Transformer In an example Step Up Transformer:The Primary Coil has five turns. The Secondary Coil has ten turns. Because the Secondary Coil has twice the number of turns as the Primary Coil, the output Voltage is two times the input Voltage. 5 Turns 10 Turns

145 Step Up Transformer 1:2 120 Volts 240 Volts

146 Step Up Transformer In an example Step Up Transformer:The Voltage Increase causes a corresponding Current Decrease. The Output Current will be 50% of the Input Current. Because Power equals Voltage times Current: The Input Power must equal the Output Power. When Voltage is doubled – Current must be halved.

147 Step Up Transformer 1:2 P = 240 Watts P = 240 Watts 120 Voltsi = 240 Watts P O = 240 Watts 120 Volts 240 Volts 2 Amps 1 Amp

148 Step Down Transformer

149 Step Down Transformer In an example Step Down Transformer:The Primary Coil has fifteen turns. The Secondary Coil has five turns. Because the Primary Coil has three times the number of turns as the Secondary Coil, the output Voltage is one- third the input Voltage. 15 Turns 5 Turns

150 Step Down Transformer 3:1 120 Volts 40 Volts

151 Step Down Transformer 3:1 P = 240 Watts P = 240 Watts 120 Voltsi = 240 Watts P O = 240 Watts 120 Volts 40 Volts 2 Amps 6 Amps

152 Step Down Transformer In an example Step Down Transformer:The Voltage Decrease causes a corresponding Current Increase. The Output Current will be three times the Input Current. Because Power equals Voltage times Current: The Input Power must equal the Output Power. When Voltage is decreased – Current must be increased.

153 Review Define electromagnetism.Magnetism created as an electrical current flows through an electrical conductor

154 Review True or False: As the current flowing through a conductor is changed, the electrical field around the conductor will change. True

155 Review Induction occurs as the electromagnetic field is ________ or _________. building collapsing

156 Review Electromagnetic fields surrounding a/an ____ circuit builds and collapses continually while the electromagnetic field surrounding a/an ____ circuit builds and collapses as current is applied or removed. AC DC

157 Review Transformers are designed to increase or decrease: voltageresistance power electromagnetic fields customer costs all or none of the above

158 Review The reason the ________ side of a typical transformer is coiled is to increase the magnetic field of the conductor. primary

159 Review secondary The reason the __________ side of a typical transformer is coiled is to increase the exposure of the conductor to the magnetic field.

160 Review True or False: The purpose of the metal core in a typical transformer is to concentrate and direct the magnetic field. True

161 Review Step down transformers _________ voltage while step up transformers _________ voltage. decrease increase

162 Review The ______ ______ of a transformer is determined by the ratio between the number of turns on the primary coil and the number of turns on the secondary coil. voltage output

163 Review If a transformer has 1,200 turns on the primary coil and 120 turns on the secondary coil, the output voltage will be ___________ the input voltage and the output current will be _________ the input current. 1/10 or 10% 10 times

164 Review True or False: Capacitors are physical property that are only found in AC circuits. False

165 Review True or False: Capacitors are components that store electric charges. True

166 Review ______ ______ separate the plates within a capacitor.Spacer units Oiled rings SF6 bottles Insulating plates Air gaps

167 Review True or False: As a capacitor is discharged, energy stored in the electrostatic field is retained. False

168 Review True or False: You may discharge a capacitor by removing it from the voltage source. True

169 Review What are the three factors that determine the capacitance of a capacitor? The surface area of the conducting plates. The distance between the plates. Number of connection points between the plates. Insulating property of the material separating the plates.

170 Conclusions Atoms have electrons.Basically, electricity is the movement of electrons. Voltage moves electrons. Current is the flow of electrons. Amps is a measurement of current.

171 Conclusions To be useful, electricity must be directed through a conductor. Circuits have switches and conductors. Transformers increase and decrease voltage. Magnetism is a result of the movement of electrons through a conductor. Inductance is the relationship of the relative motion between a conductor and a magnetic field. There are two types of basic circuits: Series and Parallel.

172 Any Questions?