1 Biological basEs of behaviorMyers for AP Kerri Dowd

2 Unit Overview: Chapter 3ANeural Communication Neurons Neurotransmitter Influences The Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Central Nervous System The Endocrine system Unit Overview: Chapter 3A

3 What do I have to do for Unit 3?Article Review Psych Sim: Hemispheric Specialization Psych Sim: Choose one of the other four Quizlet Reading and Required Objective Notes Zombie or Superhero Project (partly in class) What do I have to do for Unit 3?

4 Key Terms Biological psychology, p. 52 Nervous system, p. 59Neuron, p. 53 Sensory neurons, p. 53 Motor neurons, p. 53 Interneurons, p. 53 Dendrite, p. 53 Axon, p. 53 Myelin sheath, p. 53 Action potential, p. 53 Threshold, p. 54 Synapse , p. 55 Neurotransmitters, p. 55 Reuptake, p. 55 Endorphins , p. 57 Nervous system, p. 59 Central (CNS), p. 59 Peripheral (PNS), p. 59 Somatic, p. 59 Autonomic, p. 59 Sympathetic, p. 59 Parasympathetic, p. 59 Nerves, p. 59 Reflex, p. 61 Endocrine system, p. 62 Hormones, p. 62 Adrenal glands, p. 63 Pituitary gland, p. 63 Key Terms

5 Key Study 1972: Rosenzweig, Bennett and Diamond:Rat research showed that enriched environments contributed to more complex neuronal connections in the cortex. Showed impact of environmental factors (how nature and nurture interact) Key Study

6 Neuron Sensory neurons (afferent) Motor (efferent) neuronsInterneurons Sidenote: Humans have about 100 BILLION neurons! Neuron

7 Provide support network of cells surrounding blood vessels and neuronsOutnumber typical neurons about 10 to 1 Oligondenroglia – CNS cells that produce myelin Schwann Cells – same function as above except in PNS (Bonus – can help axons regenerate!) Astrocytes – star-shaped, form the matrix in which neural cells are embedded and absorb dead ones. Neuroglia

8 Neurons

9 Neurons

10 Neurons

11 Neurons

12 Neurons

13 Neurons

14 Neurons

15 Quick Quiz What does the axon do?What gets released from the terminal ends (buttons)? What is another name for the cell body? Quick Quiz

16 Action Potential

17 Action Potential

18 Action Potential

19 Action Potential

20 Action Potential

21 Ions = + or – charge Movement = electricity Tendency = more crowded to less crowded Neuron – packed with negatively charged ions inside (positive ions outside) Neurotransmitters weaken the cell membrane and allow exchange The sodium/potassium pump makes it happen

22 Keep it coming... Nodes of Ranvier

23 How Neurons Communicate

24 How Neurons Communicate

25 How Neurons Communicate

26 How Neurons Communicate

27 How Neurons Communicate

28 Reinforcement: Videos!Do now: Quick Quiz (no peeking) What happens to the neurotransmitters when they are released from the terminal of the axon? What was all that business about positive and negative charges (action potential) Describe! pplements/nih2/addiction/activities/ lesson2_neurotransmission.htm aMzOKpF0zuQ udHw0I3MFw4 Reinforcement: Videos!

29 Yup. We’re going. Come on! A Trip To the Bathroom

30 How is flushing a toilet similar to the process of neurotransmission?depolarization - toilet flushing all-or-none principle – It flushes completely or not direction of impulse - the toilet only flushes one way refractory period - It won’t flush again for a certain period of time, even if you push the handle repeatedly threshold - it won’t flush until you push the handle past a critical point (the level of excitatory neurotransmitters a neuron must absorb before it will fire ) resting potential- in a tank toilet, the water represents resting potential--the overall negative charge inside the neuron waiting for depolarization action potential - opening the flap in the tank and the water rushing out Do Now!

31 How Neurotransmitters Influence UsAcetylcholine (AcH) Dopamine Serotonin Norepinephrine GABA Glutamate Endorphins How Neurotransmitters Influence Us

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39 How Neurotransmitters Influence UsAgonists versus antagonists Agonists Antagonists How Neurotransmitters Influence Us

40 Agonists and Antagonists

41 Agonists and Antagonists

42 Agonists and Antagonists

43 Agonists and Antagonists

44 http://www. methproject. org /answers/what-does-meth- do-to-your-brain/answers/what-does-meth- do-to-your-brain.html#The- Brain-on-Meth Discussion: Knowing what you know about agonists and antagonists, can you think of a flaw in the Rat Park study?

45 Flashback: What are the four components of ethical experiments?Do Now

46 Functional Organization of the Nervous SystemReview specific definitions on pages 59-62 Watch this video: watch?v=x4PPZCLnVkA&list =SP3EED4C1D684D3ADF&in dex=26 Functional Organization of the Nervous System

47 The Nervous System

48 Fight or Flight & return to normal

49 The Endocrine System: The body’s “slow” messenger system

50 I don’t know why the book doesn’t give more space to this:The Pituitary Gland: Often called the MASTER gland Pea-sized Two lobes Produces hormones that control many functions of other endocrine glands It’s controlled by the hypothalamus I don’t know why the book doesn’t give more space to this:

51 Hormones it makes: Growth hormone Puberty hormones (or gonadotrophins)Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH, which stimulates the thyroid gland to make Thyroxine) Prolactin Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH, which stimulates the adrenal stress hormone, cortisol). The fluid-balance hormone called anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) Hormones it makes:

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53 Quick review: What is the difference between an agonist and an antagonist? What is the main purpose of the thyroid gland? Do now

54 Chapter 3B: Overview Key People: Paul Broca Phineas GageMichael Gazzaniga Roger Sperry Carl Wernicke Chapter 3B: Overview

55 Key Terms Miscellaneous terms Lesion, p. 67Tools for looking at brains: Electroencephalogram (EEG), p. 67 CT (computed tomography) scan, p. 68 PET (positron emission tomography) scan, p. 68 MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), p. 68 fMRI (functional MRI), p. 68 Miscellaneous terms Lesion, p. 67 Aphasia, p. Plasticity, p. 82 Neurogenesis, p. 83 Split brain, p. 84 consciousness, p. 89 cognitive neuroscience, p. 89 dual processing, p. 90 Key Terms

56 Parts of the Brain Brainstem, p. 69 Medulla, p. 69Reticular formation, p. 70 Thalamus, p. 70 Cerebellum, p. 70 Limbic system, p. 71 Amygdala, p. 71 Hypothalamus, p. 72 Cerebral cortex, p. 74 Glial cells (glia), p. 74 Frontal lobes, p. 74 Parietal lobes, p. 74 Occipital lobes, p. 74 Temporal lobes, p. 74 Motor cortex, p. 75 Sensory cortex, p. 77 Association areas, p. 78 Broca’s area, p. 80 Wernicke’s area, p. 80 Corpus callosum, p. 84 Parts of the Brain

57 Tools for looking in your headElectroencephalogram (EEG): Electrodes on scalp measure waves of electricity across the brain’s surface CT (computed tomography) scan: A computerized composite of a series of x-rays from different angles PET (positron emission tomography) scan: A visual image of where radioactive glucose travels in the brain during a task MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): Uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to create images of soft tissue fMRI (functional MRI): Repeated MRIs during activity (during functioning) Tools for looking in your head

58 Which is which?

59 Brain plasticity Insert videos: Brain plasticity (Jodie Miller)Split-brain research from file (Joe) Phineas Gage Brain plasticity

60 Just visuals to make it easier

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63 Just for fun (and review)Pinky & the Brain -- Brain Parts Wrinkles on the brain are made by fissures and folds called gyri (grooves) and sulci (humps) (singular gyrus and sulcus). Linked to intelligence Sylvian fissure: Deepest and most prominent coritcal fissure – separates the temporal and frontal lobes in both hemispheres Pineal gland: produces melatonin; regulates circadian rhythms Just for fun (and review)

64 What did researchers (Bouchard, Plomin, etWhat did researchers (Bouchard, Plomin, et. al) discover about adoptive families in terms of Impact on children’s personality? Impact on children’s values? Rate of abuse and divorce? Do Now

65 3C – Genetics, evolutionary psychology, and behaviorKey People: Thomas Bouchard David Buss Francis Collins Charles Darwin Alice Eagly David Lykken Robert Plomin Wendy Wood 3C – Genetics, evolutionary psychology, and behavior

66 Key terms Behavior genetics, p. 95 Environment, p. 95Chromosomes, p. 95 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), p. 95 Genes, p. 95 Genome, p. 96 Identical twins, p. 96 Fraternal twins, p. 97 Heritability, p. 100 Interaction, p. 101 Molecular genetics, p. 102 Evolutionary psychology, p. 103 Natural selection, p. 103 Mutation, p. 104 Key terms

67 Summary stuff 46 chromosomes (23 +23) Made of DNAGenes are small segments of DNA You have about 30,000 genes Some are expressed, some are inactive Environment can turn them “on” Turned on = creating protein molecules (building blocks) Genome = all the coded instructions for making an organism Summary stuff

68 Twins: Identical: Same genderSame genes but different number of copies Usually same placenta Also called monozygotic Fraternal: Can be mixed genders No more similar than other siblings Twins:

69 Other Key concepts in the chapterHeritability: “the variation among individuals that we can attribute to their varying genes.” So important to understand that the book said it twice. P. 100. So… let’s repeat again “We can never say what percentage of an individual’s personality or intelligence [or other trait] is inherited…. Heritability refers instead to the extent to which differences among people are attributed to genes.” Other Key concepts in the chapter

70 Gene stuff Some genes express no matter whatSome genes react to the environment Those genes are self- regulating Molecular genetics: Discussion – how far is too far? Gene stuff

71 Evolutionary psychologyNatural selection Mutation Adaptation Fitness Evolutionary psychology

72 Evolutionary Success Helps Explain SimilaritiesBehaviors that contribute to survival are found throughout cultures Outdated Tendencies Genetic traits which helped our ancestors survive may harm us today Similarity across cultures No more than 5 percent of the genetic differences among humans arise from population group differences.

73 Critiques of evolutionary psychologyThree main concerns: EPs start with an effect and work backwards to explain EP theory gives too little emphasis to social influences The EP viewpoint absolves people from taking personal responsibility for their actions Critiques of evolutionary psychology

74 We are BiopsychosocialThat’s YOU!!! ! Ahhh…. Balance: