1 Blood Flow & Blood TypesCh. 10b

2 Challenge Problem 1. Make sure you have a note packet from the front tray if you didn’t get one Fri 2. Go to the computer cart, check your number, and get that computer 3. log in 4. go to this site 5. DO NOT PROCEED WITH GAME YET! ***Meet in rm D-421 on Wednesday because of PSAT***

3 In Review… Blood is a fluid _________ tissueBlood is composed of _______ & _______ _______ Plasma contains water and many dissolved chemicals Formed elements include __________, __________, and _________

4 Challenge Problem- circle the correct wordBlood cells are made from __________ bone marrow Stem cells called hemocytoblasts Red Blood Cell formation is initiated by ___________ produced by the kidneys. These hormones are produced in response to low oxygen levels in the blood. Negative Feedback controls this process

6 Hemostasis Stoppage of blood flowHappens when there is a break in a blood vessel involves three phases Platelet plug formation Vascular spasms Coagulation Slide 10.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

7 Platelet Plug FormationCollagen fibers are exposed by a break in a blood vessel Platelets become “sticky” and cling to fibers Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets Platelets pile up to form a platelet plug Slide 10.19 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

8 What do you notice about the concentration of erythrocytes and other things?

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10 Vascular Spasms Anchored platelets release serotoninSerotonin causes blood vessel muscles to spasm Spasms narrow the blood vessel, decreasing blood loss Slide 10.20 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

11 Coagulation Injured tissues release thromboplastinPF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with thromboplastin, blood protein clotting factors, and calcium ions to trigger a clotting cascade Slide 10.21a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

12 Coagulation Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into hair-like fibrinFibrin forms a meshwork (the basis for a clot) Slide 10.21b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

13 Blood Clotting Blood usually clots within 3 to 6 minutesThe clot remains as endothelium regenerates The clot is broken down after tissue repair Slide 10.22 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

14 Quick Quiz What is Hemostasis? What are the three steps to Hemostasis?

15 Does blood ever clot when there is not tissue damage?

16 Undesirable Clotting Thrombus EmbolusA clot in an unbroken blood vessel (stops blood flow) Can be deadly in areas like the heart Embolus A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain Slide 10.23 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

17 What about when blood cannot clot?

19 So, what happens to a person that has a cut and can’t stop bleeding?

20 Blood Groups and TransfusionsLarge losses of blood have serious consequences Loss of 15 to 30 percent causes weakness Loss of over 30 percent causes shock, which can be fatal Transfusions are the only way to replace blood quickly Transfused blood must be of the same blood group Slide 10.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

21 I heard that people can have different blood types…what does that mean?

22 Listen for familiar words

23 Human Blood Groups Blood contains genetically determined proteinsA foreign protein (antigen) may be attacked by the immune system Blood is “typed” by using antibodies that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump (agglutination) Slide 10.26a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

24 Challenge Problem 1. Identify all the people a person with AB+ blood can get a transfusion from. 2. To whom can a person with B- blood give blood to? 3. If there was an accident and a person was Rh+ who can give them blood? 4. Identify the different parts of blood. 5. Which part of our blood protects us from infection?

25 Ernie’s Exit Take 1 minute to review your results and write a plausible story (conclusion) Trade papers with someone at your group When reading, is their conclusion backed up by evidence? Who did it? How do you know?

26 Human Blood Groups There are over 30 common red blood cell antigensThe most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by ABO and Rh blood group antigens Slide 10.26b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

27 ABO Blood Groups Based on the presence or absence of two antigens on red blood cells Type A antigens Type B antigens Slide 10.27a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

28 ABO Blood Groups Blood Type AB The presence of both A and B antigensDoes not have any antibodies for ABO blood antigens Can accept blood from any ABO blood type Can only give blood to Type AB recipients Slide 10.27b

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30 ABO Blood Groups Blood Type A The presence A antigens onlyHas Anti-B antibodies Can accept blood from A or O type donors Blood Type B The presence of B antigens only Has Anti-A antibodies Can accept blood from B or O type donors Slide 10.27b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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32 ABO Blood Groups Blood Type O The absence of both A & B antigensHas BOTH Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies Can only accept blood from O type donors Can give blood to all blood types Slide 10.27b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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34 ABO Blood Groups Problems occur when you mix blood with different AB antigens

35 Rh Blood Groups Named because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D) Most Americans are Rh+ Meaning that they DO have one of the Rh antigens Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood into a body with Rh– blood Slide 10.28 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

36 Rh Blood Groups Rh + people Rh - people Have Rh antigenDo not have any Rh antibodies Can receive blood from Rh + or Rh - donors Rh - people Do not have any Rh antigens DO have Rh antibodies Can only receive blood from Rh- donors

37 Blood Typing Game http://tinyurl.com/goo4dwc Get 1 computer per pairGo to the website above You are a Registered Nurse who needs to provide life-saving care to someone in need of blood.

38 After playing the game, see if you can fill this chart out on your notes somewhere

39 Rh Dangers During PregnancyDanger is only when the mother is Rh– and the father is Rh+, and the child inherits the Rh+ factor Slide 10.29a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

41 Whew! That’s a lot of information…how do we determine blood type anyway?

42 Blood Typing When blood is mixed with an antibody for its antigens, it will clot: Type A blood mixed with Anti-A antibodies = clotting Give Type A blood to a Type B person (who has anti-A antibodies), their blood will clot and they will die

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44 Blood Typing Blood samples are mixed with anti-A and anti-B serumCoagulation or no coagulation leads to determining blood type Typing for ABO and Rh factors is done in the same manner Cross matching – testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the recipient’s serum, and vice versa Slide 10.30 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

45 Quick Quiz When a person with Rh + blood is tested in Anti-Rh serum, will there be clotting? Why or why not? When a person with Type A blood is tested in Anti A serum, will there be clotting? Why or why not? How about it Anti B serum, will there be clotting? Why or why not?