1 Bolonha, 3-6 March 2014 Module: Seismicity and seismic riskMário Lopes Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Arquitectura e Geo-Recursos do Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisboa Bolonha, 3-6 March 2014

2 2 – Natural effects, consequences and mitigation 2.1 - Seismic effects on the Earth surface Fault movements Soil vibrations Soil effects – landslides, liquefaction, subsidence Tsunamis Fires and Contaminations

3 Faults movements (at the Earth surface)Turkey, 1999 Turkey, 1999 Guatemala, 1976

4 Turkey, 1999

5 Turkey, 1999 (Barka)

6 Taiwan, 1999

7 Soil vibrations (80% of the effects)

8 Turkey,1999

9 Turkey,1999

10 Turkey,1999

11 Turkey,1999

12 Turkey,1999

13 Turkey, 1999

14 Turkey,1999

15 Turkey,1999

16 Turkey,1999

17 Turkey,1999

18 Mexico City, 1985

19 Mexico City, 1985

20 Leninakan, Armenia, 1988

21 Turkey,1999

22 Turkey,1999

23 Turkey,1999

24 Azores, Portugal, 1998

25 Azores, Portugal, 1998

26 Azores, Portugal, 1998

27 Azores, Portugal, 1998

28 Olive View Hospital, S. Fernando earthquake, USA, 1971.

29 Oakland, Loma Prieta earthquake, 1988

30

31 Pre-fabricated buildingArménia, 1988

32

33

34 Before the earthquake After the earthquake Sylmar substation, San Fernando earthquake, USA, 1971

35 Soil effects – landslides

36 Azores, Portugal, 1998

37 Japan, 1964 (?)

38 El Salvador, 2001

39

40 Soil effects - liquefactionAdapazari, Turkey, 1999

41 Adapazari, Turkey, 1999

42 Nigata, Japan, 1964 (?)

43 Kobe, Japan, 1995

44 Nigata, Japan, 1964

45 Loma Prieta, USA, 1989

46 Soil effects - subsidenceGolçuk, Turkey, 1999

47 Golçuk, Turkey, 1999

48 Golçuk, Turkey, 1999

49 Golçuk, Turkey, 1999

50 Tsunamis

51

52 China, ?

53 Samatra, Indonesia, 2004

54 Samatra, Indonesia, 2004

55 Samatra, Indonesia, 2004

56 Fires and contaminationsKobe, Japan, 1995

57 Izmit refineries, Turkey,1999

58

59 Fukushima, Japan, 2011

60 Fukushima, Japan, 2011

61 Fukushima, Japan, 2011