1 Calhoun Academy 4th GradeWestward Expansion Calhoun Academy 4th Grade

2 Pushing West Learn360

3 4th Grade Indicator to Master:Summarize the major expeditions and explorations that played a role in westward expansion - including those of Daniel Boone, Lewis and Clark, and Zebulon Pike.

4 Daniel Boone Crossed the Appalachian Mountains, through the Cumberland Gap to Kentucky creating the Wilderness Road, which later became the first National Road. Established the first U.S. settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains, and bought most of the land in Kentucky.

5 Boone’s Adventures His explorations led to Kentucky and Tennessee becoming part of the USA!

6 Lewis and Clark Hired by Thomas Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Purchase with the help of Native American guides such as Sacajawea. Explored and mapped the area across the continent to the Pacific Ocean. Claimed the Oregon Territory for America. Their expedition brought back information on Native Americans, and samples of plants and animals they found.

7 Exploration of Lewis and Clark

8 Zebulon Pike Sent by Jefferson to find the start of the Mississippi River. Explored the southwest (Spanish Territory) and a peak in Colorado is now named Pike’s Peak in his honor. Created maps of the Oregon Territory near the Pacific Ocean.

9 Pike’s Peak Zebulon Pike returned with stories about a beautiful mountain. This mountain was later named Pike’s Peak.

10 Pike’s Exploration The red is his first expedition

11 Think about it… If your family was moving across to country to a place where there was NOTHING in the place where you were moving…no houses or stores or anything…what ten things would you definitely pack and why? What qualities do you think a pioneer should have? List three and explain.

12 Click link to watch SchoolHouse Rock

13 Manifest Destiny Many believed that they were destined, or meant to, expand the U.S. from “Sea to Shining Sea” (coast to coast).

14 Why Move West? Nationalism Economic and Personal OpportunitiesThe United States believed they should expand and claim lands from the east to west coast Economic and Personal Opportunities Trade –more opportunity for trade, rather than working in factories in the North, or plantations in the South Plenty of fur for trappers- they could sell fur or trade with Europe Start over – get a new life Escape religious persecutions Mormon's settled in Utah Rumors of gold! Get rich quick! Thousands moved west to California to mine for gold.- California Gold Rush – the 49ers! Free land! Inexpensive farm land with good soil for growing crops Many southerners moved to Texas to start cotton farms Homestead Act: gave away 160 acres of land. Adventure and escape! Many moved simply to experience adventure and/or to escape from situations that they didn’t care for

15 How Did They Travel? Wagons!Most families packed up their valuables and their necessities in a covered wagon Groups of wagons called “wagon trains” often traveled together Family members took turns riding in wagons and walking beside the wagons Captains often led these “trains”

16 What Dangers Did They Face?Lack of food, water, and shelter; broken wagon axels No protection from the weather (floods, storms) Lack of medical care Exposure to Native Americans who felt threatened by the pioneers Conflict with other settlers- they sometimes were competing for the same land and resources

17 What was life like on the prairie?Huge empty areas of land Built homes of log or sod Found sources of water and food…some lived near creeks or rivers while others had to make windmills to pump water out of the ground Many were miles from their nearest neighbors or trading posts…lonely Harsh weather that they weren’t used to Different soil for raising crops and animals

18 Groups of Migrants Trappers: went to Oregon to make money from fur trading. Southerners: moved to Texas to plant cotton on fertile land. Farmers/Ranchers: moved west because of the availability of inexpensive/free land. Settlers: wanted to start a new life. Mormons: moved to Utah for freedom of religion. 49ers: lured by gold in California or silver in the Black Hills of South Dakota.

19 Wagon Train Writing Who are you on the wagon train?Why have you decided to join us in our move out west? What do you hope to do, find, see, or experience when you get there? What fears do you have for the journey?

20 Sod House Pioneer Wagon

21 Louisiana Purchase In 1803 Thomas Jefferson wanted to buy land around New Orleans to help farmers along the Mississippi River who needed to transport goods down the river to the French port of New Orleans. Transporting goods over the Appalachian Mountains was too expensive. Jefferson offered France 10 million dollars for New Orleans, but… Napoleon, the leader of France, was in heavy debt from a war, he agreed to sell the entire area of Louisiana to America for $15 million(less than 3 cents per acre.) The land extended from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains. This purchase doubled the size of the United States!

22 The Louisiana PurchaseOn your map, make sure you can locate the Mississippi River and Rocky Mountains

23 Louis and Clark Explore the Louisiana Purchase

24 Florida Purchase Our country is based on nationalism: pulling together to create one united nation. We are still trying to reach this goal, even after the Louisiana Purchase. The Florida Purchase was came as the result of fighting between Spain and the US over the boundary lines of the Louisiana Territory. Relations with the Native Americans also gave the United State’s a desire to have this land. In 1819, Spain agreed to sell Florida to the United States (President James Monroe) for $5 million and a CLEAR border between Louisiana Territory and New Spain at the 42nd parallel.

25 Florida Purchase

26 Texas Annexation Many farmers and cotton planters from Georgia and the Carolinas, moved to Texas and brought their slaves with them. After moving into areas of Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida, settlers still wanted to move into Texas: which was owned by Mexico! These American cotton planters agreed to become Mexican citizens and follow Mexican laws in order to have access to the fertile land. They became known as the Texans.

27 Texas Annexation When a new government took over Texas, the Texans(Americans living in a land owned my Mexico) rebelled and fought a war to win their independence. Texas became an independent country, but wanted to become part of the United States. Congress, and President James K Polk would not annex (add) Texas as a state because it would upset the balance of free and slave states. Texas was an independent country for 9 years! In hopes to achieve Manifest Destiny, Congress finally agreed to annex (add) Texas.

28 Mexican Cession After Texas becomes an independent republic, the United States and Mexico still disagreed on the border of Texas. The United States wanted a port in California, on the Pacific coast, which is in the Mexican Territory. President James K. Polk (11th President) tried to buy this land, but the Mexicans would not sell. After the Texas annexation, the United States sent troops into an area on the border that they disagreed on.

29 Mexican Cession Shots were fired and the Mexican-American War began.The United States defeated the Mexican army by taking the capital city, Mexico City. The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ended the war, and Mexico ceded (gave up) the territory in what is now New Mexico, Arizona, California, Utah, and Nevada for $15 million. The Mexican Cession gave the United States access to Pacific ports and the gold fields of California. “Taking Texas” video clip

30 Oregon Territory The United States claimed the Oregon Territory based on the explorations of Lewis and Clark. But…Britain also claimed this area! After much negotiation (compromise), a treaty, the Oregon Treaty was signed to establish the boundaries. Great Britain and the United States agreed that the boundary mark must be at the 49th parallel.

31 Oregon Territory American settlers in search of economic opportunity in fur trade began to settle in this area. The Oregon Territory would become the states of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. “Oregon Fever” video clip

32 Heading West: Land Acquisitions

33 We have finally achieved…MANIFEST DESTINY(clip)

34 Westward Migration After achieving Manifest Destiny…American settlers began migrating west! Two main trails that were taken were the Oregon Trail and the Santa Fe Trail.

35 The Oregon Trail Ran between Independence, Missouri and the northwest corner of Oregon. 2,000 mile journey that took many immigrants, pioneers, explorers, missionaries, and fur traders to the northwest for economic opportunity.

36 The Santa Fe Trail The Santa Fe trail was between Independence, Missouri and Santa Fe, New Mexico. This trail was used for 60 years for trade between Mexico and the United States. This trail encouraged settlers to move west!

37 Northwest Ordinance The idea of Manifest Destiny had a negative impact on Native Americans. As more settlers moved west, they took more Native American land and created conflict with Native American tribes. The United States forced many tribes to move from their lands.

38 Northwest Ordinance The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 allowed new lands to organize as territories and later as states when the population of white settlers reached a certain number. The Northwest Ordinance also provided public schools and outlawed slavery in this region This region later became the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, and could not allow slavery.

39 Northwest Ordinance This was the first time the national government took a stand against the spread of slavery. Although the Northwest Ordinance promised to treat the Native Americans with respect, Native Americans were still forced to give up their land and move farther west. “Northwest Ordinance” video clip

40 Indian Removal Act (1830) “The Indian Removal Act” video clipMany pioneers are headed west in search of good farming land and gold. In the southeast, American settlers begin moving onto lands that belonged to 5 major American Indian groups: Cherokee, Creek, Chickasaw, Choctaw, and Seminole. “The Indian Removal Act” video clip

41 The Story Continued… Congress and President Jackson supported the movement west and passed the Indian Removal Act of 1830. This act gave the President the power to move Native Americans to land west of the Mississippi River: Indian Territory. All five groups RESISTED! The Seminoles fought for their land. They refused to give up their lands peacefully and move onto a reservation. The Seminoles lost; many were captured and forced to move anyway. These events were known as the Seminole Wars.

42 Cherokee Reactions The Cherokee nation attempted to live in harmony with the settlers. They adopted many American customs. They tried to resist being removed from their lands by taking their case to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cherokee, but President Jackson ignored the ruling. He used army forces to remove the Cherokee from their homes.

43 Trail of Tears The Cherokee journey was 800 miles filled with death, starvation, and sickness. This trip is known as the Trail of Tears “Trail of Tears” video clip

44 Compare & Contrast Compare and Contrast the reactions of the Seminole and Cherokee following the Indian Removal Act.

45 Missouri Compromise As Americans moved west, the US added more territories, which caused an issue over whether or not to allow slavery in these new states. The national government passed laws that affected the laws of slavery in the new territories By the time of the Missouri Compromise in 1820, there was a lot of controversy (arguing) over slavery. The cotton gin had been invented and southern states really depended on slave labor.

46 Missouri Compromise Northern states were slowly emancipating (freeing) slaves Some northerners wanted slaves in Missouri to be gradually emancipated as well. Southern states worried that they would lose power in Congress if there were more free states than there were slave states.

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48 Missouri Compromise There were more representatives in the free northern states than the slave states in the House of Representatives, because of the population increase. So, the South was determined to keep equal representation in the Senate The Compromise tried to avoid future controversy over slavery, so it banned slavery in the Louisiana Territory, north of latitude, that was the southern boundary of Missouri. The admission of Missouri, a slave state, was balanced by the admission of Maine as a free state.

49 Compromise of 1850 & Fugitive SlaveThe Compromise of 1850 and the Fugitive Slave Act were the result of California applying to be admitted to the union. After the discovery of gold in 1849, people flocked to California to get rich quick. Because Californians want their state to be free soil”, they applied for admission as a free state.

50 Compromise of 1850 & Fugitive SlaveThis would have upset the balance of free and slave states. The Compromise allowed California to be a free state. It also allowed the remainder of the Mexican Cession to decide whether or not the people who lived there wanted to be a slave or a free state through a vote, this is known as popular sovereignty.

51 Compromise of 1850 & Fugitive SlaveSoutherners were happy about the new Fugitive Slave Law, because it gave them more opportunity to have their escaped slaves caught and returned to their masters. Free African Americans were required to provide proof of their freedom or run the risk of being taken and sold in the South. Some slave catchers ignored or destroyed proof.

52 Kansas-Nebraska Act The Kansas Territory was in the northern part of the Louisiana Territory, and according to the Missouri Compromise it could not be a slave state. Some legislators wanted to build a transcontinental railroad through Kansas and they needed support from southern states. The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed (cancelled) the 36 30’ slavery line in the Louisiana Purchase of the Missouri Compromise

53 Kansas-Nebraska Act The act allowed people in these territories to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders through the concept of popular sovereignty. This did not take into account the people who would move into a territory for a short time to influence people in that territory’s vote, this was called squatter sovereignty. Some northern abolitionist in favor of free states, and some slave owners in favor of slave states moved into the Kansas Territory to sway voters until the day the vote was taken. This led to violence, and soon their fighting led people to call the area, “Bleeding Kansas”

54 Dred Scott The Dred Scott decision was a case taken by the Supreme Court, to settle the argument over slaves taken or escaped to areas where slavery was illegal. Dred Scott was a slave whose master had taken him into free territory, and then back to Missouri a slave state. Then Scott’s owner died. Scott went to court claiming he was a free man, because he had lived in a free state.

55 Dred Scott When the case reached the Supreme Court in 1857 the Court said that Scott “had no rights” because African Americans were not citizens of the United States, they were property and they had no rights at all and could be taken anywhere in the US. This ruling meant that slavery was legal throughout the United States. This created an entire country where slavery was legal and democracy was limited. Southerners were happy with the Court decision.

56 Dred Scott The Dred Scott case did not settle the controversy over slavery, the instead it made matters worse. The Northerners saw the Court ruling as denying them the right to outlaw slavery in their states, as well as in the territories that were free states through popular sovereignty.