1 Carbon cycling research in mangrove forests

2 Mangrove carbon sequestration services ENP Mangrove Ecosystem Carbon sequestration Inundation levels Water management Storms Salinity Nutrients Climate Regional controls Tropical storms Cold air masses Air warming Sea level rise Global controls Reduce air warming C source for food web Soil conservation Shoreline protection Services

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4 Anti-sinking design

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7 Proposed research Issue: We have the largest contiguous mangrove forest in North America and it is under stress from upstream water management and sea-level rise and climate change. Goal: Improving our understanding of the linkage between hydrologic management, ecosystem functioning, and the value of ecosystem services provided by the tidal mangrove ecotone of the Everglades. Product: Formulate ecologically-based optimization criteria for the regional hydro-economic model using a Habitat Equivalency Assessment.

8 Carbon Focus on carbon cycling because most of the major ecological functions and ecosystem services provided by mangrove forests are supported in some way by carbon cycling. Carbon balance Sea-level rise, climate change, freshwater discharge

9 How the team fits together Fuentes/Barr/Engel Jaffe and Ho Hinkle Mann Smoak

10 Components of the net ecosystem carbon balance Carbon accumulation rates in peatlands Atmosphere-mangrove forest flux Mangrove forest to water flux River-atmosphere flux River to ocean flux Wetland to river flux Groundwater to river flux

11 Options range from “box models” to spatially- explicit schemes. Modeling needed to integrate intensive flux measurements up to “macro-scale” properties of mangrove carbon cycle (e.g., peat accretion, habitat extent) that are relevant to ecosystem service valuations. The integration of fluxes Several numerical modeling approaches can be applied

12 Monthly -NEE trends Leaf litter data from FCE LTER Carbon fluxes at Shark River site Carbon in peatlands

13 Hydroclimate Model Hinkle Mann Upstream 850-1100 g C m -2 yr -1 124 g C m -2 yr -1 660 g C m -2 yr -1 DOC 4.8x10 5 kg yr -1 POC 7.8x10 5 kg yr -1 DIC? Carbon Budget Summary

14 Regional downscaling of climate (Task 4.5.2)  Michael E. Mann et al. Develop dynamic and statistical methods to perform regional downscaling of climate. Apply regional downscaling of climate to understand past and future climatic patterns in southern Florida. Provide climate model outputs to determine the state and function of the Everglades ecosystem. Then the WSC team will develop hydro-economic models for south Florida.

15 NEE (2004 - present) AmeriFlux site SRK Open path LiCor CO2 sensor 3-D sonic anemometer NECB  Stand surveys (1995-present)  Litter fall (monthly since 2001)  Root growth and decomposition (biannual)  Sediment elevations (quarterly)  Soil accretion  Respiratory CO 2 fluxes Complementary Data  Energy balance  Continuous surface and / groundwater levels  Routine water chemistry  Flow velocity Field Observations

16 Light-use efficiency decreases with salinity There is 10% reduction in LUE per 10 ppt increase in salinity LUE is defined as –  GPP/  PAR

17 Declines in enhanced vegetation index (EVI) due to the cold period in January 2010 Flux tower

18 Following the cold period in January 2010 mangroves became a source of carbon

19 NEE as a function of light levels before and after the cold period in January 2010 Change in quantum use efficiency: Δε = 43%

20 Influences of storm disturbance on light absorption by mangrove vegetation Fraction absorbed phtosynthetic active radiation = FAPAR

21 Annual net ecosystem exchange -  NEE = 850 to 1170 g C m -2 yr -1 Hurricane Wilma Based on 7 months of data Cold period in January

22 Annual cycle of evapotranspiration for 2004

23 BLOOD SWEAT TEARS