1 Causes of the Revolution Political social economicThe colonies Revolt Causes of the Revolution Political social economic

2 Social-Ideological causes of the American revolution17th & 18th Century Enlightenment philosophy John Locke- natural rights “life, liberty & property”…A social contract is formed between people & govt. Humans have Natural rights or unalienable rights Social contract -people agree to form a state and GRANT to their govt the powers to protect their natural rights Govt exists only with the consent of the governed

3 unalienable rights During the Age of Enlightenment the natural law theory challenged the divine right of Kings The definition of "unalienable rights," are rights that cannot be surrendered, sold or transferred to someone else –OR to government, some people refer to these as "natural" or "God-given" rights

4 John Locke Men being, as has been said, by Nature, all free, equal and independent, no one can be put out of this Estate, and subjected to the Political Power of another, without his own Consent. The only way whereby any one devests himself of his Natural Liberty, and puts on the bonds of Civil Society is by agreeing with other Men to joyn and unite into a Community, for their comfortable, safe, and peaceable living one amongst another, in a secure Enjoyment of their Properties, When any number of Men have so consented to make one Community or Government, they are thereby presently incorporated, and make one Body Politick, wherein the Majority have a Right to act and conclude the rest. …which is the consent of the majority: …one Body, one Community, which the consent of every individual that united into it, agreed that it should; and so every one is bound by that consent …in Assemblies impowered to act by positive Laws where no nu

5 Enlightenment thinkers continuedBaron de Montesquieu-division of powers in govt Jean-Jacques Rousseau- influences the American Declaration of Independence Voltaire- wrote against religious intolerance & persecution

6 HEY BUY ME!!!!!!!!!!!!! Please buy before 10/15/2012 from the HHHS bookstore the U.S. History & Govt review book by Prentice Hall. The cost is $15.00

7 Vocabulary Sheet Canal raw materials Natural resources Culture diversity peninsula scarcity Abolition compromise draft system conscription Amendment concurrent power Annex/annexation confederation selective service system Assumption plan elastic clause consent of the governed Bicameral legislature implied powers constructionist Bill of Rights delegated powers strict & loose Bipartisan expressed powers enumerated powers Civil liberties equal protection under the law 14th Amendment federalist Excise tax federalism domestic policy trade Commerce

8 Political causes of American RevolutionTownshend Acts= taxed imports from England Denies the right to property “no taxation w/o representation” Sam Adams- Sons of Liberty Boston massacre Committee of correspondence- Patrick Henry- Give me liberty or give me death Thomas Paine- Common Sense Justifies separating from Great Britain- 600,000 copies sold

9 1774 committees of correspondencePatriots in all colonies wrote to one another about threats from the Crown

10 Economic Causes of American RevolutionMercantilism 1764 Sugar Act 1600s Navigation Acts 1765 Stamp Act Townshend Acts= taxed imports from England Tea Act 1773 = Boston Tea Party England is choking the colonies “Where are our natural rights”

11 Sam Adams & The son’s of Liberty

12 Crispus Attucks

13 Boston Massacre march 5th, 1770

14 HW New terms pg # 108 Declaration of Independence 2nd continental congress Common Sense Thomas Jefferson Olive Branch petition Pg# 117-Valley Forge, Saratoga, inflation, Profiteering

15 How did SOME of the colonists reactReactions to the Boston massacre 1770 Boston Tea Party 1773 why? Tea Act Burn, tar & feather the King’s tax collectors Colonial political reactions to British oppression: 1774-1st Continental congress-12 colonies send Reps to Philadelphia “.we are still British subjects.” Are You a Tory a Loyalist? Olive Branch Petition

16 Weakness of Articles of ConfederationCongress cannot enact or collect taxes Cannot regulate interstate or foreign trade Each state had 1 vote in congress 2/3 majority = 9 out of 13 states had to agree Articles could be amended if all states approved No executive branch of govt No national unity No national court system to settle legal disputes. States rights over a weak central govt

17 Articles of ConfederationWhat did they accomplish?? Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Provided a process for admission of new states to the Union Land Ordinance of 1785 -provide an orderly system of how towns can be developed in the Northwest Territory

18 The Crown responds to the terroristsIntolerable Acts Quartering acts

19 The shot heard around the worldThe British prepare to march to Lex & Concord Why? April Paul Revere’s midnight ride-warn Boston & surrounding area The minutemen prepare to defend Beginning Shots heard around the world: battle of Lexington, Mass. On April 18, 1775 Concord, Mass On April 25, Sybil Ludington's ride: traveling 40 miles from her home in what is now the town of Kent, south to Mahopac, and north to Stormville

20 Battle of Lexington

21 The Patriots declare their independenceThomas Paine Common Sense 500,000 copies “These are the times that try men’s souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will shrink from the service of his country…Tyranny, like Hell, is not easily conquered.”

22 Common Sense

23 Why Common Sense? Thomas Paine--government's only purpose– goal is to protect life, liberty and property…government should be judged solely on the basis of the extent to which it accomplishes this goal… independence from England representative govt is the answer

24 The Colonies assert their right to be free2nd Continental Congress: May, 10, 1775 Lexington-Concord, deaths mean total WAR. June 7, 1776 Richard Henry Lee “ these united Colonies are, and of a right ought to be, free and independent states.” How to unite the southern & Northern colonies against Britain Hey…GW becomes head of Continental army

25 Drafted by Thomas Jefferson between June 11 and June 28, 1776

26 The Declaration of IndependenceThomas Jefferson “governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed.. Who have “unalienable rights” Who influences TJ John Locke 1690 Two Treatises of Govt Rousseau- The Social Contract 1762 Social Contract is the "compact" agreed to among men that sets the conditions for membership in society…politics and morality should not be separated.

27 Problems with the Declaration of IndependenceLocke’s theory stated no person shall rule another w/o consent of the other person But what about the… Slaves? Women? Native Americans?

28 The turning point of the American revolution Battle of Saratoga The turning point of the American revolution the Battle of Freeman's Farm (Battle of Saratoga September 19-October 7, 1777) Americans controlled the Hudson valley, Albany & Lake George

29 What part of Gen. Benedict is buried in USA?

30 Capture of Maj. Andre

31 Thomas Jefferson

32 Nathan Hale Patriot Nathan Hale Was Hanged September 22, 1776 "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country." born in Coventry, Connecticut, on June 6, 1755, and a teacher by trade, joined his five brothers in the fight for independence against the British.

33 Fighting The War Famous traitor-Gen. benedict Arnold gave the West Point plans to a British agent Maj. Andre who is captured in Tarrytown, NY How do 2 Peekskill/ Cortlandt residents change the tide of the war in the Hudson Valley?

34 Mighty Britain against farmers, tinkers & merchants Fighting The War Mighty Britain against farmers, tinkers & merchants George Washington –a Virginian was made commander of the Continental Army Important victories for the Americans Saratoga-French now come into the war as an American Allie

35 1781 Battle of Yorktown ends war

36 Treaty of Paris Ends the Revolution September, 1783 What territory belongs to the new America? Atlantic to the Mississippi, from Canada to Florida Battle of Yorktown-- Thanks France- Marquis de Lafayette

37 Creating the 2nd continental congress May 1775What are the problems with the Articles of Confederation & 1st continental congress? Articles of Confederation are weak Congress cannot tax the states 13 states were responsible for themselves Hundreds of different currencies 1st Continental Congress cannot send troops to crush domestic unrest- rebellion

38 2nd Continental CongressSends Olive branch petition on July, 8, 1775 Common Sense by Thomas Paine July 1776 Declaration of Independence by TJ “…govt’s derive their just powers from the consent of the governed… to alter or to abolish any govt that threatened their unalienable rights and to install a govt that will uphold these principles.

39 Shays' Rebellion 1786-87 1791-Whiskey rebellion Early American Rebellions that influenced the creation of a stronger Federal govt & Constitution Shays' Rebellion Whiskey rebellion

40 The Path to a new ConstitutionColonial documents that assert the rights of Americans . Common sense, Fed Papers Olive branch petition July 1775 Virginia Declaration of Rights 1776 written by TJ Declaration of Independence 1776 written by TJ U.S. Constitution 1789 delegates from every state meet in Philadelphia to form a strong central govt. WHY? Articles of Confederation are weak-govt has little power. Britain, France and Spain still encircle the 13 states.

41 2nd continental CongressThe ONLY Success of Articles of Confederation Congress tries to deal with the challenges of a new govt & its territory 1. The Land Ordinance of 1785 a. townships 36 square miles / into 36 sections of 640 acres a.k.a a full section c. 1/4 section 160 acres. $ 1 per acre Northwest Ordinance: how to add states to the new country?

42 1787 Northwest Ordinance It established the precedent US would expand westward across North America by the admission of new states rather than by the expansion of existing states. slavery was banned in this new territory, which had the effect of making the Ohio River the boundary between free and slave territories in the region between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi.

43 Map of Ohio River Valley

44 Drafting the ConstitutionMay 1787 state delegates come to Philadelphia, Pa. Lawyers, merchants or planters = $$ Ben Franklin, Alexander Hamilton & GW Big states VS. Small states Virginia Plan = Bicameral New Jersey Plan = unicameral Both have problems

45 Roger Sherman’s Great CompromiseBicameral legislature:=two house system A. Senate = 6 years elected by members of their home state legislatures/Assemblies B. House of Representatives= 2 years-elected by citizen vote from their home state When both Houses meet it is called Congress in one house, every state will have an equal vote. In the other, representation will be proportional.

46 The 17th Amendment Passed by Congress May 13, 1912, the 17th amendment modified Article I, section 3, of the Constitution by allowing voters to cast direct votes for U.S. Senators. Prior to its passage, Senators were chosen by state legislatures.

47 Federalism The Constitution divides power to govern between the States & national govt. This is Federalism National govt Concurrent powers Reserved Powers Military Enforce laws Conduct elections Declare war Establish Courts Schools Coin $ Roads Marriage Regulate trade Assume the powers not All laws necessary given to natl-govt. or denied to the states

48 The Declaration of IndependenceStates the theory of American govt & why Britain was considered an illegitimate ruler The new American govt needed to be legitimized by… We the people of the United States…do ordain and establish this Constitution.

49 Flexibility of ConstitutionElastic clause Amendment Process Judicial interpretation Unwritten Constitution-ct decisions, customs, traditions from a so-called Unwritten constitution allow for change & flexibility

50 3/5 compromise Once again south Carolina Slaves count as 3/5 for the purpose of electing members of the House of representatives to a 2 year term Q--Why is Connecticut called the constitution state Answer--some early historians claim that the Fundamental Orders of were the first written constitution in history.

51 How does the Constitution Work?1787 the delegates meet in Philadelphia to create a Constitution Establish legitimacy the right to rule Describe & distribute power-The Preamble = purpose of the Constitution Preamble states-“We the people of the United States…do ordain and establish this Constitution.” Limits govt powers

52 How does the Constitution Work?Allow for Change =The 'Elastic clause' granting Congress the power to pass all laws necessary and proper for carrying out the enumerated list of powers. I. Legislative II. Executive Branch III. The Judiciary

53 Article I Legislative BranchNo State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; coin Money; Bill of Attainder ex post facto Law, or grant titles of Nobility No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.

54 Article II. Executive BranchThe president=commander-in-chief of armed forces, Chief treaty negotiator-Director of Foreign Policy, Chief Executive, grants pardons & Clemencies, appoints federal Judges, Ambassadors and cabinet positions & veto congressional Bills & Laws. No person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who Age of thirty-five Years

55 The Oath of office I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."

56 The Constitution The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States. The Constitution is made of the Preamble and seven different articles.

57 Article III The Judicial BranchFederal Courts & 1 Supreme Court

58 Why separation of powersLegislative Branch Executive Branch Judicial Branch How a Bill becomes law

59 How a Bill becomes Federal law

60 How does a president Veto a Bill?Veto = Latin for “I forbid” ten days to respond by returning legislation to Congress. Approved or vetoed pocket veto- when congress is not in session- president just lets it sit w/o action = bill expires

61 Impeachment 1-The President, Vice President, and all civil officers of the United States- “treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors." 2- impeachment by the House of Representatives by a majority vote

62 Slavery Related issuesRepresentation based on population (House of Representatives) created the problem of how-or why should slaves be counted for representation in the House of Representatives. 3/5 compromise = 3/5 of slave population could be counted to determine how many delegates could represent each state in the House of Representatives

63 Impeachment continued3- Trial and conviction by the Senate -- The vice president presides over the Senate proceedings except the president, whose trial is presided over by the chief justice of the Supreme Court. Pres. Johnson & Pres. Clinton 1988 both found innocent by 1 vote

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65 Impeachment cont: 3- Trial and conviction by the Senate -- The vice president presides over the Senate proceedings except the president, whose trial is presided over by the chief justice of the Supreme Court. Pres. Johnson 1867 & Pres. Clinton 1988 both found innocent by 1 vote Impeached means a process to determine guilt = Trial – Not a conviction

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67 Bill of Rights The First Amendment provides that Congress make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting its free exercise. It protects freedom of speech, the press, assembly, and the right to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. The Second Amendment- A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. The Third Amendment prohibits the government from quartering troops in private homes, a major grievance during the American Revolution. The Fourth Amendment protects citizens from unreasonable search and seizure. The government may not conduct any searches without a warrant, and such warrants must be issued by a judge and based on probable cause.

68 Bill of Rights Cont: The Fifth Amendment provides that citizens not be subject to criminal prosecution and punishment without due process. Citizens may not be tried on the same set of facts twice, and are protected from self- incrimination (the right to remain silent). The amendment also establishes the power of eminent domain, ensuring that private property is not seized for public use without just compensation. The Sixth Amendment assures the right to a speedy trial by a jury of one's peers, to be informed of the crimes with which they are charged, and to confront the witnesses brought by the government. The amendment also provides the accused the right to compel testimony from witnesses, and to legal representation. The Seventh Amendment provides that civil cases also be tried by jury.

69 Bill of Rights Cont: The Eighth Amendment prohibits excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishments. The Ninth Amendment states that the list of rights enumerated in the Constitution is not exhaustive, and that the people retain all rights not enumerated. The Tenth Amendment assigns all powers not delegated to the United States, or prohibited to the states, to either the states or to the people.

70 writ of habeas corpus & the US ConstitutionThe habeas corpus concept was first expressed in the Magna Charta, No free man shall be seized, or imprisoned, or disseised, or outlawed, or exiled, or injured in any way, nor will we enter on him or send against him except by the lawful judgment of his peers, or by the law of the land." This principle evolved to mean that no person should be deprived of freedom without Due Process of Law. In America which Amendment is called the Due Process Amendment?

71 habeas corpus Means produce the body in Latin In the US Constitution Habeas Corpus allows A prisoner can file a writ of habeas corpus with a court to make sure he was tried and imprisoned in a constitutionally correct manner. Our constitution has this safeguard that allows a prisoner to challenge his imprisonment via Habeas Corpus. A safe guard to determine whether a prisoner was imprisoned in a fair constitutional manner = with due process! If the prisoner argues successfully that the incarceration is in violation of a constitutional right, the court may order the prisoner's release. Article I sec # 9

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73 Presidential Powers Pardon, Commute prison sentences Appt Fed Judges, Ambassadors Head of Armed Forces Emergency's-- calling into session one or both houses of Congress example: declare war

74 The system of checks and balancesThe American constitutional system includes a notion known as the Separation of Powers. Several branches of government are created and power is shared between them. At the same time, the powers of one branch can be challenged by another branch. This is what the system of checks and balances is all about. There are three branches in the United States government as established by the Constitution. First, the Legislative branch makes the law. Second, the Executive branch executes the law. Last, the Judicial branch interprets the law. Each branch has an effect on the other. The powers of one branch can be challenged by another branch.

75 Checks on the Executive = The PresidentLegislative Branch = Senate and OR House of Representatives & Checks on the Executive Impeachment power (House) Trial of impeachments (Senate) Selection of the President (House) and Vice President (Senate) in the case of no majority of electoral votes Senate approves departmental appointments Senate approves treaties and ambassadors

76 How Congress can over ride a Presidential veto?To overturn a presidential veto, both houses in Congress must vote to approve the bill by a two-thirds majority.

77 Checks on the Executive-what the legislative branch can do against the presidentApproval of replacement Vice President Power to declare war Power to enact taxes and allocate funds President must, from time-to-time, deliver a State of the Union address

78 Checks on the Legislature : contbecause it is bicameral, the Legislative branch has a degree of self-checking. Bills must be passed by both houses of Congress House must originate revenue bills Neither house may adjourn for more than three days without the consent of the other house All journals are to be published

79 Presidential AssassinationThe 25th Amendment – The VP He or she will become President if the President cannot serve for whatever reason. The 25th also provides for a President who is temporarily disabled, such as if the President has a surgical procedure or if he or she become mentally unstable. Who is next in line after the VP? Speaker of the House of Representatives President Pro Tempore of the Senate Secretary of State Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of Defense

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84 Approval of replacement Vice PresidentPower to declare war Power to enact taxes and allocate funds President must, from time-to-time, deliver a State of the Union address

85 Seats are held on good behavior Compensation cannot be diminished Judicial Branch Checks on the Legislature Judicial review Seats are held on good behavior Compensation cannot be diminished Checks on the Executive Chief Justice sits as President of the Senate during presidential impeachment

86 Checks on the JudiciarySenate approves federal judges Impeachment power (House) Trial of impeachments (Senate) Power to initiate constitutional amendments Power to set courts inferior to the Supreme Court Power to set jurisdiction of courts Power to alter the size of the Supreme Court

87 Judicial Review A court's authority to examine an executive or legislative act and to invalidate that act if it is contrary to constitutional principles. The Supreme Court Can outlaw/ strike down Acts & or laws passed by Congress

88 The Supremacy Clause states "This Constitution, and the laws of the United States …shall be the supreme law of the land." It goes on to say that, "judges in every state shall be bound thereby." This means that state laws may not violate the U.S. constitution and that all state courts must uphold the national law.

89 Article I The LegislatureRepresentation in the house of representative Representation In the Senate President’s role Role of VP Impeachment

90 1803 marbury v. madison The Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice John Marshall, decides the landmark case of William Marbury v. James Madison, Secretary of State of the United States and confirms the legal principle of judicial review--the ability of the Supreme Court to limit Congressional power by declaring legislation unconstitutional--in the new nation.

91 Marbury becomes a PrecedentIn writing the decision, John Marshall argued that acts of Congress in conflict with the Constitution are not law---they are unconstitutional and the SC can rule acts of Congress unconstitutional. American law is based on the principle of precedent, meaning that if a court has already ruled on a given legal issue then future courts will follow the same legal path.

92 Electoral College The Electoral College is a process, not a place electors-majority of 270 electoral votes are required to elect the President--one for each House member (Congressman/woman) that a state has in the House of Representatives plus two for the Senators.

93 Punishments

94 Slave ship transport

95 Slave Ship Middle Passage

96 Slave punishments

97 Slave no Run collar

98 Slavery Related issues contThe convention gave Congress the power regulate the slave trade but not to interfere in it for 20 years supposed to expire in 1808

99 Creating a new governmentDelegates divide power between states & National govt. Separated the national govt’s power into 3 branches Separation OR Division of Powers-the new system of govt. was a form of Federalism that divided power between state & natl govt. Delegated powers--power given to natl govt by the Convention.

100 Federalism Divides power between the national govt & state govts. Power given to the national govt. by the constitution are called enumerated powers. Reserved powers are those powers kept by the states. Shared powers are This is federalism ---thank you

101 Constitutional ConventionPhiladelphia May 1787 Need to amend the Articles of Confederation Shay’s rebellion & Whiskey Rebellion A Federal system of Govt= power is divided between national & state govt. Congress regulates interstate commerce, levy & collect taxes, president head of executive branch

102 Enumerated /Delegated powersDelegated OR Enumerated powers=Given to Congress Foreign affairs, provide natl defense, regulate trade between the states, coining money, taxes, speed limits Reserved powers- power kept by the states Education, establishing marriage laws & regulating trade within the state, Gun licensing, taxes, speed limits The Bill of Rights: 1st 10 amendments to the constitution = protect the states a compromise between Federalist & Anti-Federalist politicians 10th Amendment- The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

103 Separation of Powers 3 branches of Govt- Thank you Voltaire Legislative House of Reps & the Senate = 2 Chambers All tax laws originate in the House = raise taxes, create laws, regulate inter- state commerce (see next slide) House ways & means committee Senate- Approves treaties, Tries impeachment, create laws, committees the positive vote of both required to approve any & all legislation and over ride a presidential veto Minimum age for the House is 25 & the Senate 30

104 Voltaire’s Influence on US ConstitutionVoltaire was a staunch supporter of the freedom of speech, which is emphasized by 1st Amendment in the American Constitution.

105 Montesquieu wrote The Spirit of the Laws.described checks and balances on government by dividing the functions of power between three separate branches of government to protect liberty. One can see his ideas about separation of governmental powers reflected in the United States Constitution. Article I- Article 1 gives Congress its powers and limits Article II- the executive branch of the government--made up of the President and executive officers. Article III- The Judicial branch is the court system that interprets the law--includes the Supreme Court and the lower courts which are made by Congress.

106 Separation of Powers Executive branch= carry out the laws, pres is head Judicial branch = interpret the law, Fed courts & Supreme Court Checks & balances =the 3 branches were made to prevent one branch of govt from dominating the other President can veto acts of congress but congress can override a Pres veto by a 2/3 vote Pocket veto

107 What is good about the Constitution?1. It can be amended 2. A flexible document 3. Created 3 branches of govt. 4. creates checks & balances in govt 5. the 1st 10 amendments were done to protect States’ rights = Reserved powers The 9th amendment is extra protection that protect the State’s RESERVE powers

108 The Commerce Clause The Commerce Clause refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3 of the U.S. Constitution, this Congress the power “to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes.” Very powerful clause for Congress

109 Quiz definitions-Fridayconstructionist Bill of Rights delegated powers loose, strict Bipartisan expressed powers enumerated powers

110 The Ninth Amendment ExplainedThe first eight amendments to the Constitution expressly prohibit the federal government from denying people fundamental rights and important procedural protections. To ensure that federal officials would not later claim that the list of such rights was exclusive, the Ninth Amendment was enacted. Then, to ensure that powers not expressly delegated to the federal government could still be exercised by the states, the Tenth Amendment was enacted. It reads as follows: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

111 Preamble to the Constitution of USAWe the people of the united States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United Sates of America

112 How to interpret the ConstitutionStrict interpretation or a loose one? The 2 opposing views that will haunt America forever 1. Strict constructionism= Anti-Federalist is the term used to describe a literal or strict reading of the United States Constitution. Nothing should be read into the Constitution that isn’t clearly already there, such as special rights for one segment of the population

113 Strict interpretation of the ConstitutionAnti-Federalist--The Anti-Federalists were those in the government who did not favor a strong national government and wanted to see more power go to individual states. Thomas Jefferson and George Clinton were among the most prominent Anti- Federalists.

114 The Federalist believed in aLoose Interpretation --- Alexander Hamilton and his followers favored a loose interpretation of the Constitution, which meant they believed that the document permitted everything that it did not expressly forbid. This contrasted sharply with Thomas Jefferson's strict anti-federalist interpretation.

115 The first Political PartiesFederalist party-Wealthy elites, Manufacturing, shipping & trade, Loose interpretation of Constitution, Protective Tariff, Pro-British Democratic-Republicans- led by TJ, agrarian economy, pro-French, strict interpretation of Constitution

116 HW pg# 196 terms & Names due Wednesday

117 Foreign Policy 1800-1823 Gw’s legacy1793-GW Proclamation of Neutrality GW farewell Address “neutrality avoid war at all cost” GW-2 term presidency GW-Neutrality GW & AH--America must be free to trade with all of Europe XYZ Affair-insulted America Alien & sedition Act- Pres John Adams `

118 Sectionalism As a result of the bitter fighting between the Federalists & Anti-Federalists North v South Sectionalism began to grow and would fester until the 1860 civil war Election of Electors of North voted for Adams & Electors of the South voted for Jefferson

119 Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions– Nullification states had the right to Nullify (VOID) any act of congress they viewed as unconstitutional because the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional.

120 Jefferson’s PresidencyElected 1800 Decentralized govt, reduce expenses, save $$ 1st president to serve in D.C. Louisiana Purchase ,000 square miles “ Midnight Judges” TJ Refused to appoint Marbury as a Federal Judge

121 Louisiana Purchase 1803 $15 million

122 TJ & AH

123 Hamilton & Jefferson Opposing ideologiesHamilton a Federalist- Report on the Public Credit, Print paper Money, lots of immigration, Corporations assume the states’ war debt, Bank of the United States , District of Columbia, excise tax, protective tariff Jefferson- Democratic-Republicans, strong state govt, weak national govt. little immigration, small yeoman farms

124 Mt. Rushmore-Gutzon Borglum

125 Aerial View of Crazy Horse

126 Before & After

127 Gutzon Borglum,

128 Hamilton’s 4 part Financial plan for America1st Secretary of the Treasury There are 4 parts to Hamilton’s Financial Plan Assumption of States’ War Debts

129 # 2 Hamilton’s Plan 2-National Bank --a.k.a. 1st Bank of the United States --anti-federalists worried that wealthy northerners would take advantage of the bank to exploit the South

130 # 3 Hamilton’s Plan 3-Excise Tax-

131 # 4 Hamilton’s Plan 4-Report on Manufactures – is a classic document in the history of U.S. economic policy. Immigration, factories, Excise Taxes, Protective Tariffs Justified by…Implied powers of the Elastic clause Goal: Build a Capitalist economy

132 1790 Jefferson & Hamilton Hamilton asked Thomas Jefferson to help him gain Southern support for Hamilton’s Economic plan So…..

133 Examples of Judicial reviewUnder Chief Justice John Marshall Marbury vs. Madison= Congress has the power to rule on the Constitutionality of a law-Declare acts-laws of Congress un-constitutional McCulloch v. Maryland- upheld the creation of the 2nd national bank of the United States 1824 Gibbons v. Ogden-congress has the power to regulate interstate commerce = Article I, sec 8

134 Other Famous SC Cases 1819 Dartmouth College v. Woodwardthe state legislature of New Hampshire passed laws that revised the King’s charter making Dartmouth a Public school Q--what is protected by the Constitution's "contract" clause Answer-SC holds that the Constitution says that a state cannot pass laws to impair a contract

135 Other Famous SC Cases Fletcher vs. Peck-1796 Georgia state legislature sells Millions of acres to investors-land speculators who paid bribes to many Georgia State legislators Peck purchased it in 1800 & in 1803 he sold the land to Fletcher Robert Fletcher, brought suit against John Peck for breach of Covenant =land use agreement Georgia state legislature wants the land sale contract revoked

136 Fletcher vs. Peck-1796 continuedSC holds “ No State shall … pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts …" (Art. I, § 10, clause 1). ex post facto Law = means after the fact Bill of Attainder = A legislative act pronouncing a person guilty of a crime, usually treason, without trial Fletcher v. Peck was the first case in which the Supreme Court invalidated a state law as contrary to the Constitution SC said “the U.S. Constitution prevented a state legislature from rendering a contract null and void. WHY??

137 What is the role of the Supreme CourtJudicial Activism OR Judicial Restraint

138 Louisiana Purchase 1803 1803 2x the nation

139 Foreign Policy American Neutrality GW Farewell Address XYZ affair1798 – Anti-French feeling in America-Alien & Sedition Acts Nullification- Virginia & Kentucky declare that any federal law that is unconstitutional can be declared “Null & Void” Sectionalism-

140 Judicial review SC has the power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional –examples, Marbury v. Madison

141 Early SC decisions McCulloch v. Maryland--Second Bank of the United States was authorized by Congress to help control the unregulated issuance of currency by state banks. Significant because it advanced the doctrine of implied powers, or a loose construction of the Constitution. Chief Justice Marshall

142 1824 Gibbons v Ogden Congress has the power to regulate interstate commerce AGAIN a loose interpretation of the Constitution aka as the elastic clause Article I Congress shall have Power - To make all Laws which shall be necessary aka the elastic clause Article I

143 McCulloch v. Maryland,

144 E Pluribus Unum, the message carried by the American Bald Eagle.

145 E Pluribus Unum, the message carried by the American Bald Eagle.

146 Translating E PLURIBUS UNUM"From Many, One" or Out of Many, One" – a phrase that captures the symbolism on the shield.

147 The Great Seal of U.S.A.

148 Federalist Papers Federalist Papers 85 essays outlining how this new government would operate and why essays signed "PUBLIUS" Alexander Hamilton wrote 52, James Madison wrote 28, and John Jay (Jay’s treaty) contributed the remaining five.

149 Bitter Enemies of Constitutional interpretationThomas Jefferson & John Adams Jefferson served two terms as President after defeating the incumbent Adams, then retired to his home in Monticello. Meanwhile from his retirement farm in Quincy, Massachusetts Adams began to write long and elaborate letters to his old adversary. A grudging admiration for each other may have developed in their later years. Nonetheless, Adams always proclaimed that, though Jefferson was 7 years younger than himself... "I will out live Jefferson." On his death bed on Independence Day, 1826 John Adams uttered his last words. They were "Thomas Jefferson survives." Just a few hours earlier Thomas Jefferson had passed away….both architects of the document that gave birth to this new Nation dead, 50 years to the day from the birth of the country they founded.

150 Reserve States Rights Then, to ensure that powers not expressly delegated to the federal government could still be exercised by the states, the Tenth Amendment was enacted. It reads as follows: The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

151