1 CDH Management Protocol
2 Antepartum (Fetal Center)Level III ultrasound LHR - Routinely calculated (? PLUG if < 0.5) O/E LHR - Routinely calculated up to 32 weeks Both LHR results will be listed on the bottom of the front StarPanel page Cardiac echo - Routine Liver position – Determined and reported Multidisciplinary consults – MFM, NICU, Ped Surg, Genetics, etc
3 Antepartum (Fetal Center)Fetal MRI – Not standard (QLI) Follow-up – Monthly – BPP 2/wk at 34 wks Timing of delivery – Induction at 39 wks Antenatal steroids – For labor EGA < 34 wks Calculate LHR or O/E LHR: LHR.htm
4 Delivery Room Airway Management – No bag valve mask or CPAP. Immediate ETT GI decompression – Replogle tube following airway Ventilatory Pressures /5-6 FiO2 (initial) – 100% Transport Vent /5-6 x 40 It=0.35, FiO2=1 SaO2 target - preductal increase no faster than NRP guidelines, wean FiO2 when preductal SaO2 up to >85% iNO – if baby requires FiO2 of 100% and pre-ductal sats < 90%
5 NICU Stablilization SaO2 (preductal) - >70% x 1 hour, >85% by 2 hours, goal 90-95% Studies - Routine ECHO, HUS, cultures, PT/PTT, CBC, CRP, state screen, cortisol, karyotype & microarray Access – attempt single lumen UAC before peripheral a-line Single attempt UVC, if unsuccessful convert to emergent position, discuss PICC vs. Cook vs. other with team based on stability Sedation - fentanyl 1mcg/kg/hr – additional dose for cardiac echo – add Versed as needed Analgesia - fentanyl 1mcg/kg/hr Paralysis - avoid
6 Initial Ventilation StrategyIMV - Initial settings PCV 22/5 x 40 It = 0.35 Max RATE = 60 Max PIP = 25 Oxygenation Preductal sat > 70%x 1 hour, by 2 hours >85% with adequate delivery based on lactate, goal 90-95% Post ductal PaO2 >40 (consider >35 with adequate preductal SaO2 and lactate) Ventilation – Goal = pCO pH - Goal = 7.2 – 7.35 Perfusion – O2 delivery with lactate < 3 mmol/L; transiently (2 hours) tolerable lactate >3, but <5 Weaning wean PIP first with adequate tidal volume, then rate to SIMV when on low rate, volume based on PFT TV on prior setting, target 4-5 cc/kg FiO2 to keep SaO % Wean PEEP slowly (decrease by 0.5 q4h) if FiO2<0.60 with 8 rib expansion
7 High Frequency VentilationCriteria to Convert from CV to HFV PaCO2 > 65 with acidosis on PIP 25 and rate 60 Pre-SaO2<70% or post-ductal PaO2<40 HFV initial settings HFOV MAP=IMV MAP + 2 Delta P = PIP, “adequate bounce” Starting frequency 10 Hz Weaning Wean MAP slowly (decrease by 0.5 q4h) if FiO2<0.60 Wean frequency first to 10, then delta P to PaCO FiO2 to keep SaO %
8 CDH Patient ManagementSystemic Hypotension - Criteria for treatment - Abnormal MAP for age NS bolus, pRBC’s if Hct<40, FFP for abnormal initial coagulation studies – combined up to 40ml/kg in first 2 hours Dopamine and Dobutamine - begin at 5/5 and increase as needed Epinephrine can be considered before or after vasopressin Consider cortisol deficiency For refractory hypotension: (Euvolemic, cortisol replete) Vasopressin can be added after dopamine. Some small studies suggest vasopressin may lead to fewer ECMO runs for infants with CDH. Begin Dosing 0.01units/kg/hr and can increase 0.09units/kg/hr Obtain baseline sodium level and monitor q6h while on vasopressin (main complication-> hyponatremia) Increase sodium load upon initiation by 2meq/kg/day Assess daily if vasopressin can be weaned or removed Acker SN, et. al., Vasopressin improves hemodynamic status in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Journal of Pediatrics Jul;165(1):53-58.
9 CDH Patient ManagementPulmonary Hypertension - Criteria for treatment – Pre ductal SaO2<70% or post-ductal PaO2<40 AND echocardiographic evidence of PH iNO iNO at 20ppm, wean when FiO2<0.6 and adequate oxygenation Catecholamines to enhance right and left heart emptying after volume expansion and oxygen carrying capacity optimized Milrinone RV dysfunction/dilation and additional afterload reduction after iNO
10 CDH-Pulmonary HypertensionProstaglandin Prostaglandin for RV overload with restrictive PDA Prostacyclin Reserved for rescue post-ECMO or where ECMO contraindicated Consider inhaled for sustained hypoxemia on iNO if adequate ventilation and adequate contralateral lung recruitment can be achieved on conventional ventilator. Note: potential for platelet/bleeding effect
11 CDH Patient ManagementFluid Management - Initial 90 ml/kg with early protein - Avoid fluid overload - Furosemide for fluid overload when hemodynamically stable Laboratory Management - Hematocrit > 40% - Heparin assay (anti Xa) q6h, ATIII level QD (on ECMO) - Platelet count > 100,000 perioperatively (on ECMO) - TEG with clinical bleeding (on ECMO) Antibiotics - No specific indication for antibiotics with CDH alone - Evaluate maternal risk factors, initial sepsis screen - Start prior to cannulation Sedation - As clinically indicated - Paralysis should be avoided if possible, use with caution
12 Criteria for ECMO SaO2<85% on HFOV and iNO HFOV MAP>17 OI>40 consistent (3 post-ductal BG over 2 hours) Inadequate oxygen delivery, pH<7.20, lactate>5 despite adequate volume expansion and pulmonary recruitment Respiratory acidosis despite optimized HFOV pH<7.20, PaCO2>70 Hypotension resistant to fluid and inotropic support with UOP<0.5ml/kg/hr Impending ventricular failure on ECHO with evidence of inadequate oxygen delivery Preductal sat <70 for 1 hour Attending to Attending Notification (both neonatology and ped surgery)
13 ECMO ContraindicationsIVH Grade 2 or greater Lethal chromosomal anomalies/syndromes Complex congenital heart disease (single ventricle physiology) EGA < 34 wks
14 CDH ECMO Echocardiographic Surveillance:Cardiology to have Attending ECHO read upon arrival in NICU Serial exams with at least one additional ECHO at 48h on ECMO ECMO Cannulation Routine use of VA ECMO in CDH Place 8 Fr arterial cannula 12 Fr venous cannula or smaller Duration of ECMO Run Duration of ECMO based upon a multidisciplinary review of the course and projected outcome / assessment of futility Periodic trial of lower flows/trial off with echo assessment of PH Decannulation Consider when trial off-EMCO suggests native gas exchange and CV function is sufficient Consider targeting higher PaCO2 range for final 3-7 days of ECMO run Routine carotid artery repair unless contraindicated / unfeasible Routine Broviac placement
15 CDH Repair (no ECMO) FiO2<0.5 Normal BP for EGA Lactate <3Pre-operative ECHO required demonstrating improvement in pulmonary hypertension and good right ventricular function UOP > 2ml/kg/hr Chest Tube – Consider no use of routine chest tube when repaired off ECMO
16 CDH Repair (ECMO) Timing of repair will be based upon an ECHO after 48h on ECMO (maintain inflation until ECHO) If there IS improvement in the pulmonary HTN (less than systemic) – delay repair (with a close eye on volume status), consider repair off ECMO If there is NO improvement in the pulmonary HTN after 48h ECMO support – move towards early repair in 24-48h If successfully weaned off ECMO – timing of surgery same as non ECMO babies (echo driven decisions) Peri-Operative Anticoagulation Management Hold heparin infusion 1 hour pre-op, during the case and 1 hour post-op Restart heparin drip at pre-op rate, no bolus Chest tube – Routine placement of chest tube (15f Blake drain) for repair done on ECMO Temporary/Staged Abdominal Closure
17 Outcomes Routine analysis of institutional CDH registry data and morbidity assessment every 10 cases or6 months (whichever occurs first) with departmental presentations