1 Ch. 27 Empire & Expansion

2 Big Issue Now that we are most industrialized country in world: Big Business saw need for taking over weaker nations for raw materials & markets for their goods. All Europe doing it and U.S. needs to decide: Isolationism - separation from the affairs of other nations (traditionally the American Way) (Carnegie, G. Cleveland, S. Gompers, Mark Twain – Anti-imperialists) v. Imperialism – economic and political control of a stronger nation over a weaker land or nation. (GB greatest at this w/ ¼ globe under their domain) By the end of the 1800’s, the United States is becoming less isolationist and more imperialistic

3 1867 Sec of State William Seward agreed to purchase Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million – Seward’s Folley (crazy)                  

4 American on their way to China stopped in Hawaii & stayed & by 1850 own ¾ island’s wealth. How could this happen? Compare to Native Americans! By 1900 Foreigners outnumbered Hawaiians 3 to 1 By 1875 U.S. & Hawaii have tax free trade (no tariff) King Kalakawa granted voting rights to only landowners (mostly Americans) (American puppet) -Bayonet Constitution (forced to sign at gunpoint) Kalakawa forced to let U.S. build base at Pearl Harbor By 1890 Mckinley Tariff revoked the duty free status of Hawaiian sugar so planters want U.S. to annex Hawaii- American planters wanted the U.S. to take over the islands so to be tax free when selling sugar in U.S. King seeks treatment for cancer in Europe & dies

5 - A new queen wanted to move the islands toward independence- Planters asked the U.S. ambassador to tell the U.S. they were in danger - U.S. marines were sent in (take queen as prisoner)

6 - President Cleveland favored Hawaiian independence and would not annex it (sent investigation team to interview Hawaiians found most didn’t want to be annexed) - Later, President McKinley(pro business why?) favored annexation -After the Spanish-American War (1898) it became a U.S. territory

7 Spanish American War start here both classesU.S. interest w/ Cuba 1. $50 million in U.S. investments in Cuba (mostly in the sugar plantations) 2. $100 million in trade w/ Cuba Spanish misrule disrupted shipping routes Many American naturalized citizens (Cuban Americans) left Cuba & to fight against Spanish control Spanish American War start here both classes

8 Cuba & Puerto Rico were the only territories in the Americas still occupied by Spain. (Monroe Doctrine?) (multiple attempts at independence) 1895 Cuban rebels fought for independence against Spain again (200,000 died of illness & starvation in concentration camps) (1/8 pop) Cubans practicing Guerrilla Warfare –by day Spanish troops had no trouble by night Cubans surprised attacked, practicing scorched earth tactics (if enough damage Spanish leave) (American investments in danger) Cuban Rebellion

9 Scorched Earth Policy Cubans torched cane fieldsDynamited passenger trains & public facilities- No trouble by day & attacked in the cover of dark Reason Cubans rebel: Had revolted several times / longest lasting 10yrs U.S. McKinley tariff shut out Cuban sugar so hard times & take it out on occupiers = Spain (same tariff issue that caused Americans in Hawaii to expel Queen)

10 $50 million investments & $100 million trade 1. Cuban Underdog 2. U.S. investments in Cuba $50 million investments & $100 million trade 3. U.S. wanted all of Europe out of Americas (Monroe Doctrine) 4. Yellow Press =newspapers rely on gimmicks instead of truthful news to appeal to readers 5. Large Cuban American pop. U.S. Sympathetic why?

11 Examples of Yellow JournalismCuban woman stripped searched by brutal Spanish soldiers Cubans fed to sharks Poisoned wells Whole villages put in barbed wire camps that lacked sanitation & prisoners died Spanish General Weyler “the Buthcher” arrived to crush rebellion (notorious for getting rebellions under control w/ ruthlessness) Examples of Yellow Journalism

12 Spanish Ambassador wrote letter insulting new President McKinley “McKinley is weak” “ a bidder for the admiration of the crowd.” “an ear to the ground politician” “lacked good faith” Press stole letter from mail William Hearst printed the letter in U.S. newspapers & added to outrage - Delome resigned Delome Letter Feb, 9, 1898

13 U.S.S. Maine Responding to U.S. pressure to protect American investments in Cuba, McKinley sent U.S.S. Maine on friendly visit to protect American lives & evacuate Americans if necessary ship’s officers went sightseeing that day & took in a bull fight that evening before : Feb 15, 1898 Maine exploded in Havana Harbor killing 260 U.S. sailors

14 5 tons of gun powder charges right next to coal room (spontaneous combustion) 800 accidents since coal powered ships Obiterated forward 1/3 ship & remaining ship sank to the bottom of the harbor Most men (enlisted) were in bunks located in forward part ship so many remains not found Most officers survived because there quarters were in back of ship Enlisted men weren't allowed to leave ship to attend bull fight just officers Spanish quickly rushed to scene to take care of wounded & Capt. Stated to press: “public opinion should be suspended until after report” After 4 week inquiry that struggled to look at conditions of submerged ship they concluded ship had been detonated by a mine

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22 Possible Reasons for Explosion1. Mechanical Error in ship 2. Cubans set explosions to try & get us into war on their side 3. Spanish set explosion American “war-mad” accepted least likely explanation (2 investigations by Spain & U.S) -Spain declared mechanical/U.S. declared submarine mine (1976 report indicated Spain correct=spontaneous combustion in the coal room ) Possible Reasons for Explosion

23 U.S. Declares War on SpainHearst printed “Maine split in two by enemy & offered reward $50,000 for capture of evil Spaniards” (demands for war prompt Congress to hold hearings) *Platt Amendment: anti imperialist agree to war if Cuba is given independence not taken as territory *2 months after Maine - U.S. declares war April 11, 1898 *Congress & President, Fearing upcoming election, caved in to U.S. pressure & declared war (McKinley was weak!)

24 1st attack took place not in Cuba but the Philippines (another Spanish Territory)6 U.S. warship against 10 Spanish ship but surprise –sneak into fortified harbor – Battle of Manilla Bay attack destroyed Spanish Fleet (400 Spanish dead & 1 U.S. dead) in Philippines But had to wait 3 months for ground troops because weakness of U.S. Army Philippines

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26 Filipino InsurrectionWhile waiting for ground troops to arrive, Dewey brought Filipino rebel leader Emilo Aguinaldo to lead revolt in Philippines against Spain When U.S. ground troops arrived Filipinos controlled ¾ of land. U.S. had taken & secured Guam (another Spanish colony)

27 Rough Riders Main Spanish fleet in Havana Harbor & U.S. blockaded it & prepared for invasion T.Roosevelt (assistant sec. of the Navy) resigned post to organize volunteer unit All different types of people: cowboys, actors, polo players, ex-cons, lawyers, Indians, sheriff, & ivy leaguers Supposed to be calgary unit but army unable to transport horses Press glorified them

28 Troops ill prepared: not enough up-to-date guns, no light weight clothes, wore wool in tropical climate June ,000 U.S. landed S.E. Cuba w/ out incident & marched to capital, Santiago Charged San Juan Hill/ Kettle Hill & in 1 month Spanish surrender Rough Riders & 10th Negro Calgary reason for victory Battle of San Juan Hill

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30 Spanish fleet tried to sneak out of Cuba /caught by U.S.McKinley sent 5 negotiators including 3 senators Terms: Spain give up Cuba (independent)(Teller Amendment) Spain gave U.S. Guam, Puerto Rico & the Philippines U.S. gave Spain $20 million because Spain argued Philippines captured after armistice so not spoils of war Treaty of Paris

31 Philippines U.S. occupied Philippines & Filipinos resistedLed by Aguinaldo for independence from U.S Guerilla Warfare against U.S. (4,200 U.S. soldiers killed) 2yrs & torcher tactics used (waterboarding) The “water cure,” was widely used in the 12-year war in the Philippines. William Howard Taft, the U.S. governor of the islands told Congress it had been used to extract information. a soldier’s letter boasting of giving 160 people the “water cure,” of whom only 26 survived, was made public. Mark Twain attacked the use of waterboarding. Did it produce “Truth? Or lies?,” he asked. “How can one even know which it is they are telling.” Theodore Roosevelt assured a friend that waterboarding was “an old Filipino method of mild torture” and that no one was “seriously hurt” (used against terrorist today) Philippines

32 U.S. captured Aguinaldo & forced him & followers to sign oath of allegianceMcKinley annexed Philippines fearing if he didn’t other country would McKinley believed Filipinos not fit for independence so educate & Christianize them Philippines don’t gain independence until 1946 (after Japan invades & way more tortures then U.S.)

33 European Powers take advantage of weak ChinaIndustrializing countries of G.B., France, Germany, Japan & Russia take advantage of China’s weakness started demanding Spheres of influence =area where country would control all economic activity U.S. didn’t want territory (sphere) in China but did want access to trade (no tariffs in China) U.S. would be shut out w/ spheres of influence if didn’t act

34 McKinley & Sec. of State John Hay sent notes to countries w/ spheres of influence asking them not to interfere w/ free trade w/ in their sphere U.S. had 3rd largest navy & territories in Guam & Philippines could now exert power in Asia (world power status begins) Each nation accepted Open Door Policy & U.S. had free trade w/ largest market (didn’t want to mess w/ Spain) Open Door Policy

35 TR & others believed a canal was necessary for saving time & money for commercial & military shipping If you could sail through isthmus of Panama where land was the narrowest, trip time would be cut in half The Panama Canal

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37 French Company began building canal in 1882 but stopped when hundreds building the canal died from tropical diseases French had Caribbean colonies & sphere in China 1890 Americans tried to cut a canal through Nicaragua & failed (earthquake prone) U.S. offered to buy 10 mile long & 6 mile wide area from Colombia (refused) French started canal

38 American & French business men meet w/ Panama leaders to convince them to break away from ColombiaU.S. w/ TR’s support promises Naval support to Panamanians if they rebelled Revolution takes place w/ U.S.S Nashville (another U.S. ship involved in foreign affairs) backed up Panama 3 days later U.S. recognized Panama Panama Revolution

39 Very easy for Panama to cut off Colombia from sending reinforcements why?

40 2 weeks after independence, Panama & U. S2 weeks after independence, Panama & U.S. sign treaty to begin Canal (Colombia is suspicious) Years later TR was asked by reporters about tactics used to get canal from Colombia & he admitted “I took the canal” Colombia protested & U.S. paid Colombia $25 million for losses ($7 million for Alaska, $15m to Spain for Philippines – spending lots of $ for U.S. expansion) The Panama Canal

41 Construction of the CanalBuilt by U.S. Army Corp of Engineers Canal went through jungle, across lakes & over mountains Problems: mudslides, premature dynamite explosions, diseases (malaria, Typhoid, dysentery, cholera) (4,500 died during construction) mostly from diseases, dynamite, mudslides Construction of the Canal

42 Panama Canal Completion $400 million 8,000 miles shorter than around southern tip of South America 8-10 hours to go through 50 miles 36-38 ships a day Toll ($) varies on size of vessel, tonnage & cargo $142, 000 for cruise ship to 38 cents for swimmer Carter made agreement to give back canal to Panama in 2000 Panama Canal Completion

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44 Taft’s Dollar DiplomacyTaft realized TR’s policies caused much resentment, especially w/ seizure of canal from Colombia Taft will adopt policy of using U.S. businesses $ to invest in Latin American nations we are trying to influence Less influence on use of U.S. military & more on $ Takeover European loans so less reason for Europe to come over Ex. Took over Honduras debt owed to G.B. & took control of Haiti’s national bank Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy

45 Rebellion in the PhilippinesLiberty loving Filipinos assumed like Cuba they would get independence, they were wrong (they were excluded from peace talks in Paris (U.S. wanted Philippines for trade w/ Asia) Aguinaldo called U.S. actions: “violent & aggressive seizure” He ordered his troops to attack American soldiers 126,000 soldiers sent to Philippines to fight rebellion 4,300 American soldiers died & estimated 50, ,000 Filipinos died Used same tactics Spanish used on Cubans: camps (thousands died from disease)(water cure)// poorly equipped rebels soon melted into jungle to wage vicious guerilla warfare. By 1901 we cleverly infiltrated their rebel camp & captured Aquinaldo Rebellion in the Philippines

46 William Howard Taft in the Philippines1st Civilian Governor of the Philippines (called finipinos his “little Brown Brothers”) Tried to win over the Filipinos by improving education, transportation, & health care RR & bridges built Public schools set up Adopted policies that rid the island of cholera & small pox War lasted 3 years 1946 Philippines gained independence (after WWII) William Howard Taft in the Philippines

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