1 Chapter 1 An Introduction to Anatomy and PhysiologyBledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

2 Topics The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology Levels of OrganizationAn Introduction to Organ Systems Homeostasis and System Integration The Language of Anatomy Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

3 The Sciences of Anatomy and PhysiologyBledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

4 The Sciences of Anatomy and PhysiologyMeans “a cutting open” Is the study of internal and external structures Physiology Is the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

5 The Sciences of Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy can be divided into: Gross (macroscopic) Microscopic Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

6 The Sciences of Anatomy and PhysiologyGross anatomy Features visible to the naked eye Approaches: Surface anatomy Regional anatomy Systemic anatomy Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

7 The Sciences of Anatomy and PhysiologyMicroscopic anatomy Structures that cannot be seen without magnification Specialties: Cytology Histology Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

8 The Sciences of Anatomy and PhysiologyHuman physiology Cell physiology Special physiology Systemic physiology Pathological physiology Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

9 Levels of OrganizationBledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

10 Levels of OrganizationOrganization at each level determines structural characteristics and functions of higher levels Chemical (or molecular) level Cellular level Tissue level Organ level Organ system level Organism level Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

11 Levels of OrganizationChemical (or molecular) level Atoms combine to form molecules Molecular shape determines function Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

12 Levels of OrganizationCellular level Cells Smallest living units in the body Molecules interact to form intracellular structures Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

13 Levels of OrganizationTissue level Groups of similar cells working together to perform a specific function Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

14 Levels of OrganizationOrgan level 2 or more different tissues working together to perform specific functions Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

15 Levels of OrganizationOrgan system level Interaction of organs for a specific function Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

16 Levels of OrganizationOrganism level All organ systems working together to maintain life and health Highest level of organization Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

17 An Introduction to Organ SystemsBledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

18 An Introduction to Organ Systems11 organ systems in the human body Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

19 An Introduction to Organ SystemsIntegumentary system Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

20 An Introduction to Organ SystemsSkeletal system Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

21 An Introduction to Organ SystemsMuscular system Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

22 An Introduction to Organ SystemsNervous system Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

23 An Introduction to Organ SystemsEndocrine system Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

24 An Introduction to Organ SystemsCardiovascular system Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

25 An Introduction to Organ SystemsLymphatic system Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

26 An Introduction to Organ SystemsRespiratory system Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

27 An Introduction to Organ SystemsDigestive system Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

28 An Introduction to Organ SystemsUrinary system Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

29 An Introduction to Organ SystemsReproductive system (female) Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

30 An Introduction to Organ SystemsReproductive system (male) Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

31 Homeostasis and System IntegrationBledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

32 Homeostasis and System IntegrationHomeostatic regulation Homeostasis and disease Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

33 Homeostasis and System IntegrationHomeostatic regulation Adjustments in physiological systems that preserve homeostasis Homeostasis Existence of a stable internal environment Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

34 Homeostasis and System IntegrationHomeostatic regulation involves: Receptor Sensitive to environmental stimulus Control center Receives and processes information from receptor Effector Responds to the control center commands Opposes or reinforces the stimulus Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

35 Homeostasis and System IntegrationNegative feedback Effector opposes original stimuli Variation outside normal limits triggers automatic response to correct the situation Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

36 Homeostasis and System IntegrationNegative feedback Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

37 Homeostasis and System IntegrationNegative feedback Thermoregulation Control center—brain Receptors—brain and skin Effectors—blood vessels and sweat glands Maintain a normal range, not a set value Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

38 Homeostasis and System IntegrationNegative feedback Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

39 Homeostasis and System IntegrationPositive feedback Initial stimulus produces response that reinforces that stimulus Positive feedback loops Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

40 Homeostasis and System IntegrationPositive feedback loop Regulation of potentially dangerous process that requires quick completion Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

41 Homeostasis and System IntegrationPositive feedback loop Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

42 Homeostasis and System IntegrationHomeostasis and disease When homeostatic regulation fails: Organ systems malfunction Disease results Symptoms are present Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

43 The Language of AnatomyBledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

44 The Language of AnatomySurface anatomy Sectional anatomy Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

45 The Language of AnatomySurface anatomy Anatomical landmarks Anatomical regions Anatomical directions Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

46 The Language of AnatomyAnatomical landmarks Anatomical position Hands at sides Palms forward Feet together Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

47 The Language of AnatomyAnatomical landmarks Supine Face up Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

48 The Language of AnatomyAnatomical landmarks Prone Face down Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

49 The Language of AnatomyAnatomical regions Abdominopelvic quadrants Abdominopelvic regions Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

50 The Language of AnatomyAnatomical directions Anterior/ventral Posterior/dorsal Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

51 The Language of AnatomySectional anatomy Planes and sections Body cavities Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

52 The Language of AnatomyPlanes and sections 3 primary sectional planes Transverse—superior/inferior Frontal—anterior/posterior Sagittal—left/right Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

53 The Language of AnatomyPlanes and sections Transverse Divides body into superior and inferior A cut in this plane is called a cross section Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

54 The Language of AnatomyPlanes and sections Frontal (coronal) Divides body into anterior and posterior Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

55 The Language of AnatomyPlanes and sections Sagittal Divides body into right and left A cut that divides the body into left and right halves is a midsagittal section Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

56 The Language of AnatomyBody cavities Protect delicate organs Permit significant changes in size and shape of internal organs Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

57 The Language of AnatomyBody cavities Serous membrane Lines walls of cavities and covers surface of viscera Permits movement while reducing friction Visceral layer Parietal layer Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

58 The Language of AnatomyBody cavities Thoracic cavity Pericardial cavity Lies within the mediastinum Pair of pleural cavities Each surrounds a lung Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

59 The Language of AnatomyBody cavities Abdominopelvic cavity Peritoneal cavity Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ

60 Summary Differences between anatomy and physiologyLevels of organization Organ systems Homeostasis Integration of systems Anatomical language Bledsoe et al., Anatomy & Physiology for Emergency Care, 2nd Ed. © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ