1 Chapter 11 Medications and DrugsLesson 11.1 Medications Lesson 11.2 Drugs Lesson 11.3 Drug Abuse and Addiction

2 Lesson 11.1 Medications

3 Warm-Up Drug Use Give two examples of health problems that would cause people to use prescription drugs. What are some side effects that drug users might experience? Can prescription medications be abused like other drugs, such as cocaine or heroin?

4 Uses for Medications A medication is a substance used to treat disease or relieve pain Reasons people use medications To treat symptoms of an illness To cure a disease To manage a disease To prevent a disease shutterstock.com/Monkey Business Images

5 Food and Drug AdministrationAfter a company tests a new medication, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) must then approve it The FDA also decides whether a medication should be sold with or without a doctor’s prescription shutterstock.com/bikeriderlondon

6 Over-the-Counter MedicationsSold to people without a doctor’s prescription Purchased at local stores and pharmacies Used to treat the symptoms of many relatively minor health conditions shutterstock.com/PathDoc

7 Critical Thinking OTC MedicationsWhat are some commonly used OTC medications with which you are familiar? Do you use these medications? If yes, for what reasons? thinkstock.com/Stockbyte/Thinkstock Images

8 Prescription MedicationsCan only be sold to a person with a prescription from a doctor or other licensed healthcare professional Different types of prescription medications have different functions Antibiotics Anesthetics Vaccinations shutterstock.com/AntonioDiaz

9 What are some different methods used to deliver medicine into the body?Pill, tablet, capsule, or liquid forms can be swallowed Drops, cream, or gel forms can be applied to a particular part of the body Transdermal patches can be placed on the skin Medications can be inhaled into your nose or mouth Medications can be injected directly into the body

10 Health Risks of Taking MedicationsAll medications can have side effects Some medications cause health risks by interacting with other medications, foods, or drinks People can experience an adverse or allergic reaction to medication OTC medications may relieve symptoms but not treat the underlying cause of the symptoms Adverse effects may result from medication misuse

11 Medication Abuse The intentional use of medications for purposes other than those intended by the prescribing doctor Commonly abused prescription medications Opioids Depressants Stimulants shutterstock.com/SerialCoder

12 Carefully reading and following OTC and prescription medication instructions can help you avoid misuse and abuse of medications and reduce health risks. What are some other strategies for using medications safely? thinkstock.com/iStock/Anna Khomulo

13 Lesson 11.2 Drugs

14 Drugs The word drugs refers to substances that cause a physical or psychological change in the body Most drugs are illegal and can be very dangerous shutterstock.com/vidguten

15 Cannabinoids Depressants Hallucinogens Stimulants Narcotics SteroidsIllegal Drugs Cannabinoids Depressants Hallucinogens Stimulants Narcotics Steroids

16 Cannabinoids Marijuana Hashish

17 Marijuana Made from the dried leaves and tops of the cannabis plant.

18 Street Names Dope Grass Mary Jane Ganja Pot Joints Weed Skunk

19 How Ingested/LegalitySmoked or eaten Light marijuana users smoked two to 15 joints per week, Moderate users smoked 17 to 70 joints per week Heavy users smoked 78 to 350 joints per week.

20 http://www. bing. com/videos/search

21 Affects Lasts 2-4 hours Detected in urine/single use3 days/chronic use days Users become: Relaxed Drowsy Euphoric Hungry

22 Marijuana 60% is imported from Mexico Grows 5-18 feet tall1000 $ per plant THC is secreted and attracts male plants Female plants are producers of THC

23 Marijuana Blooms Highest potency Leaves 2nd Stems = ditch weedRoots = nothing Pot brownies = THC in the butter still illegal Arrested for weight of product Ten thousand $ for a pound of weed

24 delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC,Damages brain cells and brain function delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC,

25 THC 70’s=2% THC 90’s= 4% Now 30% THC in Greene countyChronic or Kush = high grade Purple haze = potent THC In Colorado any Dr. who uses medical marijuana can’t practice medicine Effects dexterity and brain function

26 One region of the brain that contains a lot of THC receptors is the hippocampus, which processes memory. When THC attaches to receptors in the hippocampus, it weakens short-term memory

27 Short Term Psychological EffectsSigns of using marijuana include: Altered perceptions and mood Difficulty with thinking and problem solving Dizziness Impaired short-term memory Increased metabolism (the munchies) Impaired time perception In large doses, hallucinations

28 Long Term Psychological EffectsAffects brain development, and when it is used heavily by young people, its effects on thinking and memory may last a long time or even be permanent Impaired Short-Term and Long-Term Memory A-Motivational Syndrome (lack of motivation) Increased Anxiety Depression Tendencies Psychosis Tendencies Loss of Co-ordination and Balance

29 Physical Effects of MarijuanaShort term: Increased heart rate Dry mouth and throat Red eyes Relaxation Long term: Suppression of the immune system so reduced resistance to common illnesses (colds, bronchitis, etc.) Reduced sexual capacity Lung infections like pneumonia

30 What Are the Other Health Effects of Marijuana?Marijuana raises heart rate by percent shortly after smoking; this effect can last up to 3 hours. In one study, it was estimated that marijuana users have a 4.8-fold increase in the risk of heart attack in the first hour after smoking the drug, causing palpitations and arrhythmias.

31 420 chemicals that harm your health Interesting facts The pain relief from marijuana last 8-20 minutes. Oxycotin last 12 hours 420 chemicals that harm your health Secondary smoke =certain nanometer not significant

32 Medical Marijuana Cons:increased prostate and cervical cancer risk Babies being born with high THC levels ADD, ADHD, Learning disabilities Carried in male sperm

33 Medical Marijuana Cons:Triggers a short-term drop in the hormones that direct growth and development. Lowers sperm production in males, resulting in fewer normal sperm cells. Tinkers with the balance of hormones that control the menstrual cycles of girls and women.

34 Medical Marijuana Pros:Enhance the appetite of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Relieving a person from the uneasy feeling of nausea. Treatment of neurogenic pain. People suffering from glaucoma and spasticity (resistance to stretch). Relieve the chronic pain and suffering of people with incurable diseases like cancer, AIDS, multiple sclerosis, etc.

35 Marijuana and Driving Because it seriously impairs judgment and motor coordination, marijuana also contributes to accidents while driving. A recent analysis of data from several studies found that marijuana use more than doubles a driver’s risk of being in an accident. Further, the combination of marijuana and alcohol is worse than either substance alone with respect to driving impairment

36 Is Marijuana Addictive?Contrary to what many pot smokers may tell you, marijuana is addictive, at least psychologically. Among heavy pot smokers, the rates of dependence are higher. Estimates from research suggest that about 9 percent of users become addicted to marijuana; this number increases among those who start young (to about 17 percent, or 1 in 6) and among daily users (to percent).

37 Withdrawal Symptoms? Long-term marijuana users trying to quit report withdrawal symptoms including irritability, sleeplessness, decreased appetite, anxiety, and drug craving.

38 Marijuana Overdose Temporary overdose of the pot is called “greening out.” The effects last for a few hours. Symptoms include: Temporary and extreme paranoia, fear and anxiety Trouble breathing Pupil dilation Nausea and vomiting Fast pulse Shaking chills Disorientation Hallucinations

39 Ohio and the Law: Activity Amount Incarceration Fine (max)1Classification 3 Possess or Cultivate 100 g or less 5 $150 2 Minor Misdemeanor 100 g to 200 g Regular 30 days max $250 Misdemeanor (4th Degree) Near school or minor 5 60 days max $500 Misdemeanor (3rd Degree) 200 g to 1,000 g 1 year max $2,500 Felony (5th Degree) 18 months $5,000 Felony (4th Degree) 1,000 g to 20,000 g 5 years max 4 $10,000 Felony (3th Degree) 2-8 years $15,000 Felony (2nd Degree)

40 Marijuana Bust Busted a 73 and 74 year old couple on Mohican drive in Kettering Ohio Had 1.7 billion dollars in a back room Had a garage full of marijuana They had been dealing for thirty years They went to jail for ten years and lost everything

41 Hashish The liquid resin from the cannabis plant.

42 Street Names Boom Chronic Gangster Hash Hash oil Hemp

43 How Ingested Smoked Mixed with tobacco Eaten in candies or cookies

44 Effects Similar to Marijuana but can be stronger

45 Depressants Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Methaqualone

46 Barbiturates Strong depressants that are prescribed to relax people or help them sleep

47 Street Names Barbs Reds Red birds Phennies Yellows Yellow jackets

48 How Ingested Injected Swallowed

49 Potential Health ConsequencesReduced anxiety Feeling of well-being Lowered inhibitions Slowed pulse and breathing Lowered blood pressure Poor concentration

50 Benzodiazepines Depressant Used to treat seizures Anxiety InsomniaConscious sedation

51 Street Names Candy Downers Sleeping pills Tranks

52 How Ingested Swallowed Injected

53 Potential Health ConsequencesDepression Unusual excitement Fever Irritability Poor judgment Slurred speech Dizziness

54 Withdrawal Symptoms Perceptual distortionsParaesthesia, defined as abnormal skin sensations such as tingling, tickling, itching or burning Difficult walking Anxiety Tension Agitation Restlessness Sleep disturbance/insomnia

55 Overdose Symptoms Poor balance, difficulty walking Slurred speechDepending on the amount taken and the amount of time that has passed since the overdose, the person may experience depressed (slow, shallow) breathing, coma, cardiac arrest, cold skin/hypothermia, and hypotension

56 Methaqualone Depressant

57 Street Names Ludes, mandrex, quad, quay

58 How Ingested Injected, Swallowed

59 Potential Health ConsequencesDepression Poor reflexes Slurred speech Coma

60 Hallucinogens LSD PCP Mescaline Mushrooms

61 LSD Is made from synthesized lysergic acid.

62 Street Names Acid Blotter Boomers Cubes Microdot Yellow Sunshineshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b2qVxRtJNTY Acid Blotter Boomers Cubes Microdot Yellow Sunshines

63 How Ingested Absorbed through mouth tissues Swallowed Sniffed

64 Effects Pupils Dilate Skin becomes “flushed”Heart rate and temperature increases “bad trips”

65 Potential Health ConsequencesAltered state of perception Nausea Persistent mental disorders Sleeplessness Loss of appetite Weakness Tremors

66 PCP Initially developed as general anesthetics for surgeryDistort perceptions of sight and sound and produce feelings of detachment - dissociation - from the environment and self.

67 Street Names Angel dust Dust

68 How Ingested Smoked Swallowed Sniffed

69 Effects Restlessness Disorientation Anxiousness Anger AggressionFeelings of Invincibility

70 Mescaline Mescaline is a naturally occurring psychedelic found in several cactus species, most notably, Peyote and San Pedro

71 From earliest recorded time, peyote has been used by natives in northern Mexico and the southwestern United States as a part of their religious rites. The top of the cactus above ground--also referred to as the crown--consists of disc-shaped buttons that are cut from the roots and dried. These buttons are generally chewed or soaked in water to produce an intoxicating liquid. The hallucinogenic dose of mescaline lasts about 12 hours

72 Side Effects Pupil dilation Dizziness VomitingSensations of warm and cold Headaches Some of the visions under the effect of mescaline can cause nightmares that can give birth to some psychosis to the consumers.

73 Synthetic TryptaminesMAGIC MUSHROOMS Synthetic Tryptamines

74 Street Names https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8Iqdra8GeE

75 How Ingested Eaten

76 SHROOM EFFECTS: muscle relaxation Dilation of pupilsVivid visual and auditory distortions Emotional disturbances https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5kqThVON18

77 Stimulants Stimulants are drugs which produce a quick temporary increase of energy. Cocaine, tobacco and caffeine are the three most popular stimulants

78 Types of Stimulants Cocaine Crack Amphetamines Methamphetamines

79 Cocaine Wicky stick Nose candy Blow Snowball Tornadohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7tlwW2DKzlc

80 How Ingested Snorted Injected Smoked

81 Effects of Cocaine Highly addictedCan cause stroke, heart attack or seizure Can be fatal in one use While each person who uses this drug reacts to it differently, there are two distinct categories of cocaine effects: short-term effects and long-term effects

82 Short Term Effects Increased blood pressure Constricted blood vesselsDilated pupils Mental alertness Increased energy Increased heart rate Decreased appetite Increased temperature

83 Long Term Effects convulsions, nausea, blurred vision, chest pain, fever, muscle spasms, and coma Other long-term cocaine effects include: - Addiction - Paranoia - Irritability - Restlessness - Auditory hallucinations - Mood disturbances

84 Crack Effects 10 times greater than cocaine. Can be fatal with one useExtremely addictive https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxI7PTVRfhQ

85 Crack Freebase Cocaine Rock

86 How Ingested Because crack is smoked, the user experiences a high in less than 10 seconds.

87 Methamphetamines

88 Street Names Meth Crank Crystal Meth Crystal Tea Crystal Ice SpeedChalk Glass

89 How Ingested Swallowed Snorted Injected Smoked

90 Effects Addictive Effects similar to cocaine Can be fatal with one use

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92 Meth explosion in Greene County

93 Back pack meth lab

94 Faces of Meth……………. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5iW_fsb3Dqw

95 Amphetamines Diet Pills (No longer sold for this purpose)Ingested - Swallowed

96 Street Names Speed Uppers Ups Black beauties Pep pills CopilotsBumblebees Hearts Footballs

97 Effects They induce exhilarating feelings of power, strength, energy.The need to sleep or eat is diminished. The release of dopamine typically induces a sense of aroused euphoria but the euphoria doesn't last. There follows an intense mental depression and fatigue. Feelings are intensified. The user may feel he can take on the world.

98 Narcotics Opium Morphine Codeine HeroinThe term "narcotic," derived from the Greek word for stupor, originally referred to a variety of substances that dulled the senses and relieved pain. From poppy plant.

99 Opium Street name – “O” Ingested – Smoked Extremely addictive

100 Morphine Morphine is isolated from crude opium, which is a resinous prep of the opium poppy. Trade Name - Roxinal, MS Contain, Morphine Sulfate Street Names - "M", morph, Miss Emma Ingested – Injected, snorted, smoked or swallowed

101 Medical Uses Symptomatic relief of moderately severe to severe pain;Relief of certain types of difficult or labored breathing; Suppression of severe cough (rarely); Suppression of severe diarrhea

102 Effects Drowsiness and fatigueOne of the strongest pain relievers used in medicine. Causes addiction and severe withdrawal symptoms Can cause respiratory arrest and death.

103 Heroin Heroin is processed from morphine.Substance extracted from the seedpod of the Asian poppy plant. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i--yLz_i44c

104 How Ingested Injected Snorted Smoked

105 Effects Extremely addictive Can cause respiratory arrest and death.Severe withdrawal symptoms Heightens the risk for infection with HIV and Hepatitis B

106 Track Marks

107 Greene County Homecoming queen after graduating and using heroin

108 3 kilos of heroin and 1 million in cash

109 Used for treatment of narcotic addiction Methadone Used for treatment of narcotic addiction If used correctly it helps people get off the heroin Drug dealers target these clinics to sell more heroin Narcan https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cqg0tI0ypyM

110 OxyContin OxyContin is a powerful painkiller available in time-release tablets whose effects last for twelve hours.

111 Steroids Powerful drugs that boost athletic performance.Anabolic means "building body tissue.“ Anabolic steroids help build muscle tissue and increase body mass by acting like the body's natural male hormone, testosterone.

112 Steroid Street Names ‘Roids Juice Hype Pump

113 Who Uses Steroids? Athletes involved in sports that rely on strength and size, like football, wrestling, or baseball Endurance athletes, such as those involved in track-and-field and swimming Athletes involved in weight training or bodybuilding Anyone interested in building and defining muscles

114 How are steroids used? By mouth (pills) Injected

115 What are the side effects of steroids?High blood pressure and heart disease Liver damage and cancers Stroke and blood clots Urinary and bowel problems, shrunken testies Headaches, aching joints, and muscle cramps Nausea and vomiting Sleep problems Increased risk of ligament and tendon injuries Severe acne, especially on face and back Baldness

116 Emotional Effects "Roid rage" - severe, aggressive behavior that may result in violence, such as fighting or destroying property Severe mood swings Hallucinations - seeing or hearing things that are not really there Paranoia - extreme feelings of mistrust and fear Anxiety and panic attacks Depression and thoughts of suicide An angry, hostile, or irritable mood

117 A Special Danger to AdolescentsAnabolic steroids, even in small doses, have been shown to stop growth too soon. Adolescents also may be at risk for becoming dependent on steroids. Adolescents who use steroids are also more likely to use other addictive drugs and alcohol.

118 Club Drugs

119 MDMA (Ecstasy)(Molly)MDMA is an illegal drug that acts as both a 40% stimulant and 60% hallucinogen.

120 Street Names Ecstasy Adam XTC Hug Beans Love drug

121 How Ingested Orally, usually in a tablet or capsule, and its effects last approximately 3 to 6 hours Sniffed Injected

122 Effects of Ecstasy Confusion Teeth ClenchingDepression Chills and Cold Sweating Addiction Liver Damage Paranoia Aggression Nausea Blurred Vision Sleep Problems Anxiety Acne Like Rashes Brain Damage

123 What are its long-term effects?Repeated use of Ecstasy ultimately may damage the cells that produce serotonin, which has an important role in the regulation of mood, appetite, pain, learning and memory. There already is research suggesting Ecstasy use can disrupt or interfere with memory.

124 Brain releases serotonin on X Brain on “X” Brain releases serotonin on X Afterwards the low levels may cause depression and suicide 1-5 days levels return to normal

125 Post ecstasy depressionIrritability Lack of motivation Extreme moodiness Unexplained crying Memory disruption ( phone numbers) Fuzzy vision (1-7 days)

126 Increases blood pressure Increases heart rate Ecstasy Can be fatal Increases blood pressure Increases heart rate Increases body temperature Body temp to 104 brain dead Body temp to 110 death

127 The withdrawal symptomsInsomnia Loss of weight Depression Loss of appetite Anxiety

128 Effects Also acts as a stimulant Can cause brain damage Similar to LSD

129 Warning signs of ecstasy use:Be alert to signs of Ecstasy use around you. Pacifiers and suckers control teeth-grinding, a common side effect of Ecstasy. Candy dispensers are used to hide Ecstasy tablets.

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135 New Drugs on the Market

136 Strawberry Quick They are calling this new form ofmeth "Strawberry Quick" It looks like Pop Rocks candy that sizzle in your mouth. It is dark pink in color and has a strawberry scent to it. First-time users might feel alert, full of energy and self-confident in the initial onset of the drug, but hours later, brain cells release an enzyme that stops the dopamine flow, which is what sends feelings of pleasure.

137 Mollys Slang for "molecular".“Molly" is crystal or powder form of MDMA. Molly" has properties similar to the stimulant effects of Ecstasy, but taken in larger doses it promotes hallucinogenic reactions. This poses an even greater risk to young adults who have taken Ecstasy previously and accidentally overdose by trying to achieve the hallucinogenic effects.

138 Molly…………. Psychological: Anxiety and paranoia, depression, Irritability, fatigue, Impaired attention, focus, and concentration, (due to depleted serotonin levels) Physiological: Dizziness, lightheadedness, or vertigo, Loss of appetite, Gastrointestinal disturbances, such as diarrhea or constipation Insomnia aches and pains.

139 Spice Synthetic Marijuana"Spice" refers to a wide variety of herbal mixtures that produce experiences similar to marijuana Sold under many names, including K2, fake weed, Yucatan Fire, Skunk, Moon Rocks Contain dried, shredded plant material and chemical additives that are responsible for their psychoactive (mind-altering) effects.

140 How Does Spice Affect the Brain?Similar to those produced by marijuana—elevated mood, relaxation, and altered perception—and in some cases the effects are even stronger than those of marijuana. Some users report psychotic effects like extreme anxiety, paranoia, and hallucinations.

141 What Are Physical Effects of Spice?Rapid heart rate, vomiting, agitation, confusion, and hallucinations. Spice can also raise blood pressure and cause reduced blood supply to the heart (myocardial ischemia) Regular users may experience withdrawal and addiction symptoms.

142 Bath Salts http://youtu.be/bKbTbRqXVFg"Ivory Wave," "Purple Wave," Vanilla Sky," and "Bliss" are street names of “bath salts” These drugs have nothing to do with real bath salts – They snort it, shoot it, mix it with food and drink it The effects can include “Excited Delirium”, agitation, paranoia, hallucinations, chest pain, increased pulse, high blood pressure, and suicidal thinking/behavior

143 What are the Short-Term Effects?Very severe paranoia that can sometimes cause users to harm themselves or others. Suicidal thoughts, agitation, combative/violent behavior, confusion, hallucinations/psychosis, increased heart rate, hypertension, chest pain, death or serious injury. The speed of onset is 15 minutes, while the length of the high from these drugs is 4-6 hours.

144 Krocodile Drug Krokodil is actually Desomorphine. Is an OpiateMade quickly from Codeine, Iodine and red phosphorous.  8 to 10 times more potent than morphine.

145 Krocodile Drug http://youtu.be/D2vkdxKHFB8At the injection site the skin will turn green and scaly from gangrene and resemble that of a crocodile right before it starts rotting away exposing tissue and bone. Popular in Russia and Eastern Europe. The average life expectancy of a user? Under 1 year.

146 Hookah pipes/Pens water pipes that are used to smoke specially made tobacco that is available in a variety of flavors. Studies show it to be as harmful if not more harmful than cigarette smoke

147 These are drugs that are sometimes used to assist a sexual assault. DATE RAPE DRUGS These are drugs that are sometimes used to assist a sexual assault. GHB (gamma hydroxybutyric acid) Rohypnol (flunitrazepam) Ketamine (ketamine hydrochloride)

148 STREET TERMS GHB Ketamine MDMA Rohypnol Goop Cat valium Disco biscuitForget me drug Grievous bodily harm K Hug drug Mexican valium Max Jet Go Roaches Soap Super acid XTC Roofies Street Terms37

149 What do the drugs look like?GHB has a few forms: a liquid with no odor or color, white powder, and pill. Rohypnol is a pill and dissolves in liquids. New pills turn blue when added to liquids. Ketamine is a white powder.

150 What effects do these drugs have on the body?GHB can cause these problems: Relaxation Drowsiness Dizziness Nausea Problems seeing Unconsciousness (black out) Seizures Can't remember what happened while drugged Problems breathing Tremors Sweating Vomiting Slow heart rate Dream-like feeling Coma Death

151 ROHYPNOL Rohypnol can cause these problems:Can't remember what happened while drugged Lower blood pressure Sleepiness Muscle relaxation or loss of muscle control Drunk feeling Nausea Problems talking Difficulty with motor movements Loss of consciousness Problems seeing Dizziness Confusion Stomach problems

152 KETAMINE Hallucinations Lost sense of time and identityDistorted perceptions of sight and sound Feeling out of control Impaired motor function Problems breathing Convulsions Vomiting Out of body experiences Memory problems Dream-like feeling Numbness Loss of coordination Aggressive or violent behavior Slurred speech

153 Are these drugs legal in the United States?Rohypnol is NOT legal in the U.S. It is legal in Europe and Mexico and prescribed for sleep problems and as an anesthetic (medicine given during surgery so you don't feel pain). Ketamine is legal in the U.S. for use as an anesthetic for humans and animals. It is mostly used on animals. GHB was recently made legal in the U.S to treat problems from narcolepsy (a sleep problem).

154 How can I protect myself from being a victim?Don't accept drinks from other people. Open containers yourself. Keep your drink with you at all times, even when you go to the bathroom. Don't share drinks. Don't drink from punch bowls or other large, common, open containers. Don't drink anything that tastes or smells strange. Sometimes, GHB tastes salty. Have a non-drinking friend with you to make sure nothing happens.

155 The Impact of Drugs on the BrainDrugs contain chemicals that change the way nerve cells in the brain send, receive, and process information Many drugs cause the brain to release abnormally large amounts of dopamine Larger and larger amounts of the drug are required to achieve the same good feelings This contributes to drug abuse

156 Drug Abuse People who abuse drugs often experience many negative health consequences Engaging in unsafe behaviors Contracting an infectious disease Being involved in an accident Overdosing shutterstock.com/Tom Wang

157 Critical Thinking Drug AbuseBesides health problems, what are some other negative consequences of drug abuse? shutterstock.com/Marjan Apostolovic

158 Drug Abuse and AddictionLesson 11.3 Drug Abuse and Addiction

159 Drug Addiction A chronic disease that involves ongoing use of a drug regardless of harmful effects Physical addiction: the body requires the drug to function normally Psychological addiction: feeling an intense need or desire for a drug shutterstock.com/Alexander Raths

160 Risk Factors for Drug AbuseA person’s genetic makeup is related to drug addiction Self-medicating puts people at risk of developing drug addictions Drug use at an early age makes a person more likely to become addicted A person’s environment has an impact on his or her attitude toward drugs shutterstock.com/auremar

161 Strategies for Refusing DrugsKnowing how to respond and what to say if someone offers you drugs can help you avoid them Let others know that you expect them to respect your decision to not try drugs shutterstock.com/Photographee.eu

162 The Broader Impact of DrugsThe problems of drug abuse negatively impact friends and family Drug abuse is costly for society Healthcare costs Criminal system costs Unemployment Homelessness thinkstock.com/Fuse

163 Prevention of Drug AbuseDrug addiction is a preventable disease People who never try drugs cannot abuse them Educating people about the hazards of drug use can help prevent drug abuse shutterstock.com/karen roach

164 What types of programs are available to help treat drug abuse and addiction?Residential treatment programs Outpatient treatment programs Skills-training programs Support groups Sober living communities

165 Helping Those Addicted to DrugsExpress your concern Offer to help the person find help Attend a meeting of a group that provides support to relatives and friends Give the person the number of a help hotline shutterstock.com/ValentinT shutterstock.com/Syda Productions