1 Chapter 14 Blood Blood classified as connective tissue Blood CellsFunctions transports vital substances maintains stability of interstitial fluid distributes heat Blood Cells form mostly in red bone marrow Types of blood cells red blood cells white blood cells platelets (cell fragments)
2 Blood Volume varies with about 8% of body weight about 5 litersbody size changes in fluid concentration changes in electrolyte concentration amount of adipose tissue about 8% of body weight about 5 liters
3 Blood Composition
4 Origin of Blood Cells
5 Characteristics of Red Blood Cellserythrocytes biconcave discs one-third hemoglobin (oxygen attaches) readily squeeze through capillaries lack nuclei and mitochondria
6 Red Blood Cell Counts number of RBCs in a cubic millimeter of blood4,600,000 – 6,200,000 in males 4,200,000 – 5,400,000 in adult females 4,500,000 – 5,100,000 in children reflects blood’s oxygen carrying capacity
7 Red Blood Cell Productionlow blood oxygen causes kidneys and liver to release erythropoietin which stimulates RBC production vitamin B12, folic acid and iron necessary
8 Dietary Factors Affecting Red Blood Cell Production
9 Life Cycle of Red Blood Cellcirculate for about 120 days macrophages in spleen and liver destroy worn out RBCs hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin iron from heme returns to red bone marrow bilirubin and biliverdin excreted in bile
10 Types of Anemia
11 Anemia Normal RBCs RBCs of person with iron defeceincy anemia(RBC’s low in hemoglobin)
12 Sickle Cells
13 Destruction of Red Blood Cells
14 White Blood Cells also called leukocytes protect against disease5 types of cells divided into 2 categories (1) granulocytes (have granules) neutrophils eosinophils basophils (2) agranulocytes (lack granules) lymphocytes monocytes
15 Neutrophils first to arrive at infections phagocytic54% - 62% of leukocytes elevated in bacterial infections
16 Eosinophils moderate allergic reactionsdefend against parasitic worm infestations 1% - 3% of leukocytes elevated in parasitic worm infestations and allergic reactions
17 Basophils release histamine and heparin in allergic reactionsless than 1% of leukocytes
18 Monocytes largest blood cell leave bloodstream to become macrophages3% - 9% of leukocytes phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, and other debris
19 Lymphocytes slightly larger than RBC T cells and B cellsimportant in immunity B cells produce antibodies 25% - 33% of leukocytes
20 Diapadesis leukocytes squeeze between the cells of a capillary wall and enter the tissue space outside the blood vessel
21 Positive Chemotaxis movement of leukocytes toward the damaged tissue region because of the chemicals that were released by damaged cells
22 White Blood Cell Countsprocedure used to count number of WBCs per cubic millimeter of blood 5,000 – 10,000 per cubic millimeter of blood (normal) leukopenia low WBC count (below 5,000) typhoid fever, flu, measles, mumps, chicken pox, AIDS leukocytosis high WBC count (above 10,000) acute infections, vigorous exercise, great loss of body fluids differential WBC count lists percentages of types of leukocytes may change in particular diseases
23 Leukemia Cancer of the white blood cellsToo few red blood cells and platelets Too many (often immature) white blood cells
24 White Blood Cell Counts
25 Blood Cell Types
26 Blood Plasma straw colored liquid portion of blood 55% of blood92% water
27 Plasma Proteins
28 Gases and Nutrients in Bloodamino acids simple sugars nucleotides lipids Gases oxygen carbon dioxide nitrogen
29 Non Protein Nitrogenous Substances in Bloodmolecules containing nitrogen but are not proteins urea – product of protein catabolism; about 50% of NPN substances uric acid – product of nucleic acid catabolism amino acids – product of protein catabolism creatine – stores phosphates creatinine – product of creatine metabolism BUN – blood urea nitrogen; indicate health of kidney
30 Plasma Electrolytes in Bloodabsorbed from the intestine or released as by-products of cellular metabolism sodium potassium calcium magnesium chloride bicarbonate phosphate sulfate sodium and chloride are most abundant
31 Blood Platelets thrombocytes cell fragments of megakaryocytes130,000 – 360,000 per cubic millimeter of blood helps control blood loss from broken vessels Lack nuclei
32 Hemostasis stoppage of bleeding Platelet Plug Formationtriggered by exposure of platelets to collagen platelets adhere to rough surface to form a plug Blood Vessel Spasm triggered by pain receptors, platelet release, or serotonin smooth muscle in vessel contracts Blood Coagulation triggered by cellular damage and blood contact with foreign surfaces blood clot forms
33 Platelet Plug Formation
34 Blood Coagulation Coagulation (clotting)causes the formation of a blot clot via a series of reactions which activates the next in a cascade occurs extrinsically or intrinsically
35 Blood Coagulation Extrinsic Clotting Mechanismchemical outside of blood triggers blood coagulation triggered by thromboplastin (not found in blood) triggered when blood contacts damaged tissue Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism chemical inside blood triggers blood coagulation triggered by Hageman factor (found inside blood) triggered when blood contacts a foreign surface
36 Blood Coagulation
37 Fate of Blood Clots After forming, a blood clot retracts and pulls the edges of a broken vessel together while squeezing the fluid serum from the clot Platelet-derived growth factor stimulates smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to repair damaged blood vessel walls Plasmin digests blood clots thrombus – abnormal blood clot embolus – blood clot moving through blood
38 Prevention of CoagulationThe smooth lining of blood vessels discourages the accumulation of platelets and clotting factors As a clot forms, fibrin adsorbs thrombin and prevents the clotting reaction from spreading Antithrombin inactivates additional thrombin by binding to it and blocking its action on fibrinogen Some cells, such as basophils and mast cells secrete heparin (an anticoagulant)
39 Prevention of Coagulation
40 Antigens and AntibodiesAgglutination – clumping of red blood cells in response to a reaction between an antibody and an antigen Antigens – a chemical that stimulates cells to produce antibodies Antibodies – a protein that reacts against a specific antigen
41 Antigens and Antibodies
42 Agglutination
43 ABO Blood Group Based on the presence or absence of two major antigens on red blood cell membranes antigen A antigen B
44 ABO Blood Group Blood type Antigen present Antibodies present in bloodWill attack this blood type and cause agglutination Can receive this blood type A anti-B B A or O (if necessary anti-A B or O (if necessary) AB A and B None None (universal recipient) AB or A, B ,O (if necessary) O none anti-A, anti-B, A, B, and AB Only O
45 Antigen – a substance that stimulates the production of antibodies (an immune response)Antibody – will attack anything it recognizes at “not self”
46 Type O blood doesn’t have any antigens so it will not cause an immune response. It is called the universal donor because anyone can receive it. Type AB blood has both antigens so it can receive any type of blood (universal recipient) If a person receives an incompatible blood type the blood will agglutinate (clump together).
47 Blood Types for Transfusion
48 Rh blood group Rh positive – antigen D (most common) 85 % Caucasians and 95% African Americans and all other ethnic groups are 100% Rh positive Rh negative – no Rh antigens
49 If Rh- person receives a transfusion from an Rh+ person it triggers an immune response. Anti Rh antibodies are made. Usually no serious problems result from first transfusion. The next transfusion from Rh+ blood will cause a more severe reaction (agglutination).
51 Clinical Application Leukemia Myeloid Leukemiabone marrow produces too many immature granulocytes leukemia cells crowd out other blood cells anemia bleeding susceptible to infections Lymphoid Leukemia lymphocytes are cancerous symptoms similar to myeloid leukemia Treatments drugs marrow and umbilical cord transplants chemotherapy regimens