1 Chapter 6: forging the new republicBig Picture: In the last decade of the 1700s, debates over the size and role of government led to the emergence of political parties.

2 Chapter 6 section 1: Washington becomes presidentMain Idea: President Washington and other leaders tried to solve the new nation’s economic problems. This led to the rise of political parties.

3 Organizing the GovernmentWashington Chooses A Cabinet Cabinet: a team of advisors to the president who run executive departments; the leader is called a Secretary Washington had 4 (today there are 15) Department of War: Henry Knox (heads the military, now called Department of Defense) Department of State: Thomas Jefferson (manages relationship with foreign nations) Attorney General: Edmund Randolph (enforces federal laws; the government’s lawyer) Department of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton (manages the nation’s money)

4 The First Congress 2 major “achievements” Ratified the Bill of RightsJudiciary Act of 1789: organized the judicial branch, creating a 6- person Supreme Court, district courts, and appeals courts John Jay: 1st Chief Justice

5 Settling the Nation’s DebtsHamilton’s Economic Plan Government owed money from American Revolution Plan for Economy had three parts and was designed to make the nation strong economically Pay the National Debt: both debt by Continental Congress and each of the states Tariff of 1789 and excise tax to pay off the debt Create a national Bank to standardize banking and print money

6 Opposition and CompromiseThere is opposition in the South to paying off debts of all states (a lot of Southern states had paid all or most of their debt, so this benefits the North) Also opposition to taxation (Tariff taxed imported goods; excise tax taxed domestic luxury goods like snuff and liquor…not all products) Opposed to bank…is it Constitutional?!?! To get Hamilton’s debt bill passed an agreement was made to move the capital from NYC to modern Washington DC to make the South happy

7 Debating a National BankInterpreting the Constitution There are 2 ways to interpret (read) the Constitution: Strict interpretation: the government should only do what the Constitution specifically states it can do (i.e. raise an army) Loose interpretation: the government can take reasonable actions that are not outlined in the Constitution as long as they are not prohibited (“necessary and proper”)

8 Debating the Bank Those who believed in loose interpretation (like Hamilton) supported the bank Those who believed in a strict interpretation (like Jefferson) opposed the bank Washington eventually adopted a loose interpretation and signed the bill chartering the 1st Bank of the United States in February 1791

9 First Political Parties FormThe Whiskey Rebellion Those on the western frontier resented the power and wealth of those on the east coast They believed the excise taxes (like on alcohol) harmed them and helped the easterners 1794: farmers in Western PA refused to pay the tax on whiskey, which was how they made a living When they violently attacked tax collectors, Washington led a militia of 13,000 to put down the rebellion Showed the national government could and would take action in the state (federal government supreme)

10 Political Parties DevelopFederalists: believed in a strong central government with a loose interpretation of the Constitution (led by Hamilton) Democratic-Republicans: believed states should be more powerful than the federal government with a strict interpretation of the Constitution (led by Jefferson)

11 Chapter 6 Review Write out Questions and AnswersChapter 6 Section 1 What were the main features of Hamilton’s economic plan? What were the points-of-view of the Federalists? What were the points-of-view of the Democratic- Republicans?

12 Chapter 6 section 2: Challenges of the 1790sMain Idea: The United States faced many challenges during the 1790s. It tried to remain neutral in European wars while dealing with Native Americans in the Northwest Territory.

13 Remaining Neutral A Declaration of NeutralityIn 1789 the French monarchy was overthrown starting the French Revolution Led to war between France and Great Britain Both sides tried to draw the US in to their side Many Americans sympathized with the French wanting to see an end to monarchies and had helped during their revolution Washington decided to remain neutral so that the US could continue to grow and prosper Proclamation of Neutrality: US officially announces that they will not take a side in war

14 More Diplomatic ChallengesIn 1794 the British begin seizing American merchant ships and stirred up trouble with the Native Americans in the Northwest Territory To avoid war, Washington sends John Jay to Britain to resolve the issues Jay’s Treaty: Britain agreed to pay for damages to American ships and leave forts on the frontier, in return the US paid debts owed to Great Britain Pinckney’s Treaty: treaty with Spain settling border and trade disputes

15 Conflicts in the Northwest TerritoryThe US government put pressure on Native Americans living in the Northwest Territory to move Some tribes formed confederations to block US entry into their land Early 1790s violence breaks out in Ohio and Indiana under Chief Little Turtle of the Miami he wins a big victory in 1791 The US sends in 4,000 troops to the Ohio Valley to build forts In 1794 at the Battle of Fallen Timbers: Americans defeat the Miami and force them to sign the Treaty of Greenville: gave up land in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan

16 President Adams and the XYZ AffairElection of 1796 Washington retires after 2 terms Farewell Address: don’t form political parties; stay neutral Adams v. Jefferson: 1st sign of sectionalism: being loyal to a region over the US…Northern states voted for Adams, Southern states voted for Jefferson No separate elections for President and Vice-President led to Adams being elected President and Jefferson Vice President

17 Foreign and Political ProblemsAdams tried to resolve issues with France, but French try to demand a bribe instead of sign a treaty (called the XYZ Affair because they wouldn’t give their names) Led to outrage at home, some called for war and distrust of DRs grew (supported France, attracted immigrants) In response to the XYZ Affair the Alien and Sedition Acts were passed to ‘protect’ the US from foreign enemies by raising residency requirements for citizenship and allowing for the fining and jailing of those criticizing the government Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions: written by Jefferson and Madison; claimed the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional and said states could nullify them (declare them void) part of states rights

18 Chapter 6 Review Write out Questions and AnswersChapter 6 Section 2 Why were Americans generally sympathetic to France after the French Revolution? What was the political response by America to the XYZ Affair?

19 Chapter 6 section 3: Jefferson's presidencyMain Idea: The rise of political parties influenced the election of 1800, bringing Thomas Jefferson and a new outlook to the presidency.

20 The Election of 1800 1st time power passed from one political party to another Adams v. Jefferson (this time they had vice-presidential candidates) Campaign was vicious mudslinging Election ended in a tie between Jefferson and his VP candidate Burr House of Representatives designated to break the tie; Hamilton urged Federalists to support Jefferson; on 36th vote, he wins 12th Amendment: separate ballots for president and vice-president Burr later kills Hamilton in a duel

21 Jefferson Makes ChangesJefferson urges tolerance and unity in his inaugural address Called it the “Revolution of 1800” reduced the size and influence of the federal government He reduced taxes and ended maintenance of a standing army during peacetime Later had to reverse the reduction of the navy due to foreign threats to shipping by the Barbary pirates in the Mediterranean

22 The Louisiana PurchaseA Need For Land French leader Napoleon needed money for ongoing wars with GB US wanted to purchase New Orleans from France for shipping; Napoleon offered all of Louisiana Territory Without time to ask Jefferson, the ambassadors agreed; purchasing the land for $15 million, more than doubling the size of the US

23 A Constitutional Puzzle and Lewis and ClarkJefferson was conflicted over his strict interpretation belief (no written right to buy land) Jefferson believed it was in the country’s best interests and adopts a loose interpretation using president’s implied powers to approve the purchase, Congress agrees Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned to explore the new territory (2 years) Aided by Sacagawea, they made a map and noted new species of animals and plants and new Native American tribes

24 The Role of the Supreme Court ChangesJudiciary Act of 1801: added new judgeship positions Federalists tried to appoint as many Federalists to the courts to maintain influence John Adams appointed many on his last day in office (called midnight judges) Some of the papers were not delivered in time and Jefferson’s Secretary of State James Madison refused to deliver them One appointee, William Marbury, asked the Supreme Court to order Madison to deliver the commission Marbury v. Madison: ruled Judiciary Act of unconstitutional Establishes the Supreme Court’s right of judicial review: the right to declare state and federal laws unconstitutional It strengthened the Supreme Court and balanced the power among branches of government

25 Chapter 6 Review Write out Questions and AnswersChapter 6 Section 3 What were Jefferson’s goals in office? Given Jefferson’s strong feelings about strict construction, how could he justify the Louisiana Purchase? What were the main points of the Supreme Court’s decision in Marbury v. Madison?

26 Chapter 6 section 4: the war of 1812Main Idea: In the early 1800s, Americans unified to face Great Britain in war once again and to battle resistance from Native Americans over attempts to seize their land.

27 Violating Neutrality US caught in the middle of the war between France and Great Britain US declared itself neutral and tried to trade with both nations British begin seizing American ships headed for France and practicing impressment: forcing US sailors to serve in the British navy 1807 British tried to search the American ship Chesapeake; when they refused, the British opened fire and seized 4 Americans Chesapeake Incident made Americans furious; in response, Jefferson passed the Embargo Act of 1807 ending US trade to protect US ships Was a disaster, especially in the North where most of the trade was based; goods piled up in ports and businesses failed

28 Tecumseh Resists SettlersNew Policies British try to reestablish relationships with western tribes Many Americans believed they were giving guns to Natives William Henry Harrison was governor of the Indiana Territory and carried out Jefferson’s Native American policy: become farmers and join white society or move west of the Mississippi Many tribes began loosing land

29 New Indian Leaders Shawnee brothers, the Prophet and Tecumseh, tried to resist American movements in the west They began uniting tribes 1811 Harrison’s army attacks (Battle of Tippecanoe): made Harrison a hero

30 The War of 1812 Begins War is DeclaredAfter the Chesapeake Incident, American politicians from the South and West called war hawks tried to get Congress to declare war They hated the British and hoped to conquer Canada Leader of war hawks Henry Clay became Speaker of the House and in June 1812, the US declared war US navy does well against the British but fail to gain land in Canada and British are able to burn down the White House

31 Outcome of the War Andrew Jackson becomes a hero with a US victory at the Battle of New Orleans by then, US and GB had already signed the Treaty of Ghent no territory changes hands, but Americans had proved themselves as a nation Leads to a period of US nationalism (pride in your nation) Native American resistance declines and US manufacturing increases

32 Chapter 6 Review Write out Questions and AnswersChapter 6 Section 4 What British actions helped trigger the War of 1812? Why did Americans see the end of the war as a victory?

33 Chapter 6 Review Write out Questions and AnswersWhen Native Americans in the Northwest Territory were being forced to give up their land in the early 1800s, Tecumseh mourned for his people: “The Great Spirit gave this great island to his red children. He placed the whites on the other side of the big water. They were not contented with their own, but came to take ours from us. They have driven us from the sea to the lakes---we can go no farther.” ~Tecumseh, Shawnee leader What is “the big water”? What does Tecumseh mean by “they have driven us from the sea to the lakes”?

34 Chapter 6 Review Write out Questions and AnswersRead the passage in Section 1 that begins with the heading “Political parties develop.” Then answer the following question. In the third paragraph the passage reads: “Each sides justified its actions as necessary to resist the dangerous ideas of the other.” Here the word justified means claimed to be proper. denied. invented. told many people about.