1 Chapter Four – The Human Landscape – Who We AreCanadian Geography Unit 2 – Human Population Issues in Canadian Geography Chapter Four – The Human Landscape – Who We Are

2 DIVERSITY

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4 Diversity: the condition of having differences or a great variety

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6 DIVERSITY IN CANADA Canada has a rich cultural fabric: the combination of cultural features that makes one country different from other countries Culture: the beliefs, traditions, and ways of life of a group of people. Cultural Diversity: strengthened global connections between Canada and the rest of the world

7 STATISTICS Approximately 20% of Canadians were born outside of Canada1867: 3.5 million 1967: 20 million 34.8 million people living in Canada today Tokyo (a city) has more people than Canada US has 10 times more people than Canada

8 In Perspective : The World Factbookhttps://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the- world-factbook/geos/ca.html Ethnic Groups: Canadian 32.2%, English 19.8%, French 15.5%, Scottish 14.4%, Irish 13.8%, German 9.8%, Italian 4.5%, Chinese 4.5%, North American Indian 4.2%, other 50.9% note: percentages add up to more than 100% because respondents were able to identify more than one ethnic origin (2011 est.)

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10 TYPES OF DIVERSITY Cultural Diversity: strengthened global connections between Canada and the rest of the world Physical Diversity: variety of landforms, differences in soil, climate, vegetation Economic Diversity: different ways in which Canadians earn a living

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12 Activity – Economic Diversity Provide a Specific Job for each Category - forestry - Mining - Manufacturing - Construction - Transportation - Communications - Retailing - Finance

13 TERMS Population: the number of people in a specific place/time.Population Density: the number of people in every square kilometre Population Density = Population Land Area (km2) * Canada's PD is 3.4 people per square kilometre

14 TERMS Culture: the beliefs, traditions, and ways of life of a group of people (food, music, architecture, family traditions, spiritual beliefs and recreational activities) Cultural Imprints: aspects of culture that enrich the Canadian Cultural Landscape Multiculturalism: a social system in which people of different ethnic backgrounds are encouraged to maintain their traditions and customs

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16 Our Cultural DiversityCanada places great importance on honoring the cultural diversity and ethnic backgrounds of immigrants The government has a policy that governs this: Multiculturalism Act which encourages cultural diversity and respect for cultural diversity within a country preserve identity, encourage understanding of differences, promotes racial and ethnic harmony * Does not eliminate cultural discrimination

17 Canada is a CULTURAL MOSAICCanada’s Multiculturalism offers an incredible way to learn, live and love cultural diversity Opposite of Canada’s Cultural Mosaic…. Assimilation: the act of making differences the same. Many countries prefer that immigrants integrate quickly into the culture of their new homeland

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19 US’ MELITING POT

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21 In Class Questions A. Page 161 Questions 1, 3, 4b, 5a, & 7

22 Patterns & Trends Demography: the numerical study of the characteristics, trends, and issues of a population, a way of analyzing a population using numbers Governments believe it is important to set up organizations like Statistics Canada to look after this work, research and info

23 4 Factors of Population ChangeBirth Rate: the number of births per population Death Rate: the number of deaths per population Emigration: when people leave one country to live in another (E = EXIT) Immigration: the movement of a person into a foreign country as a permanent resident (I = IN)

24 What does this graph tell us?

25 Birth Rate & Immigration Increase Population Death Rate & Emigration Decrease Population Natural Increase Rate: a specific calculation that is an indicator of how quickly a population is growing Natural Increase = # Births – # Deaths Net Migration = Immigration - Emigration Population Change = (Birth – Death) + (Immigration – Emigration) For Canada the natural increase rate is 4 people for every Canadians

26 Population Pyramids Shape reveals a lot about the populationStart with children at the base and end with elderly people at the top Wide base = lots of children, high birth rate Symmetry: males and females usually similar, any asymmetry indicates a difference between male and female population

27 Classifying population pyramids1. Expansive or Expanding Have a triangular or pyramid shape . The wide base indicates a high birth rate and the narrow top indicates a high death rate. 2. Stationary or Stable The base is similar in width to the population of the reproductive ages which indicates a stable population. 3. Contractive or Contracting Have a narrower base than the reproductive age population. This indicates a decreasing population.

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29 Which Type of Population Pyramid? ….. Expanding

30 Which Type of Population Pyramid? …. Stationary

31 Which Type of Population Pyramid? …. Contractive

32 Questions page 173 # 1, 3 ‘ I AM JOE ’ http://www. youtube. com/watch

33 Immigration Handled by the government, Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) Potential immigrants must not be a danger to Canadians cannot have dangerous and transmittable diseases cannot have criminal records or be involved in suspicious activities

34 Canada & Immigration Main Objectives of Immigration Policy1. To reunite Canadian residents with close family members from abroad. 2. To protect genuine refugees. 3. To help develop a strong economy. 4. To maintain and protect the health, safety and good order of Canadian Society.

35 Four Major Categories Of Immigrants1. Economic: financially self-sufficient, these people are given preferential treatment 2. Family: one parent comes to Canada, sponsor the rest of the family to join them 3. Refugees: have had to flee from their homelands to escape persecution, torture, death. Canada allows a limited number of refugees, they require programs to help them adjust 4. Other pg. 174

36 250 000 immigrants a year % Categories of Immigrants49% Family re-unification 31 % Independent immigrants 20 % Refugees

37 Why Does Canada Need Immigrants?Low birth rate in Canada (Population decline) To maintain our high standard of living Meet the demand for skilled workers Canadians leaving (emigration) Encourage trade with other countries Contribute to Canada’s rich diversity

38 Point System used to evaluate which immigrant applicants have the necessary characteristics to settle successfully in Canada maximum number of points is 100 and the passing mark is 67 ts_calculator.htm

39 . . . greatest number of immigrants to Canada are from countries in Asia immigrants attracted to Canada because they see it as a place of economic advantage that openly respects cultural diversity

40 SIX Factors of InterestEducation Official language Proficiency Work Experience Age Pre-arranged Employment in Canada Adaptability

41 Patterns of ImmigrationPush Factors: the economic and political considerations that influence a person’s decision to emigrate

42 Patterns of ImmigrationPull Factors: the economic and political considerations that influence an immigrant’s choice of destination * Most important pull factor is a chance for steady employment and higher wages

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44 most Canadians live in urban areas many immigrants choose urban cities Settling In … most Canadians live in urban areas many immigrants choose urban cities Connect Canadians to their cultural communities Greater employment opportunities three largest cities: Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver Toronto is the most culturally diverse city in the whole world By 2017, more than 50% of Torontonians will be visible minorities

45 Barriers of Immigrationnot being able to find work in area of expertise, leave Canada to seek opportunities in other places work in low paying jobs unrelated to their fields some Canadians feel as though immigrants are taking jobs away from people who were born in Canada

46 QUESTION to consider Consider Current News Stories that you have read or heard about. …. What were/are the Booming Areas in Canada that Are Drawing SKILLED WORKERS from newfoundland? What about skilled workers moving to Newfoundland from other parts of Canada?

47 Migration Patterns Out-Migration: when people leave a province or territory In-Migration: people coming to live permanently in a new province or territory

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49 ALBERTA high oil in prices and a decline in manufacturing jobs have caused people to leave Ontario and go to Alberta economic boom due to the development of the oil sands no provincial deficit, no provincial sales tax largest net in-migration of any province or territory

50 Interprovincial Migrationchanges the total number of people living in a province changes the makeup of the population with respect to the number of people in different age and income groups

51 Forced Migration Flee homes for fear of being killed or imprisoned (refugees) Homes destroyed by weather (flood or hurricane) Food shortage

52 In Class Questions Page 181 Figure 4In Class Questions Page 181 Figure 4.21: ► Which Provinces have the Highest OUT MIGRATION? ► Where are they Going? PAGE 181: 1, 2a, 2b

53 The Land before Canada Aboriginal: term used by Canada’s Constitution to refer to the descendents of the original inhabitants of the land that is now Canada. Includes all First Nations, Inuit, and Métis people

54 Christopher Columbus called the first people he met Indians because he thought he had arrived on the shores of India First Nations: a distinct group of Aboriginal peoples who share the same culture and history Began in 1970s to replace the term Indian

55 Inuit: refers to Aboriginal people who live in Canada’s Arctic regionsMétis: descendants of European fur traders and Aboriginal peoples who settled in the Interior Lowland region, 30% of Aboriginal peoples are Métis

56 https://www. historica-dominionhttps://www.historica-dominion.ca/content/heritage-minutes/jacques-cartier?media_type=41& KANATA

57 History of AboriginalsMany were hunters and gatherers Some were farmers and fishers Depended on the land and traded Their society has Spiritual Beliefs: sacred or religious aspects of human belief 50 Aboriginal languages spoken across Canada Three languages will survive: Cree, Ojibway, Inuktitut

58 Oral Traditions: they believe that they have lived on the land now known as Canada since time beganHistory, knowledge, and values as told in stories and legends that have been passed along for thousands of generations

59 Aboriginal CommunitiesFewer than half of Canada’s 1.5 million Aboriginal people live on reserves: land that is legally owned by the federal government but has been set aside for use by a First Nations group Some face homelessness, racism, stereotyping, poverty Government policies fail to improve their lives

60 Living on the Land Strong connections to landThey rely on land and water for growth and prosperity Just as natural systems influence the economy and culture of all peoples today, a wide range of landscapes provided the Aboriginal peoples with many different plants and animals that shaped their lifestyles and traditions

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62 beothuk Unit AssignmentResearch and write a minimum of 500 words on the Beothuk; the Aboriginal group that lived at the time of colonization in Newfoundland Due: Monday Assessment: Organization, Content, Voice beothuk

63 CANADIAN EXPLORATION

64 Transatlantic Migration (1500-1900)Europe was the source of migration John Cabot: 1497 landed in Bonavista and Cape Breton He saw a lot of codfish and saw this as a valuable resource (salt and dry) English established fishery and France, Spain and other European nations sent ships to NL

65 John Cabot Italian Navigator and Explorer Born 1450 Disappeared 1499First European to discover North America since the Vikings Construction of Cabot Tower began in 1898 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of John Cabot's discovery of Newfoundland, and Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee.

66 The French in Canada Interested in more than fisheryWanted to permanently colonize region Jacques Cartier, 1541 a French explorer settled near St Lawrence River

67 - Born in France - Goal: seek a route to Asia through the North American continent and contribute to the spread of Catholicism across the globe - First voyage in 1534: NL and NB, he kidnapped two Iroquois men - 1535: returned with prisoners who led him up St. Lawrence seaway Felt vulnerable around Natives - reluctant to ask them for help when his men became gravely ill with scurvy - viewed them as barbaric, uncivilised and in need of the invention of European colonization (savages)

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69 Acadia New France British1603, Samuel Champlain, French explorer claimed Acadian territory for France Includes NS, PEI, NB New France 1608, Champlain established New France in Quebec City British Loyalists: had once been American colonists, left America when they were losing interdependence and wanted to remain part of Britain Between 1755 and 1763 the British expelled Acadians because they would not take an oath of loyalty to the British Crown. Thousands were sent to the US.

70 - French navigator, cartographer, soldier, explorer, geographer, - Began exploring North America in : explored and settled the first permanent European settlement north of Florida, Port Royal, Acadia : established Quebec City and dreamed that it would become the centre of the fur-trade - First European to explore and describe the Great Lakes : Louis XIII ordered him to return to Quebec and administer the country where he served as Governor of New France, established trading companies that sent goods to France 20 Places named after him for example: Lake Champlain Champlain Mall (Moncton) Provincial Park (Ontario) Fort Champlain

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72 Immigration since 1900 Immigration now allowed anyone who had the education, language ability, and job skills to help Canada prosper Multiculturalism Canada’s birth rate was declining Since 1980 Canada has one of the most open immigration policies in the world Diversity symbolizes Canada Free land to immigrants Settle prairies, large farms Wheat was in demand New transcontinental railroad carried settlers to the west Between 1891 and Canada’s population doubled Thousands of refugees passed through Pier 21 in Halifax (VIDEO) after WWII

73 Questions P.194 Activate Your Learning #s 1,2&3Use pp to help with #3. French – Acadia and New France British – Loyalists and Upper Canada Since 1900 Due at beginning of next class.

74 POSTER Unit Project Question #1 A-G Page 195Answer the question by creating a poster which will become a Creative Cultural Profile of YOU Due: Two Weeks Assessment on page 195 POSTER

75 Canadian Geography 1202 UNIT TWOChapter Five – Urban and Rural Canada: Building Sustainable Communities

76 ACTIVITY 1. Page 196 Question # 1. a, b 2. WHAT IS A CITY?

77 POPULATION Canada’s population growing at a small paceSome cities are growing rapidly Which type of community do you prefer and why? WHERE DO CANADIANS LIVE? in many different communities, majority in cities

78 CITIES Provide services for peopleProvide support for major league sports teams, universities, major cultural and entertainment activities Provide economic growth Provide technological innovation

79 Types of communities Community Population Hamlet < 200 ppl VillageTown 1000 – ppl City > ppl Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) > ppl

80 URBAN vs. RURAL - communities can be all shapes and sizes- Urban: area where people are spread out at a high density  - Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs): very large densely populated city areas, includes rural and urban. Made up of one or more neighboring municipalities located around an urban core. Total population of at least with an urban core of at least people - Population Centre: more specifically defines urban areas, population of at least 1000 and a density of 400 or more people per square kilometre small: 1000 and people medium: and people large: people and over

81 CLASS ACTIVITY On Target page 199

82   CANADA one of the largest countries in the world but most of the land creates a challenge for building cities 81% of Canadians live in large population centres Canada’s Three Largest Cities: home to 35% Canada’s population Urbanization: the growing trend of increasing numbers of people choosing to live in cities

83 In Class Questions P. 207 #s 1, 3 & 4

84 Canada’s Heartland Very popular for settlement:Golden Horseshoe Region in Southern Ontario Golden Horseshoe Region in Montreal Region Hospitable climate and rich soils Access to waterways, provide transportation and trade routes * Today 8.5 million people live in the Golden Horseshoe; by 2031, it will be 11.5 million

85 Western Canada BC developed ports for trading Moderate climateAbundance of fish stocks Forestry industry ALL of this led to development of cities Combination of natural and human systems contributed to growth of Canada’s Prairie provinces Growth of railway Offered free land from government thus many settlers moved west MORE people headed west and Calgary, Regina and Winnipeg grew

86 Resource-Based Communities20% Canadians live in rural areas Rural communities grow around a primary industry: fishing, forestry, mining They provide excellent opportunities for employment Little accumulation of capital Business Cycle: recurring periods of increased and decreased economic activity Can be very Dynamic Rural communities struggle to retain services (hospitals and schools)

87 NL in 1992 Cod fishery collapsed in Atlantic Canadamany communities were seriously affected federal government placed a moratorium (BAN) on cod fishing, leaving many fisherman and fish plant workers out of work fishing industry now focuses on plentiful fish (ex. Shellfish)

88 Iron Ore in NL demands for iron ore soared used for making steeldemand from China and India arrival of workers has led to intense competition for housing, causing rent to increase

89 ACTIVITY Labour Shortage Threatens Resource Boom PACTIVITY Labour Shortage Threatens Resource Boom P. 206 “Media Watch” Questions –p. 207 SYT # 1-4

90   Urban Land Use Land Use: identifies the different areas where people live, shop, work, play and go to school Six Main Designations for Urban Land Use Residential Land Use Transportation Land Use Commercial Land Use Industrial Land Use Institutional Land Use Open Space and Recreational Land Use

91 Land that has been allocated to living spaceResidential Land Use: Land that has been allocated to living space In your community there may be single- family houses, townhouses, and apartment buildings Transportation Land Use: Important in community planning Moving people and goods is easier by roads, highways, subways, streetcars, trains, airplanes

92 Located along major transportation routes (highways, rail lines)Commercial Land Use: Land that has been assigned to business activities, or the buying and selling of products and services Goods and Services found along a main street, in a neighborhood plaza, mall, big-box stores Industrial Land Use: Land allocated to factories, warehouses, and other secondary industries Located along major transportation routes (highways, rail lines) Access to these routes is IMPORTANT

93 Open-Space & Recreational Land UseOpen-Space: Land that has been left in its natural state Ex. Forest Recreational: playgrounds, parks, golf courses, sports fields Institutional Land Use: Urban land that is occupied by schools, hospitals, places of worship, and government offices

94 Land Use Planning Big Challenge: provide housing for a growing population and maintain a prosperous urban economy WHILE satisfying the need for green open space and protect wildlife habitats around urban places These decisions are made by transportation planners, politicians, developers and citizens

95 ACTIVITY READ GEOLAB CHALLENGE page 212 Answer Questions #1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 page 213

96 Urbanization The growing trend in increasing numbers of people living in urban areas. Urbanization is a complex process in which a country's population centres tend to become larger, more specialized and more interdependent over time. In 2011, 81 per cent of Canadians lived in an urban centre, compared to 45 per cent in 1911. Statistics Canada defines an urban area as community with 1,000 residents or more.

97 BOOMING URBAN CENTRES After Railway: towns developed along rail lines and linked Canada from coast to coast Other forms of transportation developed After WWII: explosion of urban centers Economy thriving, car ownership increased and allowed families to move out of the city Suburbs were born Migration of service industries: banks, restaurants, hospitals, shopping malls

98 ACTIVITY Listen to “Big Yellow Taxi” and Answer Questions 1, 2, 3 that Follow (pg 215)

99 GROUP ACTIVITY Reading a Population Table - page 216 - 217 - page 216 Question # 2, 4

100 automobiles With the shift of services to the suburbs, the need arises for more parking lots Fuelling and parking cars is a major cost both to the environment and to the consumer Decisions about driving effect our quality of life and impact the natural environment * 10 million Canadians hit the roads every day just to get to work Figure 5.24 page 219

101 Case Study Definitions: Urban Sprawl: the phenomenon of the outward expansion of urban centers to nearby bordering areas GreenBelt: land formed in urban areas that is protected from development READ AND ANSWER QUESTIONS #1,2 page 221

102 Costs of Urban Sprawl Challenges of a Growing City:Traffic congestion, overburdened services, air pollution, planning for efficient mass transit, managing wastes, containing urban sprawl Smog: noxious mixture of air pollutants. Caused by idling cars, industrial development, burning of fossil fuels High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes: available to buses and passenger vehicles carrying at least two people, designed to move people through congested areas (major highways)

103 WASTE MANAGEMENT Amount of waste increases as population increasesDevelopment of extensive recycling and composting programs Canadians are falling short on recycling Provincial Governments are piloting different collection approaches Problem: Where to put our waste? Some have transferred it to other regions of Canada and the US REAL SOLUTION = REDUCE

104 The Future Small villages, narrow row housing, small front lawns, detached garages, second floor apartments Some communities focus on pedestrian walkways to encourage walking and cycling and reduce need for cars Services accessible by everyone

105 Smart Growth: concept that involves plans for urban expansion that also preserve the natural environment New Urbanism: a movement to reform the design of physical communities (traditional front porches, back lanes, mix of land uses) Complete Cities: a place where people could live, work, and shop without ever having to get into their car

106 Smart Growth PrinciplesMix Land Use Choice in Transportation Routes for Safe Walking Protect Green Space (ex. Farmland) Protect Wildlife

107 Green Technologies environmentally conscious ways of constructing buildings, are becoming more and more popular Alternative sources are being explored for widespread urban use, ex. Solar energy, wind turbines, green roofs Sustainability is not limited to energy sources, includes home construction

108 Reading Page 226 & 227 Question #1 page 227

109 Case Study Page 231 Questions #1,2,3,4 & 5

110 Ecological Footprint The amount of the Earth’s resources it takes to support your lifestyle, measured in hectares Your ecological footprint is made up of: 1. Transportation use 2. Water use 3. Space for work and play 4. Money you spend 5. Distance your food has been shipped 6. Living Space 7. Garbage you create

111 UNIT TWO Chapter Eight – Making a Living in Canada Page 348Canadian Geography 1202 UNIT TWO Chapter Eight – Making a Living in Canada Page 348

112 Canadians work to earn money Do you have a part-time job?Making a Living: Canadians work to earn money Do you have a part-time job? What do you need the money for? Supporting your family? Entertainment and hobbies? Not even a full-time job can provide everything you want Much of work income goes toward basic items such as accommodation, food, clothes, and transportation Many jobs available depending on skills, interests and education

113 WORK is a TWO way STREET When Canadians work, they trade their time and ability for payment In turn, the people or companies they work for provide goods and services to others Every job in Canada contributes to the quality of life in Canada

114 Canadian Industries Most items in your possession have a label that indicate where it was made Consider ALL the people who have helped get your shirt to you Harvest Cotton Make Cloth Manufacture Shirt Transport Shirt Sell Shirt

115 Canadian Industries Industry: particular types of labor that are done in exchange for pay Economy: the goods and services Canadians produce and exchange which is divided into certain sectors and levels

116 PRIMARY INDUSTRY Canada has abundant natural resources and is considered one of the wealthiest countries in the world Major companies in the past depended on natural resources Ex. Hudson’s Bay Company: beaver pelts Others depended on coal, fish, lumber Today Canada’s economy depends more on other industries but many still centre on forestry, mining, farming, fishing Primary Industries: those who work directly with natural resources / raw materials (risky and physically demanding)

117 SECONDARY INDUSTRY We use natural resources to develop and manufacture products for consumers Secondary Industries (Manufacturing Industry): build, construct, and manufacture products from these raw materials Canadians have reputation for producing airplanes, cars, paper Popular myth that this industry is a low-skill industry -- NOT TRUE Many are technical and require a high degree of skill Ex. Computer hardware assembly, precision tools Canada has a highly skilled workforce

118 AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY Canada has some of the world’s largest producers of cars and trucks Ford, General Motors, DaimlerChrysler, Honda, Toyota Divided into two parts: 1. Assembly of vehicles 2. Manufacture of car and truck parts Best country in North America for delivering high quality cars and automotive parts

119 TERTIARY INDUSTRY Tertiary Industry: service jobsex. Doctors, lawyers, actors, chefs, fast food Industrialized: shift from primary and secondary industries to tertiary industries, they are wealthy, powerful, good quality of life Services keep us safe, comfortable, and informed * 13.6 million Canadians work in service industries

120 Canadian Industries Contact Centre Industry: a hub of workers where customers can call in or for technical support, customer service, hotel bookings, car rentals, and other services NB has Canada’s largest Quaternary Industry: those involving the creation of knowledge, ideas, and technology – intellectual services that are the basis of research and development (create solutions to problems) ex. Scientific research, telecommunication, pharmaceutical and consulting companies

121 Innovation: the creation of new ideasKnowledge Economy: the creation of information to produce economic benefits Innovation: the creation of new ideas Ex. Managerial, science and education, governmental service jobs Increase in the number of jobs requiring both of these things Networking: exchanging information, contacts, and experience with people for business purposes Entrepreneurs: people who run their own businesses. These people face the risk of starting a business but also have great flexibility to try out new ideas and be innovative

122 GEOLAB CHALLENGE PAGE 361 Questions: 1, 2, 3, 4

123 connections No industry stands alone, they all depend on one anotherCARS Working on assembly line Mining industry (make plastic and metal) Petroleum products Recycling of cars Disposal of non-recyclable components Car crashes (tow trucks) Forensic investigators Medical examiners

124 QUESTIONS Page 363 #1, 2a, 3

125 WORK CHALLENGES When you cannot find work a chain reaction of difficulties occur Only about 2% of Canadians who are eligible to work are 18 years of age and over, and are not in school full time (some ill and simply cannot work) Seasonal unemployment for workers in resource industries such as tourism, the fishery, and construction also presents challenges

126 JOB MARKET Quickly changing, cause of unemploymentEmployment is affected by the cost of operating a business Business Incentives: advantages offered to businesses which encourages them to continue operating in their present locations or to lure them to a new location ex. Low-interest loans or lower taxes New locations can reduce the cost of operations but causes job loss

127 Industrial Millwright: a person who keeps machinery in a factory in running orderMason: a person who builds with stone or brick Children are the worst victims of poverty 1 in 10 children lives in poverty Low-income jobs do not provide the necessary funds to cover basic needs Underemployed: being unable to find a job that matches up with your skills, abilities, training, and education Working Poor: a job that pays a small wage that does not provide for their basic needs (older women, single parents, recent immigrants, young people)

128 Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms promises equality for everyone, economic equality is very difficult to bring about Job-Sharing: the sharing of responsibility and pay of one full-time job by two or more part-time workers Success in finding good work is often related to support from friends and family Many work for free, stay-at-home parents, those taking care of aging parents, volunteers, coaches

129 DIVERSITY OF INDUSTRY In some cases one parent may stay in a community with children to create stability while the other moves to an area that has employment opportunities In NL, many manufacturers and processing plants have closed over the years Thousands move from NL to Fort McMurray to earn income and return home Family decisions based on their economic and employment and economic situations Re-education, moving, personal businesses

130 QUESTIONS Page #2

131 COMMUNICATION Communication technology has played a big role in the connections people have with others around the world Technology has shrunk Canada Many advances in technology have connections to Canada Marconi: wireless telegraphy: radio Fressenden: audio and video transmission Bell: telephone Pg 370

132 Canada was 1st 972 (Anik A1’s) 1973: CBC began liveSatellite TV Canada was 1st 972 (Anik A1’s) 1973: CBC began live Cellphones Grew faster in Canada than anywhere else Centre of entertainment (audio, video, radio, Internet, , text) Internet Quickly grown & widely used in Canada Made it more affordable to be in regular contact with people across the country and world

133 INTERNET Smart Tech (Calgary) is leader in worldwide white board technology Blog: short form for weblogs, sophisticated digital journals that authors can choose to share with the world (video logs called vlogs) Podcasts: audio files downloaded and enjoyed by anyone with access A lot of services available online (bank) Video conferencing

134 INTERNET People can now work from homeBenefits include: Companies reducing cost of office spaces Companies reducing cost of parking spaces Eliminate frustration of commuting Reduce air pollution Not all Canadians have equal access to telecommunication technologies Those living in poverty Those living in rural communities

135 QUESTION Page #1

136 TRANSPORTATION Transportation connects Canadians to their workRoadways, railways, waterways, airways Certain products that are available in some regions in Canada are not directly accessible in other areas DELIVERING 1962: Trans Canada Highway 7821 km Trucks transport goods Just-in-time System: the delivery of materials required for manufacturing right before they are needed Trucks carry over 200 million tonnes of goods a year in Canada

137 TRANSPORTATION ROADWAYSMost popular form Buses, subways, rail Most depend on cars Gridlock: the backup of traffic in an urban area WHAT are the ADVANTAGES of Having your own Car ? ? ? OTHER Metro Bus, Subway, Carpool

138 TRANSPORTATION WATERWAYS Advantages: Shipping lanes on the waterLarge for carrying Produce less pollution Less expensive to operate * 1/3 of all natural resources obtained in Canada are shipped out to other countries

139 TRANSPORTATION RAILWAYS AIRWAYSCanadian Pacific Railway completed in 1885 Carry more goods than people Labrador: railway used to carry iron ore AIRWAYS Much more expensive than ship, train, truck Reserved for perishable cargo that can be moved quickly Canadian airlines transport 80 million passengers each year Hubs: major centers used to transfer points

140 TRANSPORTATION PIPELINES AIRWAYSTransport oil and gas to refineries, water to purification plants Built over mountain ranges, on permafrost and underwater Trans-Canada Pipeline carries natural gas in a pipe that is 1 m in diameter They disturb wildlife habitats and migration patterns Labrador: railway used to carry iron ore AIRWAYS Much more expensive than ship, train, truck Reserved for perishable cargo that can be moved quickly Canadian airlines transport 80 million passengers each year Hubs: major centers used to transfer points

141 CLASS PROJECT Choose a Province other than NLList 2 primary, 2 secondary, 2 tertiary, 2 quaternary industries List products exported and imported List main types of transportation Analyze job market (shortages, unemployment) CREATE A POWERPOINT TO PRESENT INFO