1 12/17/2017 1

2 Civil Engineering Practice Muhammad Saleem Noor Reg. No. 16-CE-31 Presenting: Modern Techniques Used in Civil Engineering Projects 12/17/2017 2

3 Faisal Masjid 12/17/2017 3

4 Introduction  Faisal Mosque ( فیصل مسجد‎‎) is the mosque in Islamabad, Pakistan. Located on the foothills of Margalla Hills in Islamabad, the mosque features a contemporary design consisting of eight sides of concrete shell and is inspired by a Bedouin tent. Construction of the mosque began in 1976 after a $120 million grant from Saudi King Faisal, whose name the mosque bears. The unconventional design by Turkish architect Vedat Dalokay was selected after an international competition. Without a typical dome, the mosque is shaped like a Bedouin tent, surrounded by four 260 feet (79 m) tall minarets. The design features eight-sided shell shaped sloping roofs forming a triangular worship hall which can hold 10,000 worshippers, while the surrounding porticoes and the courtyard up-to 200,000 more. Combined the structure cover an area of 54,000 square ft, the mosque dominates the landscape of Islamabad. It is situated at the north end of Faisal Avenue, putting it at the northernmost end of the city and at the foot of Margalla Hills, the westernmost foothills of the Himalayas. It is located on an elevated area of land against a picturesque backdrop of the national park. The largest mosque in Pakistan, the Faisal Mosque was the largest mosque in the world from 1986 until 1993, when it was overtaken by mosques in MENA region. Faisal Mosque is now the fourth largest mosque in terms of capacity.IslamabadPakistanMargalla HillsIslamabadBedouin tentSaudi King FaisalTurkishVedat Dalokaydomesquare ftFaisal AvenueMargalla HillsHimalayasPakistanlargest mosque in the worldMENA 12/17/2017 4

5 Exterior of the Mosque 12/17/2017 5 The mosque represents a modern phase of architectural decoration in constructive form and as surface ornamentation. From the exterior the sanctuary and minarets are the most prominent features of the Faisal Mosque. The huge sanctuary has a plan of 656.66 square feet. The peak of the roof is 131.24 feet above ground level. The four walls are in the form of isosceles triangles with a base of 215 feet and sides of 128 feet and are constructed of steel and concrete. These outer walls have different decorative designs. The main entrance of the sanctuary is from the east and this wall is divided into nine vertical sections made of concrete filled with crescent motifs. Each crescent is one foot one inch in length, five inches thick at its center and eight inches high. Clear glass is fitted into the crescent shapes and provides light to the interior (drawing figure 1).

6 Exterior of the Mosque 12/17/2017 6 Drawing figure 1. Crescent design on the east exterior wall of the Faisal Mosque. Drawing figure 7. Gothic vault in French system.

7 Exterior of the Mosque  The roof is a major attraction of the mosque. It is consciously designed combining historical and modern concepts. The top of the roof is based on a pyramidal roof form but the lower part has a gabled roof structure.  The gable appearance of the Faisal Mosque is influenced by Greek architecture, and the sloping lines at the corners are inspired by the pyramidal roof.  The slopes down from all four sides from the apex of the building are a perfect example of pyramidal form. In the Faisal Mosque roof, all slopes come down from its cardinal point (drawing figure 6).  Secondly, the roof structure somewhat resembles the Gothic rib vaults in French method of the years 1140-1194 (drawing figure 7). 12/17/2017 7

8 Exterior of the Mosque  The angular setting of the eight triangular slabs of the roof is itself a major decoration in its structural form. Each slab is an acute isosceles triangle 198 feet on the hypotenuse and 128 feet on the other two sides, with the hypotenuse running towards the minarets.  A veneer of white Thassos marble covers the eight roof panels. It is cut into one foot two inches squares and two feet three inches by one foot two inches rectangles that are randomly arranged.  The design formed by the various sizes of these marble sections is visible from a distance, and gives a soft impression of a network of vertical and horizontal lines. 12/17/2017 8

9 Exterior of the Mosque 12/17/2017 9 Drawing figure 6. Exterior of the Faisal Mosque from north and east side.

10 Roof of the Mosque  The eight triangular concrete slabs are arranged in four pairs, with narrow rectangles of transparent glass between them.  The double slab roof has hinged beams and cross beams that transmit the load to the girders. Tapered giant concrete girders play an important roll in joining the four pairs supporting the roof.  The girders coverage at the summit and their thrust is balanced by the four minarets at the corners of the main prayer hall.  These girders bear the load of the roof instead of the walls. The girders are eight in number and are set in four pairs.  Between every two girders there is a ladder-like design starting at the height of nine feet from the floor of the portico.  The ladder is eighteen feet one inch wide from its starting point and two feet one inch wide at its apex. 12/17/2017 10

11 Minarets of the Mosque  Four rocket-like minarets are built at the external corners of the square sanctuary.  Each minaret is 285 feet high including fourteen feet of the gold plated copper finial with crescent.  Four tapered girders, which are set in the roof, are directly linked with the foundation of the minarets.  The common foundation of minarets and girders are embedded 42.65 feet deep under ground.  The minarets are thirty-six feet seven inches square in diameter. The base for the minaret rests on an octagonal platform one foot two inches above the portico level.  The minaret has three parts base, shaft and top that follow Arabian, Turkish and Persian architectural styles. 12/17/2017 11 Minaret of the Faisal Mosque

12 Distinguish Features  The most obvious way Faisal Mosque is different from all preceding mosques structures is that it has no dome and the roof is constructed with triangular slabs.  Heretofore the dome had served as an important visual symbol of Muslim identity.  The pyramidal roof is based on a square plan with four sloping triangular roof sections. Its most notable antecedents are the Egyptian pyramids. Such as the one the Great pyramid of Khufu at Giza built 4,500 years ago.  The Faisal Mosque, as an example of pitched roof mosques of the Islamic world is the part of long tradition.  In more recent times, before the construction of the Faisal Mosque pitched roofs have been successfully used for several twentieth century mosques, The Said Naum Mosque, Jakarta, Indonesia completed in 1977 is one of them. 12/17/2017 12

13 Distinguish Features  The vaulting system of the Faisal Mosque is an advanced form of hyperbolic paraboloid construction.  It is based on shell construction, which can be constructed with large or short span.  The main purpose of this concrete shell structure is to cover a large area without any interior supports. Its geometry was explored in nineteenth century.  Giorgio Baroni was the first architect to use hyperbolic paraboloid construction system in 1938.  Ahmad Nabi Khan writes, “Its triangular geometry is merged with natural background which resembles with pyramidal tent”.  Renata Holod and Hasan-Uddin Khan say, “The mosque resembles a small mountain or an enormous white tent”. 12/17/2017 13

14 Vedat Dalokay’s Explanation “I tried to capture the spirit, proportion and geometry of the Kaaba in a purely abstract manner. Imagine the apex of each of the four minarets as a scaled explosion of four highest corners of Kaaba thus an unseen Kaaba form is bounded by the minarets at the four corners in a proportion of height to base akin to Kaaba. Now, if you join the apex of each minaret to the base of the minaret diagonally opposite to it correspondingly, a four-sided pyramid shall be bound by these lines at the base side within that invisible cube. That lower level pyramid is treated as a solid body while four minarets with their apex complete the imaginary cube of Kaaba.” 12/17/2017 14

15 Vedat Dalokay’s Explanation 12/17/2017 15 Imaginary network of triangular shapes of the exterior of the Faisal Mosque.

16 Summary  Name: Faisal Masjid  Location: Islamabad, Pakistan  Duration: 1976-1986  Architecture: Vedat DalokayVedat Dalokay  Covered Area: 5000 sq. m (54000 sq. ft)  Capacity: 300000 (Including Adjoining Ground)  Total number of Minarets: 4  Minaret Height: 91 m  Roof Height: 42 m 12/17/2017 16

17 12/17/2017 17