1 Classical Period Romantic PeriodArts History Classical Period Romantic Period
2 Classical Period Classical Period
3 Compare and Contrast: Baroque Period and Classical PeriodRhythm A continuous, perpetual motion Mood Music with a single emotion Texture Homophonic and polyphonic Dynamics Abrupt shifts in dynamics Keyboards The harpsichord and organ were the main instruments Classical Period Rhythm Unexpected pauses, many changes in tempo Mood Music that fluctuates in mood Texture Homophonic Dynamics Gradual changes in dynamics Keyboards The piano was the main keyboard instrument
4 Compare and Contrast: Baroque Period and Classical PeriodCompare the first movement of Vivaldi’s “Spring” from The Four Seasons with the second movement of Mozart’s Piano Concerto No. 21. Can you differentiate between Baroque and Classical concertos? Try to answer these questions: How are the two orchestras different? Which concerto has more “songlike” melodies? Which concerto exhibits the more dramatic contrasts of dynamics, texture, and density? How do the roles of solos and accompaniment differ in the two concertos? Which concerto uses the more subtle dynamic shading? Answers The Mozart orchestra is larger and makes use of woodwind tone colors in addition to the strings. The Mozart concerto The Vivaldi concerto In the Vivaldi concerto, there is a clear differentiation between the sections where the soloists play and when the orchestra plays. The Mozart is a more subtle integration between soloists and orchestra.
5 Classical Period: ArtworkLook at this famous painting from the Classical period. The woman is dressed like a classic Greek statue. There is just the lamp and couch, no other furniture. The colors are not bright and shocking, but soft and gentle. The overall image is sharp, simple, calm, elegant, and orderly. Many of the paintings of the Classical period had these traits. Music of the Classical period was clean, elegant, balanced, controlled, and simple, just like the painting above.
6 Classical Period: The Classical period is also known as the Age of Reason. This was an era of intellectual enlightenment that begun during the Baroque period. Reason was seen as the best guide for human conduct. Although the Classical Era lasted for only 70 years, there was a substantial change in the music that was being produced. Classical music placed a greater stress on clarity with regard to melodic expression and instrumental color. Although opera and vocal music (both sacred and secular) were still being written, orchestral literature was performed on a much broader basis. The orchestra gained more color and flexibility as clarinets, flutes, oboes, and bassoons became permanent members of the orchestra.
7 Classical Period: The Classical style can be reflected in this English garden. Perfect form Mirrored image Symmetry Simple and elegant The classical style was dominated by homophonic texture, which consisted of a single melodic line and an accompaniment. New forms of composition were developed to adapt to this style. The piano replaces the harpsichord as the main keyboard instrument of the Classical period.
8 Classical Period: ArtworkMany sonatas are written for the piano, the instrument showcased in this painting. Based on the dreamy colors and hazy lines, what type of music do you think the girl at the piano is playing? Two Young Girls at the Piano, 1892
9 Classical Period: TermsCountermelody – melodic idea that accompanies a main theme Sonata – a work in several movements for one or more instruments Symphony – orchestral composition, usually in four movements (fast, slow, minuet, fast) typically lasting between 20 and 45 minutes String Quartet – composition for two violins, a viola, and a cello Chamber Music – music using a small group of musicians, with one player to a part Theme and Variation – a basic musical idea that is repeated over and over each time
10 Classical Period: Important Figures and EventsIndustrial Revolution - a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, production, mining, and transportation had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Britain. The changes subsequently spread throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world. The onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human society; almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way.
11 Classical Period: Important Figures and EventsUnited States Declaration of Independence - a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies then at war with Great Britain were now independent states, and thus no longer a part of the British Empire. George Washington – elected first President of the United States of America in 1789
12 Classical Period: ComposersFranz Joseph Haydn ( ) The most famous composer of his time. He helped develop new musical forms, like the string quartet and the symphony. In fact, even though he didn't invent it, Haydn is known as the “Father of the Symphony.” He wrote more than 100! Haydn was born in the tiny Austrian town of Rohrau, where his father made huge wooden carts and wagonwheels. His mother was a cook. When he was 8, Joseph went to Vienna to sing in the choir at St. Stephen's Cathedral, and to attend the choir school. Joseph could never resist a playing a joke, which got him in trouble at school. At first, Haydn struggled to earn a living as a composer. Then, he got a job with a rich, powerful family named Esterhazy. It was Haydn's job to write music for the Esterhazy princes, and to conduct their orchestra. Haydn composed symphonies, operas, string quartets, and all kinds of other music for performance at the Esterhazy court. Haydn was also a good businessman. Music publishing made him and his music famous all over Europe. After he retired from working for the Esterhazy family, Haydn made two very successful trips to England, where audiences at concerts of his music treated him like a superstar.
13 Classical Period: Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809)
14 Classical Period: ComposersWolfgang Amadeus Mozart ( ) Born in Salzburg, Austria, where his father Leopold was a violinist and composer. Wolfgang was a child prodigy. He composed his first piece of music at age five; he had his first piece published when he was seven; and he wrote his first opera when he was twelve. By the time Wolfgang was 6, he was an excellent pianist and violinist. He and his sister Maria Anna traveled all over Europe performing for royalty. When he grew up, Mozart moved to Vienna, and tried to earn a living as a pianist and composer. But he had a lot of trouble handling the fact that he was no longer a child prodigy. Mozart was still a musical genius, but after he stopped being a cute kid, people stopped making a big fuss over him. Back then, musicians were treated like servants, but Mozart did not, and could not think of himself as a servant. Mozart was only 35 when he died. During his short life, he composed in all different musical forms, including operas, symphonies, concertos, masses, and chamber music. He composed over 600 works! Today, he is still considered a genius.
15 Compositions: Don Giovanni - Act ISpain, 1600s. At night, outside the Commendatore's palace, Leporello grumbles about his duties as servant to Don Giovanni, a dissolute nobleman. Soon the masked Don appears, pursued by Donna Anna, the Commendatore's daughter, whom he has tried to seduce. When the Commendatore himself answers Anna's cries, he is killed in a duel by Giovanni, who escapes. Anna now returns with her fiancé, Don Ottavio. Finding her father dead, she makes Ottavio swear vengeance on the assassin. At dawn, Giovanni flirts with a high-strung traveler outside a tavern. She turns out to be Donna Elvira, a woman he once seduced in Burgos, who is on his trail. Giovanni escapes while Leporello distracts Elvira by reciting his master's long catalog of conquests. Peasants arrive, celebrating the nuptials of their friends Zerlina and Masetto; when Giovanni joins in, he pursues the bride, angering the groom, who is removed by Leporello. Alone with Zerlina, the Don applies his charm, but Elvira interrupts and protectively whisks the girl away. When Elvira returns to denounce him as a seducer, Giovanni is stymied further while greeting Anna, now in mourning, and Ottavio. Declaring Elvira mad, he leads her off. Anna, having recognized his voice, realizes Giovanni was her attacker.
16 Compositions: Don Giovanni - Act I (con.)Dressing for the wedding feast he has planned for the peasants, Giovanni exuberantly downs champagne. Outside the palace, Zerlina begs Masetto to forgive her apparent infidelity. Masetto hides when the Don appears, emerging from the shadows as Giovanni corners Zerlina. The three enter the palace together. Elvira, Anna and Ottavio arrive in dominoes and masks and are invited to the feast by Leporello. During the festivities, Leporello entices Masetto into the dance as Giovanni draws Zerlina out of the room. When the girl's cries for help put him on the spot, Giovanni tries to blame Leporello. But no one is convinced; Elvira, Anna and Ottavio unmask and confront Giovanni, who barely escapes Ottavio's drawn sword.
17 Compositions: Don Giovanni - Act 2Under Elvira's balcony, Leporello exchanges cloaks with Giovanni to woo the lady in his master's stead. Leporello leads Elvira off, leaving the Don free to serenade Elvira's maid. When Masetto passes with a band of armed peasants bent on punishing Giovanni, the disguised rake gives them false directions, then beats up Masetto. Zerlina arrives and tenderly consoles her betrothed. In a passageway, Elvira and Leporello are surprised by Anna, Ottavio, Zerlina and Masetto, who, mistaking servant for master, threaten Leporello. Frightened, he unmasks and escapes. When Anna departs, Ottavio affirms his confidence in their love. Elvira, frustrated at her second betrayal by the Don, voices her rage.
18 Compositions: Don Giovanni - Act 2 (con.)Leporello catches up with his master in a cemetery, where a voice warns Giovanni of his doom. This is the statue of the Commendatore, which the Don proposes Leporello invite to dinner. When the servant reluctantly stammers an invitation, the statue accepts. In her home, Anna, still in mourning, puts off Ottavio's offer of marriage until her father is avenged. Leporello is serving Giovanni's dinner when Elvira rushes in, begging the Don, whom she still loves, to reform. But he waves her out contemptuously. At the door, her screams announce the Commendatore's statue. Giovanni boldly refuses warnings to repent, even in the face of death. Flames engulf his house, and the sinner is dragged to hell. Among the castle ruins, the others plan their future and recite the moral: such is the fate of a wrongdoer.
19 Classical Period: ComposersLudwig van Beethoven ( ) Born in Bonn, Germany. His father, who was a singer, was his first teacher. After a while, even though he was still only a boy, Ludwig became a traveling performer, and soon, he was supporting his family. In his early twenties, Beethoven moved to Vienna, where he spent the rest of his life. Beethoven was one of the first composers to make a living without being employed by the church or a member of the nobility. At first, he was known as a brilliant pianist. But when he was around 30 years old, Beethoven started going deaf. Even though he could no longer hear well enough to play the piano, Beethoven composed some of his best music after he was deaf! Beethoven is considered one of the greatest musical geniuses who ever lived. He may be most famous for his nine symphonies, but he also wrote many other kinds of music: chamber and choral music, piano music and string quartets, and an opera.
20 Compositions: Symphony No. 5Beethoven’s Symphony No. 5 premiered in Vienna in December 1808 on the same night as the composer’s Symphony No. 6 and Piano Concerto No. 4. It was an instant success with the critics and audience. They responded to the storytelling nature of the music and its dramatic impact. The ominous opening C minor motif transforming into the C major fanfare of the finale appealed to the new Romantic ideal of the age. The symphony, and the four-note opening motif in particular, are well known worldwide, with the motif appearing frequently in popular culture, from disco to rock and roll, to appearances in film and television. During World War II, the BBC used the four-note motif to introduce its radio news broadcasts because it evoked the Morse code letter "V" (· · · —, "victory").
21 Compositions: Symphony No. 5From the director of Disney’s Fantasia: “When I listened to the music, it sounded like a great controversy was going on between good and evil, It was pretty clear to me that a battle was going on. There was a little bit of melody and a lot of power. I came up with these triangular shapes to represent the two sides. The good shapes would move like butterflies; the bad ones would move more like bats. I didn’t want to be too literal. It’s more fun to let that reveal itself. The music and the tempo are so fast, you don’t really have a lot of time to study things. You get hit with all this passion and when its over you take a breath. The good shapes are multicolored and attracted to the light. The bad shapes, represented in dark colors, want to attack them and stop them from reaching the light.”
22 Compositions: Symphony No. 9The Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125 "Choral" is the last complete symphony composed by Ludwig van Beethoven. Completed in 1824, the choral Ninth Symphony is one of the best known works of the Western repertoire, considered both an icon and a forefather of Romantic music, and one of Beethoven's greatest masterpieces. Symphony No. 9 incorporates part of "Ode to Joy", a poem by Friedrich Schiller written in 1785, with text sung by soloists and a chorus in the last movement. It is the first example of a major composer using the human voice on the same level with instruments in a symphony, creating a work of a grand scope that set the tone for the Romantic symphonic form.
23 Compositions: Symphony No. 9“Ode To Joy" is an ode written in 1785 by the German poet, playwright and historian Friedrich Schiller. The poem celebrates the ideal of unity and brotherhood of all mankind. Compositions: Symphony No. 9 Oh friends, not these tones! Let us sing more cheerful songs, And more joyful. Joy! Joy! Joy, beautiful spark of gods Daughter of Elysium, We enter drunk with fire, Heavenly one, your sanctuary! Your magic binds again What custom strictly divided. All men become brothers, Where your gentle wing rests. Whoever has had the great fortune To be a friend's friend, Whoever has won a devoted wife, Join in our jubilation! Indeed, whoever can call even one soul, His own on this earth! And whoever was never able to, must creep Tearfully away from this band! Joy all creatures drink At the breasts of nature; All good, all bad Follow her trail of roses. Kisses she gave us, and wine, A friend, proven in death; Pleasure was to the worm given, And the cherub stands before God. Glad, as His suns fly Through the Heaven's glorious design, Run, brothers, your race, Joyful, as a hero to victory. Be embraced, millions! This kiss for the whole world! Brothers, above the starry canopy Must a loving Father dwell. Do you bow down, millions? Do you sense the Creator, world? Seek Him beyond the starry canopy! Beyond the stars must He dwell. Finale repeats the words: Be embraced, you millions! Brothers, beyond the star-canopy Be embraced, Joy, beautiful spark of gods, Daughter of Elysium, Joy, beautiful spark of gods
24 Romantic Period
25 Romantic Period: ArtworkThis painting was made at the end of the Classical period of music, in 1824. The girl's face is not calm like in the painting above. This girl is afraid. There are more colors in this painting, and they are more vivid. Do you see the crosses at the bottom of the image? The girl is sitting in a graveyard. This painting has more emotion and is more intense than the image above. The artist, Delacroix, is considered a painter of the Romantic period because of the use of bold colors and strong emotions found in his paintings.
26 Romantic Period: The Romantic period was a period during the nineteenth century and early twentieth century when composers created music that often exploded with emotion. Romanticism rejected Classicism’s attempt to impose laws on nature. Rather, its goal was to emancipate human feeling – from delicate and intimate expressions to the most colossal, world-shaking emotional outbursts. The problem in the nineteenth century was how far to go with this new freedom. The opposite of complete intellectual rule is complete emotional rule. Both extremes present disadvantages and difficulties. Instead of working for wealthy bosses, composers were for the first time able to work for themselves. New instruments, or ones that had been modified in some way, allowed composers to write music for entirely new sounds and for new instrument combinations.
27 Romantic Period: TermsRubato – a slight holding back or pressing forward of tempo Art Song – a composition for solo voice and piano Program music – instrumental compositions that attempt to convey a specific idea without using lyrics Program symphony – a pictorial or descriptive orchestral work in several movements Idee fixe – a fixed melodic idea that recurs throughout all movements of a symphony Nationalism – music created with a specific national identity, folk songs, dances, or history of their homelands
28 Romantic Period: Important Figures and EventsCharles Darwin ( ) an English naturalist who realized and presented compelling evidence that all species of life have evolved over time from common ancestors, through the process he called natural selection.
29 Romantic Period: ComposersHector Berlioz ( ) Berlioz was not a child prodigy, did not start serious study of music until he was an adult, and, unlike most other composers, never learned to play the piano or any other instrument. At his father’s wish, he enrolled in medical school instead. While in Paris studying for this degree, he became very interested in opera and started taking composition lessons. Furious, his father cut off all financial support. Still, through hard work, various musical successes and study at the Paris Conservatory, Berlioz achieved his ambition to be a composer. Berlioz was noted for his orchestral writing and is credited with creating the modern orchestra. His ideas were quite grand; his Requiem uses an orchestra of 190, four additional brass and percussion ensembles, and a 210-voice chorus! Berlioz’ new style of musical composition led directly to the Romantic era. Although he wrote several major musical works, Berlioz was better known in his lifetime as a music critic than as a composer. He also conducted most performances of his own works, not trusting this responsibility to anyone else.
30 Compositions: Symphonie FantastiqueBerlioz was a passionate man, and he poured his emotions into his scores. Symphonie Fantastique is a strong example of how Berlioz translated his life into music. The impact that Beethoven had on Berlioz is evident in the work, but no less evident is Berlioz’s originality in opening up new paths that Beethoven had not explored, and the sound world of Berlioz is entirely his own. His infatuation with actress Harriet Smithson is revealed by the recurring love theme in the piece (idee fixe).
31 Romantic Period: ComposersFranz Schubert ( ) Franz Schubert was born in Vienna, Austria. In addition to playing several instruments, Franz also sang very well. When he was 10, he was accepted at the Imperial and Royal Seminary, which trained boys for the Court Chapel Choir. That choir still exists today as the Vienna Boys' Choir. Schubert wrote his first symphonies for his school orchestra, and for friends of the family who used to get together to play -- the whole Schubert family was very musical. Schubert also wrote piano, choral, and chamber music, but he is probably most famous for composing over 600 lieder songs (German art songs). He had a profound ability to capture the emotional essence of a poem in his music. Schubert led a disorganized life and had a difficult time publishing works and making a living.
32 Compositions: The ErlkingWho rides in the dark through cold and wind? “My handsome boy, will you come with me? It is a father with his young son; For my lovely daughters are waiting now; He hold the sick child close to his chest, They will lead a series of dances each night, He holds him tightly to keep him warm. And cheer you with sweet songs to give you delight, And cheer you with sweet songs to give you delight.” “My son, what causes such fear in your face?” “Oh, Father, there, the Erlking is near. “Oh Father, oh Father, do you not see there I see the Erlking with crown and robe!” The Erlking’s daughters peer through the dark?” “My son, you see just fog and mist.” “My son, my son, I see it so clear; An old willow tree shines dimly and gray.” “My lovely child, come, go with me! For splendid fun and games we will play; “I love you, child, your delicate figure delights; All shades of flowers grow along the shore; If you are not willing, then I shall use force.” And my mother has some clothes made of gold.” “Oh Father, oh Father, he’s reaching for me! Erlking has hurt me, he grabs my hands !” “Oh Father, oh Father, can you hear him now, The Erlking whispering magic to?” The father shudders, he rides swiftly on; “Please calm down, please be quiet, my child; He clutches closer the weak moaning child, You hear the cool breeze rustling dead leaves.” To reach the house with toil and dread; Only to find that his son. . .is dead. “The Erlking” is a narrative ballad and is an example of an art song. The text is from a poem of the same title by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. The poem describes a struggle between a father of a gravely ill son and the phantom figure, Erlking. The Erlking, who symbolizes death, wants to claim the child. In Schubert’s work, a rapid triplet pattern of repeated notes is sounded on the piano. This could signify the frantic struggle for possession of the child.
33 Romantic Period: ComposersFrederic Chopin ( ) He was one of the greatest pianists of his day. He is known as the “poet of the piano.” Chopin was born in a town just outside of Warsaw, Poland. His mother introduced him to the piano; by the time he was six, Chopin played extremely well and was starting to compose. He gave his first concert at the age of eight. When Chopin was 20, he left Poland to seek fame and fortune in other European cities. When Chopin got to Paris, he decided to stay. There's a story that when Chopin left his native country, his friends gave him some Polish soil, which he carried around with him for the rest of his life. That's probably not true, but Chopin did continue to be passionately patriotic about Poland, even though he never went back there. Chopin was never healthy, and he was only thirty-nine when he died of tuberculosis. When he was buried -- in France -- a special box of earth was brought from Poland to sprinkle on his grave. But Chopin's heart is in Poland -- literally. His heart was put in an urn and taken to the Church of the Holy Cross in Warsaw.
34 Romantic Period: Frederic Chopin (1810-1849)Nocturne in E flat Major