1 Climate-Smart Agriculture: OverviewPrepared by Luis Waldmueller, GIZ, with modifications by Wiebke Foerch, GIZ
2 The Challenge The new challenge for agriculture is emphasised by different organisations: in 2010 Committee on World Food Security (CFS) commissioned a study on climate change and food security Study on food and agriculture: future of sustainability – UN Committee on Sustainability Assessment 2012 World development report 2008 (agriculture for development) and (development and climate change) UNDP green economy report (2011) in 2010 FAO developed the concept of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA)
3 Addressing the ChallengeSustainable Agriculture Agenda 2030 CSA UNFCCC AU Strategy on CC On 25 September 2015, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development was adopted at the UN summit in New York. It takes the form of a pact on the world's future and is intended to help enable all people in the world to live a life of dignity. The 17 development goals in the Agenda link the principle of sustainability with economic, ecological and social development. For the first time ever, poverty reduction and sustainability have been united in a single agenda. The goals are addressed towards all countries in the international community. All countries are equally called upon to further the 2030 Agenda and work actively on improving the situation of people and of the environment in many important areas by The current refugee crisis is a stark illustration of how important it is to give all people, everywhere, the chance of a decent life. The 2030 Agenda aims to: end poverty and hunger and reduce inequality empower people, ensure gender equality and good and healthy lives for all promote prosperity for all and make lifestyles sustainable worldwide respect the planet's ecological limits: combat climate change, protect ecosystems and use them sustainably protect human rights – ensure peace, good governance and access to justice build a global partnership From 2016, the new Agenda will replace the Millennium Development Goals adopted by the international community at the beginning of the millennium. On 27 March 2013, the European Commission adopted the Green Paper on “A 2030 framework for climate and energy policies”. This document launched a public consultation lasting until 2 July, allowing Member States, other EU institutions and stakeholders to express their views on the type, nature and level of potential climate and energy targets for 2030, but also on other important aspects of EU energy policy over the next decade and a half. These views fed into the Commission’s on-going preparations for more concrete proposals for the 2030 framework which was tabled by the end of 2013.
4 Sustainable agricultureEnvironmental Sustainability Sustainable Agriculture Social Sustainability Financial Sustainability
5 Agenda 2030 and Paris AgreementSDG 2: Zero Hunger SDG 12: Responsible Consumption & Production SDG 13: Climate Action SDG 15: Life on Land Integrated Approach including all SDGs
6 The global framework: Agriculture & (I)NDCsKommentar: Diese Slide dient dazu, darauf hinzuweisen, dass CSA im Kontext des Pariser Klimavertrags steht. Das zentrale Umsetzungsinstrument des PA sind die NDCs. Landwirtschaft ist in über 90% der NDCs aufgeführt. In den EL wurden in 94% der NDCs Ziele zu landwirtschaftlicher Anpassung und in 69% der NDCs Ziele zu landwirtschaftlicher Minderung formuliert. Zur Karte: SCHWARZ bezieht sich die Länder, in denen Anpassung und Minderung in der LW im NDC aufgeführt sind ROT, wenn landwirtschaftliche Minderung im NDC aufgeführt ist BLAU, wenn landwirtschaftlcihe Anpassung aufgeführt ist. Auffällig (aber nicht überraschend) ist, dass es v.a. in den Industrieländern ROT ist (Minderung), während der Süden vorwiegend SCHWARZ (Anpassung und Minderung) oder BLAU (Anpassung) ist. Bezug zum Positionspapier: At the 21st Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC COP 21) in December 2015, a climate agreement was adopted that is binding under international law. The agreement seeks to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels. For the first time, mitigation and adaptation have been given equal weight. In the part of the Paris Agreement that refers to its aims, prominent mention (in paragraph (b) of section 1 of Article 2) is made of food production. The preamble of the Agreement, too, recognizes the fundamental importance of food security, ending hunger, and taking account of the vulnerabilities of food production systems. Through the Paris Agreement, the 195 parties to the UN Climate Framework Convention have committed themselves to implement Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). In more than 90 per cent of all NDCs, the agricultural sector is mentioned as part of mitigation and adaptation goals. 94 per cent of all developing countries have defined contributions in the field of adapting agriculture to the consequences of climate change. 69 per cent of all developing countries have identified political and operational measures in the agricultural sector to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Agriculture also plays a role in more than 90 per cent of all countries when it comes to commitments on reducing emissions from the energy sector. In one third of all NDCs, countries highlight synergies between mitigation and adaptation in the agricultural sector. 31 countries explicitly refer to "climate-smart agriculture." Source: CGIAR/CCAFS 2016
7 Definition of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA)CSA is an approach to help guide the management and transformation of agriculture for food security under the realities of climate change It is composed of three main pillars: Sustainably increase agricultural productivity and incomes; Adapt and build resilience to climate change; Reduce and/or remove greenhouse gases emissions, where possible. FAO, 2013: Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook Food Security: By 2050 approximately 70% more food will have to be produced to feed growing populations, particularly in developing countries. Agriculture is already causing increased conversion of lands and placing greater pressure on biological diversity and natural resource functions than ever before. As climate change causes temperatures to rise and precipitation patterns to change, more weather extremes will potentially reduce global food production. Adaptation: Agriculture is rapidly evolving to address these drivers of change, for instance through irrigation, fertilizers and the provision of better germplasm for higher productivity and improved products.
8 Source: http://www.fao.org/climatechange/climatesmart/en/„Agriculture that sustainably increases productivity, resilience (adaptation), reduces/removes GHGs (mitigation), and enhances achievement of national food security and development goals“ FAO, 2010: „Climate-Smart“ Agriculture - Policies, Practices and Financing for Food Security, Adaptation and Mitigation. The concept also refers to all other aspects of sustainable agriculture, gender, food security ..... In comparison to a certification like carbon neutrality it stays very vague and is on a voluntary basis.
9 CSA Concepts and Technologies
10 Climate-smart agriculture (CSA)Approach for transforming and reorienting agricultural systems to support food security under the new realities of climate change. Climate change threats can be reduced by increasing adaptive capacity of farmers, increasing resilience and resource use efficiency. CSA is not just about new technologies, it is combining indigenous knowledge, common agricultural practices and appropriate new technological developments for agriculture to increase sustainably production efficiency – to ensure food security for future generations. Knowledge and information is available but a giant task still remains: closing the gap between research and application on farm level and for policy and decision making – knowledge translation for different users.
11 Old vine in new bottles? What is new?Synergies and trade-offs in local context between adaptation, mitigation and productivity benefits Inclusion of mitigation (sequestration of CO2 in soils, reduced emissions of greenhouse gases); Inclusion of services and tools – climate insurance, climate services, etc. Provision of funds to finance CSA (e.g. through green climate fund – GCF, REDD+); but not clear to what extent GCF and REDD+ funds can be used to finance CSA activities; Emphasis on climate change projections and forecasts as basis for formulation of National Adaptation Plans (NAP) and measures; Increasing importance of insurances to cover loss and damage. There are a number of possibilities to finance planned activities, however optional agricultural mitigation activities are only financed through voluntary carbon credits. The Green Climate Fund (GCF) was officially inaugurated in Durban 2011 on occasion of the COP 17 meeting. The purpose of the fund is to support projects, programmes policies and other activities in developing countries to combat climate change. Initially (2010 to 2012 the intention was to allocate 10 million billion US dollars (fast start financing) for climate protection, then locations will amount to hundred billion dollars per year after the year 2020.
12 Critical issues, though this is changing (mainly raised by NGOs and CSOs and developing countries)Strong focus on mitigation and carbon markets Danger of small-scale farmers to focus too much on carbon certificates rather than improving resilience Incorporation of CSA in carbon markets benefits large-scale agriculture enterprises at the cost of smallholders who will receive less money for promotion of sustainable agricultural initiatives Very much focused on climate at the costs of biodiversity CSA approach is often used synonymous with sustainable agriculture, although it may be part of it only Some NGOs criticise the World Bank that they promote the concept of CSA so regularly because they want to expand their bank business by acting as carbon credit trader.
13 Sustainably increase agricultural productivity and incomesSustainability Availability of land Pressure on natural resources & ecosystem services Increased demand Population growth Dietary changes CSA Pillar 1: Sustainably increase agricultural productivity and incomes Source: FAO
14 Adapt to climate change and build resilienceAffecting: Growing conditions of crops, livestock, fish, trees Ecosystems services Livelihood of people, often the poorest Changes in the nature and the geographic distribution of environmental conditions, e.g.: Temperature Rainfall amounts and distribution Extreme weather events (droughts, storms, floods) River flows Sea levels Ocean temperature and acidity CSA Pillar 2: Adapt to climate change and build resilience Source: FAO
15 Reduce/remove GHG emissions, where possibleCSA Pillar 3: Reduce/remove GHG emissions, where possible Achieving the Paris Agreement requires action in agriculture sectors Many developing countries have committed to mitigation in agriculture sectors Agriculture sectors potential for adaptation-mitigation synergies recognized and for mitigation as co-benefit of adaptation GHG reductions – Key elements: Resource Use Efficiency Improved management Combining reduction of emission intensity with productivity increase Source: FAO
16 Major Stakeholders FAO: MICCA-Project (Mitigation of Climate Change in Agriculture); FAO- Adapt World Bank CCAFS (CGIAR Research Programme on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security) CSA partnership: CCAFS, FAO, The Global Mechanism, IFAD, World Bank, WFP and UNEP Africa CSA Alliance CFS (Committee on World Food Security) HLPE (High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition) NGOs und Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) Private sector (e.g. companies that promote integrated pest management and targeted fertiliser application) FAO-MICCA: Launched in 2010, the Mitigation of Climate Change in Agriculture (MICCA) Programme is working to make agriculture more climate-smart. A multidisciplinary programme funded by Finland, Germany and Norway, MICCA builds on FAO’s long-standing work carried out by its different technical departments and collaborates with international and national organizations. MICCA complements other FAO and United Nations efforts to address climate change and collaborates with the UN-REDD Programme. The technical information generated by the Programme supports negotiation processes undertaken through the UNFCCC. FAO-Adapt is an organization-wide framework programme launched in June It provides general guidance and introduces principles as well as priority themes, actions and implementation support to FAO’s multi-disciplinary activities for climate change adaptation.
17 Country commitments: More than 30 countries explicitly refer to CSA in their INDCsNotes: Of the 31 countries that refer to CSA in their INDCs, 24 are in SSA. 15 countries refer to CSA only with regards to adaptation. 6 countries refer to CSA only with regards to mitigation. 10 countries (all in SSA) refer to CSA with regards to mitigation and adaptation.
18 CSA in German Development CooperationFood Security under Climate Change Sustainable increase of Agricultural Productivity Adaptation of agriculture to climate change (Resilience) (if possible) Mitigation of GHG emissions from agriculture © GIZ / Marlis Kees © GIZ / Jose Diaz Kommentar: Kurze Wiederholung der CSA Definition (Bezug zu Astrid’s Präsentation), triple win. Die Fotos oben stehen symbolisch für Landscape/Ökosystem/Watershed, das Foto unten für Wertschöpfungsketten (-> systemische Ansätze). Hier sollte auch erwähnt werden, dass nicht zwangsläufig immer ein Triple win erzeugt werden muss. Deshalb steht bei Mitigation auch (if possible). Bezug zum Positionspapier: The term climate-smart agriculture was first introduced by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) to describe and foster approaches that would enable the world to feed its growing population but that would also be compatible with climate change mitigation and adaptation needs. The BMZ supports climate-smart agriculture through an integrated and systemic approach (integrated means that practices should transcend the level of individual farms or businesses and be integrated at the policy and institutional level; systemic means that the approach addresses a variety of sectors and territorial perspectives). As part of that approach, the BMZ looks at the following aspects: o sustainable increases in agricultural productivity and incomes, o adaptation of agriculture to the consequences of climate change, o and (if possible) mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture, and seeks to identify and harness the potential of these three aspects with a view to improving food security. When the BMZ defines specific actions in these fields, it always takes account of the local context, climate and socioeconomic factors, and factors relating to the natural region in question. © GIZ / Andreas König
19 5. Fields of Action Components of CSAEnhancing the policy-framework for CSA Capacity Development for CSA Financing mechanisms for CSA Improvement of climate-specific data in agriculture Fostering CSA at local level From left to right: © GIZ / Markus Kirchgessner, Joerg Böthling, Shilpi Saxena, Ursula Meissner, Michael Kottmeier
20 “Climate-smart” villages: engage multiple stakeholders necessary for supportDesigned diversification adapted varieties crop livestock systems biodiversity Climate services weather forecasts agro advisories ICT-based dissemination Community management of resources water and soils seeds fodder grain Climate Smart Village Weather insurance temperature rainfall Capacity building farmers SHGs extensionists scientists industry others Mitigation/carbon sequestration crop residues soil management irrigation agroforestry
21 Climate-smart practices in smallholder agricultural productionCrop management Livestock management Soil and water management Agroforestry Integrated food energy systems Intercropping with legumes Crop rotations New crop varieties (e.g. drought resistant) Improved storage and processing techniques Greater crop diversity (agrobiodiversity) Improved feeding strategies Rotational grazing Fodder crops Grassland restoration Manure treatment Improved livestock health Animal husbandry improvements Conservation agriculture (e.g. minimum tillage) contour planting terraces and bunds planting pits water storage (e.g. water pans) alternate wetting and drying (rice) dams, pits, ridges improved irrigation (e.g. drip) Boundary trees and hedgerows nitrogen fixing trees on farms multipurpose trees improved fallow with fertiliser shrubs woodlots fruit orchards Biogas production of energy plant improved stoves Source: Neufeldt, H., et al. 2011: ICRAF Policy Brief 12: Making climate-smart agriculture work for the poor. Nairobi, Kenya. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF).
22 Using synergies between adaptation and mitigationSynergies in Crop production Agricultural Input Management (fertilizer management, pesticides, herbicides) Residue Management (building up soil humus) Cropping Patterns (shifts, diverse patterns) Cultivar Selection (climate stress tolerance, salt tolerance, high biomass, biodiversity friendly) Tillage (zero tillage, CA, strip tillage) Rice Cultivation Options (SRI System of Rice Intensification, ICM - Integrated Crop Management Agricultural input management: Natural alternatives and more efficient application of agriculture inputs reduce on-site emissions from reaching and volatile loss as well as emissions from production and transportation of inputs. Species richness and biodiversity have a negative association with fertiliser use, especially nitrogen fertiliser (controversial issue), herbicides and insecticides (especially non-selective one´s) reduce biodiversity (reduction of natural predators and other beneficial soil creatures and insects, reduction of natural flora that are sensitive to chemical herbicides) Residue management: Using crop residue application in combination with reduced or no tillage practices aids the absorption and storage of carbon in the soils. The organic matter stabilises the soil and also provides habitat for small soil organisms and enriches diversity and quantity of soil life. A diverse soil structure with a high humus content acts as a buffer towards soil erosion, water depletion, and drought and increases resilience under climate shocks and provides a goods basis for adaptation to changing climate. Organic matter content (best as compost) helps to reduce the need for additional fertiliser inputs and thus reduces emissions of greenhouse gases during the process of fertiliser production. Cropping patterns: Improved cropping patterns center on optimizing crop cover in manners which avoid fallow periods, during which soils emit GHGs and experience nutrients degradation, and optimize crop cover, which act as biodiversity supportive habitats and increase carbon storage in biomass and improved more resilient soils. Diverse cropping patterns also increase adaptive capacity of those systems and improve agrobiodiversity. Tradeoffs include potential losses in productivity and pest increase. Cropping patterns should include the following components in order to optimise the synergies between biodiversity conservation, adaptation and mitigation: optimising crop cover in order to avoid fallow periods intercropping agroforestry integration relayed cropping Tillage: The sequestration potential of shifting from conventional to no-tillage has been estimated globally to be 2.09+/-0.51 t CO2/ha/yr SRI was first proposed in 1983 when a drought prevented farmers from flooding their paddy fields. De Lauranie noticed that the rice plants had increased growth. Further observation revealed that having seeds planted too close together decreases their growth. Further work developed the main practices of SRI, leading to its main theoretical ideas: -rice fields should be kept moist but not flooded -rice plants should be spaced widely apart -rice seedlings should be transplanted quickly when young. Water management: Rooting stage - Deep flooding Tillering stage - Shallow flooding Productive tiller stage - Mid‐season drainage Reproductive stage - Deep flooding Grain filling stage - Intermittent flooding 30 days after heading - Drainage ICM is a system of crop production which conserves and enhances natural resources while producing food on an economically viable and sustainable foundation. It is based on a good understanding of the interactions between biology, environment and land management systems. ICM is particularly appropriate for small farmers because it aims to minimize dependence on purchased inputs and to make the fullest possible use of indigenous technical knowledge and land use practices. ICM is a method of farming that balances the requirements of running a profitable business with the responsibility insensitivity to the environment. It includes practices that avoid waste enhance energy efficiency and minimise pollution.ICM is a whole farm long-term strategy. ICM includes crop rotation, waste and pollution management, organisational management, site-specific cultivation, crop protection, wildlife and landscape management, soil management crop nutrition, energy conservation. Measures to reduce Methane Emissions from Rice Paddy Fields Water management - Mid‐season drainage (“Nakaboshi”) Intermittent flooding Underdrainage Organic material management - reduction of organic material amendment such as rice straw Crop management - development of new varieties
23 Using synergies between adaptation and mitigationSynergies in Livestock production Pastoral lands and grazing management (Range Management) Livestock production (feed, breeding, manure management) Biogas production (60% CH4, 40% CO2) Pastoral lands and grazing management: overgrazing caused most of the grasslands to be degraded, they cover about 500,000 ha of the world's total land and support around 120 million pastoralists worldwide. Restoring degraded grasslands is a component of biodiversity conservation. Intact grassland diversity of species (including legumes) can increase effectiveness of input application as well as resilience to climate stress. Less chemical inputs increases biodiversity. Conversion from cropland pastureland can increase soil C by almost 30%. Overgrazing – reduction of natural rehabilitation, negative impact on water management, changes natural competition, thus impacting biodiversity. Convert marginal agricultural land to rangeland Address overgrazing Include legumes and local grass species in reseeding efforts of pasture reduce chemical input application plant agroforestry trees Livestock production: Synergy effects from livestock production are only indirect effects: production of biogas from livestock waste reduces pressure on Forest biodiversity from firewood collection use of biogas slurry as organic fertiliser reduces chemical fertiliser use breeding of heat, cold and disease resistant local races promotes agrobiodiversity change of diet and use of locally produced diverse feeds reduces pressure on areas used for soy bean production. Biogas: average composition 60% methane, 35% CO2, N has a 21 times greater warming effect then CO2. A cow produces roughly 60 kg of waste each day, the decomposition of the waste releases methane.
24 Using synergies between adaptation and mitigationSynergies Aquaculture and Fisheries Promoting sustainable fish farming (e.g. rice - fish culture) Developing countrywide maps that depict areas for shore protection Encouraging coastal and watersheds basin management approach linking land-use practices to marine and fisheries resources conservation ridge to reef approach Advantages of Rice-Fish culture: Production of fish as additional crop. Insect or pest that attacks the paddy can be controlled by stocked fish as fish takes those organisms as feed. Fecal or semi-fecal materials discharge from the fish body serve as fertilizer in the rice field as a result fertility of the field increase. More profitable than rice cultivation alone. 60% more profit in Boro season and 90% more profit in Aman season can be achieved. Easy technology and low cost involvement. Great acceptability especially to the rural people. Establish fisheries biodiversity network to identify and monitor species that will be affected by climate change
25 Using synergies between adaptation and mitigationSynergies at Landscape Management Level Agrobiodiversity (genetic diversity, plant species richness, conservation of soil fauna and flora) Agroforestry (increased resilience, nitrogen fixing) Organic Agriculture (Mitigation potential depends on organic farming system: (0.4 t – 11 t Carbon/ha/year) Ecosystem and sustainable Approaches (sustainable agriculture, sustainable forest and landscape management, conservation agriculture, precision farming, climate smart agriculture) Agrobiodiversity: Adaptive capacity in agro ecosystems relies on genetic diversity to naturally promote tolerance in new breeds to changing climate conditions and provide other adaptation benefits. Agrobiodiversity results from interactions between the environment, crop and animal genetic resources, management systems and practices (Schiller and Kasperczyk 2010). These interactions allow the genetic evolution of crops, while diversity in management, farming practices, cropping patterns and cultivar types can spread risk and increase resilience to a range of stresses within agro-ecosystems. Agroforestry: Agroforestry systems have the potential to sequester 19.5 Gt Carbon through the conversion of cropland to agroforestry land in the next 40 years (Robert 2001; Rosenzweig and Tubiello 2007).Integration of trees into farms promote biophysical resilience in the face of climate change, and offer a diversity of income sources for ecosystem and human adaptation respectively. The use of nitrogen fixing trees can reduce the amount of chemical fertiliser used and thus adds to the mitigation potential. Trees in the field can also attract birds who help to reduce insect pests attacking the crops (less pesticides needed). Increase resilience: The deep rooting trees are more resilient towards extreme weather events, they can sustain longer droughts, in addition they can reduce soil erosion during heavy rainfall events. Organic farming: Organic management practices either prohibit or greatly reduce the use of chemical pesticides and inorganic fertilizers, minimize impacts on surrounding and non-cropped habitats, and promote mixed farming (Hole, Perkins et al. 2005). Ecosystem-based approaches: Ecosystem-based approaches focus on biodiversity and ecosystem services in the development of overall adaptation, mitigation, and conservation strategies. They primarily involve actions to maintain or restore key ecosystem services provided by certain ecosystems and are touted for their cost effectiveness compared to large-scale hard infrastructure and engineering solutions to adaptation and natural resource management.
26 An ideal climate-smart landscape of the futureIndigenous trees Source: World Development report , 2010
27 Steps in planning CSA measuresVulnerability assessment (target groups) Identification of adaptation measures Identification of measures for reduction of emissions Identification of potential for carbon storage Elaboration of an action plan (integrated planning: including agriculture, forestry, fisheries and water) at different levels – local, watershed, regional Explore possibilities for “carbon finance” (NEPAD, GCF…) If possible link to climate risk insurances Provision and dissemination of timely climate information to farmers
28 Thank you and hope to see you again!