1 Clinical Laboratory equipment

2 Clinical laboratory is equipped with various biomedical instruments, equipments, materials and reagents for performing different tests on biological specimens. Lab equipment can be classified into two major categories:  General lab equipment  Lab instruments

3 General lab equipment : Can be used in different lab methods Lab instrumentation : Produces measurement in analytical method

4 General lab equipment types and function – Balances Types of balance used in laboratories

5 Calibration of balances Turn ON the balance and allow the unit to warm as specified in the operators manual. Press the keypad button related to calibration, the balance displays "CAL 0", nothing should be on platform (this is calibrating the unit with nothing on the platform). After a moment the balance will display the calibration mass needed: (CAL "XXX"), at this time place the calibration mass on the platform, press the keypad button related to calibration and your done.

6 Performance verification of analytical balances

7 laboratory centrifuge The centrifuge works using the sedimentation principle, where the centrifugal force is used to separate substances of greater and less density. The rate of centrifugation is specified by the acceleration applied to the sample, typically measured in revolutions per minute (RPM) or relative centrifugal force (RCF).

8 A centrifuge is comprised of two major components 1.The drive mechanism: is the source of rotary motion, and is usually powered by an electric motor. 2.The Rotor The rotor is the large rotating element of a centrifuge into which samples are loaded.

9 Types of rotors Swing-out rotor Fixed-angle rotor Adapters

10 Assignment Types of centrifuges

11 Hand operated centrifuge -19 th century

12 Microscope The Light Microscope

13 Types of Microscopes - Homework Light Microscope Dark field Microscope Phase contrast Microscope The Fluorescence Microscope Electron Scanning Microscope, Transmission Electron Microscope

14 Dark field Microscope

15 Dark field microscopy

16 Phase contrast microscope

17 Bright field microscope – Phase contrast microscope

18 Biological safety cabinet Fume hood

19 Lab refrigerators and freezers General Purpose Refrigerators (1-8  C) General Purpose Freezers (- 20  C – 30  C) Deep freezer ( -80  C)

20 Instrument installation

21 Laboratory equipment Maintenance Laboratory equipment maintenance begins with : Equipment selection and purchase Infrastructure Training Preventative maintenance After sale service

22 Two types of preventative maintenance are required. Lab Staff maintenance Manufacturer maintenance

23 General guidelines for laboratory staff- initiated preventive maintenance Internal controls must be run to ensure proper function of the equipment and reagents. Proper reagents must be used. Equipment should be covered when not in use and dust should be wiped off at least once a week. Develop documentation for maintenance procedures.

24 Manufacturers’ responsibilities Quarterly or bi-annual preventative maintenance visits. Services provided (e.g., upgrades, spare parts, scheduling of maintenance visits, training) should be defined in the contract

25 Standard Operating Procedure Laboratories should maintain necessary instructions for operation and maintenance of equipment in the form of Standard Operating Procedures Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) describes in a step-by-step outline form how to perform a particular task.

26 S.O.P

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