1 Cold War and a New Western World,Chapter 28 Cold War and a New Western World,

2 Survivors cooking in the ruins of Nuremberg, Germany, at the end of World War II.p. 885

3 Development of the Cold WarDiffering historical perspectives Power politics Democracies (blue) vs Totalitarian Communism (red) Soviet forces occupied all of Eastern Europe Between 1945 and 1947 Communist governments were entrenched in East Germany, Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary. Soviets concerned about its western borders United States unwilling to give up its new power and prestige (we got the bomb—they don’t) United States pledges to protect Western Europe and or anyone resisting Communism (military aid and economic aid)

4 Confrontation of the SuperpowersTruman Doctrine (Military aid), March 12, 1947 Civil war in Greece and Turkey (blue) Marshall Plan (Economic aid), June 1947, European Recovery Program $13 billion for the economic recovery of war-torn Europe Soviet view George Kennan and Containment Soviets dismantle and remove factories Blockade of Berlin, Berlin Airlift Germany permently separated, 1949 West German Federal Republic (Blue), September German Democratic Republic (red), October Communist win Chinese civil war (red), 1949 Soviet Union detonates its first atomic bomb, 1949 Military alliances: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (blue), 1949 Warsaw Pact (red), 1955

5 The Berlin Air Lift. p. 890

6 The Berlin Air Lift. During the Berlin Air Lift, the United States and its Western allies flew 13,000 tons of supplies daily to Berlin and thus were able to break the Soviet land blockade of the city. In this photograph, residents of West Berlin watch an American plane arrive with supplies for the city. p. 890

7 Globalization of the Cold WarKorean War Korea was divided at 38* after W.W. II North Koreans (red) invaded the south (blue), 1950 Chinese intervene when UN troops approach the border and push UN troops back to 38* Uneasy truce, 1953 (still split today) Presidency of Dwight Eisenhower, Policy of massive retaliation Central Treaty Organization (blue) Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (blue) Nikita Khrushchev ( ), leader of Soviet Union Berlin Crisis (city divided east & west) ICBM missile and Sputnik I launched (red) Berlin Wall (divides east and west--draw), 1961 President John F. Kennedy ( ) Summit meeting in Vienna

8 Map 28.1: The New European Alliance Systems in the 1950s and 1960s.With the United States as its leader, NATO was formed in 1949 to counter the perceived military threat of the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellites, which formally created the Warsaw Pact in Soviet and American troops, each backed by nuclear weapons, directly faced each other, heightening Cold War tensions. Q Which NATO countries shared a border with one or more Warsaw Pact countries? Map 28-1, p. 891

9 The Korean War. p. 892

10 Chronology, p. 893

11 The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Move toward DétenteFidel Castro (b. 1927) Overthrows Fulgencio Batista, 1959 Established a communist regime (red) Failed Bay of Pigs invasion (red), 1961 Discovery by US of missile bases being built President John F. Kennedy orders a blockade of Cuba Khrushchev agrees to turn back ships carrying missiles in return for Kennedy’s promise not to invade Cuba (blue)

12 Europe and the World: DecolonizationAfrica: The Struggle for Independence Kwame Nkrumah; Convention People’s Party Jomo Kenyatta; Kenya African National Union French in North Africa Granted full independence to Morocco and Tunisia in 1956 Guerrilla war in Algeria South Africa African National Congress Apartheid Nelson Mandela Ghana was the first to gain independence, 1957 Others followed Portuguese gave up Angola and Mozambique, 1975

13 Algerian Independence.Although the French wanted to retain control of their Algerian colony, a bloody war of liberation finally led to Algeria’s freedom. This photograph shows Algerians celebrating the announcement of independence on July 3, 1962. p. 895

14 Map 28.2: Decolonization in Africa.By the late 1950s, Britain and France had decided to allow independence for most of their African colonies, although France fought hard before relinquishing Algeria. Most of the new states had difficulty promoting economic growth and dealing with internal ethnic animosities. Q What is a significant characteristic shared by a majority of the countries that gained independence from 1975 onward? Map 28-2, p. 896

15 Conflict in the Middle EastEmergence of new independent states Arab League, 1945 Zionists wanted Palestine for a homeland After World War II sympathy grew for the Jews President Truman approves the idea of an independent Jewish state within Palestine Israel proclaimed a state, May 14, 1948 The move angers the Arab states Palestine Liberation Organization formed in 1964 Yasir Arafat (b. 1929) June 5, 1967, the Six Day War begins

16 Map 28.3: Decolonization in the Middle East.Under the control of the Ottoman Empire prior to World War I, much of the Middle East was ruled directly or indirectly by the British and French after the war. Britain, the main colonial power, granted independence to most of its holdings in the first years after World War II, although it did maintain control of small states in the Persian Gulf and Arabian Sea region until 1971. Q Which countries are major oil producers? Map 28-3, p. 898

17 Asia: Nationalism and CommunismPhilippines granted independence, 1946 India Muslims and Hindus Divided between Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi, January 30, 1948 British grant independence to Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Burma (Myanmar) French efforts to keep Vietnam not going well and they turn to the U.S.

18 Map 28.4: Decolonization in Asia.Britain and the United States facilitated relatively peaceful transitions to independence for their possessions in Asia. France fought hard to hold Indochina but left after major military defeats. Cold War tensions in Asia led to both the Korean War and the Vietnam War. Q What two neighboring countries’ presence helps explain why Korea has had difficulty maintaining complete independence throughout much of its history? Map 28-4, p. 899

19 Khrushchev’s Visit to Yugoslavia.The leadership of Nikita Khrushchev appeared for a while to open the door to more flexible Soviet policies. In 1955, he visited Yugoslavia in an attempt to improve relations with a Communist state that had deviated from Soviet policies. Khrushchev is shown here making a conciliatory speech with Marshal Tito, the leader of Yugoslavia, looking on. p. 902

20 Chronology, p. 903

21 China Under Communism Chiang Kai-shek a Democrat (1887-1975)Mao Zedong a Communist ( ) Victory in 1948 (red) Chiang Kai-shek goes to the Island of Taiwan Collectivization of all farmland and most industry and commerce nationalized, 1955 Great Leap Forward, 1958 Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, Red Guards

22 Recovery and Renewal in EuropeThe Soviet Union: From Stalin to Khrushchev Stalin’s method for the recovery of the Soviet Union By 1947 The Soviet Union had attained pre-war levels Very few consumer goods produced Stalin continued his iron rule until his death in 1953 Nikita Khrushchev ( ) Ends the forced labor camps Condemns Stalinist programs There seem to be a loosening of restraint Encourages rebellion in satellite nations Rebellions will be crushed Agricultural setbacks Industrial decline

23 Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron CurtainIn 1945 Soviet Union occupied all of the Balkans Communist governments were under the control of the Soviet Union Albania and Yugoslavia were the exceptions Albania had a Stalinist type regime, but became more and more independent Josip Broz, Tito, took control of Yugoslavia ignored Stalin (one of only a few people Stalin did not kill for this) Eastern European countries followed the Soviet pattern Five year plans Farm collectivization Khrushchev’s Rule Khrushchev interferes less with the satellite countries Rebellion in Poland Wladyslaw Gomulka , 1956, elected first secretary Poland follows its own socialist plan

24 Eastern Europe: Behind the Iron Curtain: Hungary & CzechoslovakiaThis time dissent was directed at communism as well Dissatisfaction and economic problems creates tense situation Imry Nagy ( ) declares Hungary free, November 1, 1956 Promises free elections Soviet Union attacks Budapest, November Janos Kadar ( ) replaced Nagy Czechoslovakia, 1968 Antonin Novotny ( ) Alexander Dubcek ( ), “socialism with a human face” Initiated reforms Reform crushed by the Warsaw Pact

25 Western Europe: The Revival of Democracy and the EconomyEurope recovered rapidly from World War II Marshall Plan money was important to the recovery France: The Domination of De Gaulle Charles de Gaulle ( ) Feels he has mission to reestablish the greatness of France Algerian crisis Defeat in Indochina Fifth Republic, 1958 Powers of the President enhanced Invested heavily in the nuclear arms race Economic growth Student riots, May 1968 Resignation of de Gaulle, April 1969 

26 Western Europe: The Revival of Democracy and the EconomyWest Germany: A New Nation? Konrad Adenauer ( ) Reconciliation with France Resurrection of the economy Adenauer succeed by Ludwig Erhard. Great Britain: The Welfare State Clement Atlee ( ) British Welfare State Meant dismantling of the British Empire Continued economic problems Italy Christian Democrats

27 The British Welfare State: Free Milk at School.The creation of the welfare state was a prominent social development in postwar Europe. The desire to improve the health of children led to welfare programs that provided free food for young people. Pictured here are boys at a grammar school in England during a free milk break. p. 906

28 Chronology, p. 907

29 Western Europe: The Move toward UnityEuropean Coal and Steel Community European Economic Community (Common Market)

30 European Economic Community, 1957.

31 American Politics and Society in the 1950sInfluence of the New Deal New Deal influence continued by Truman, Kennedy, and Johnson Prosperity of the 1950’s McCarthyism and the “Red Scare”

32 An Age of Upheaval: America in the 1960’s & Lyndon JohnsonGreat Society War on Poverty Job Corps Department of Housing and Urban Development Civil Rights Act, 1964 Voting Rights Act, 1965 Martin Luther King, Jr. ( ) Southern Christian Leadership Conference Assassinated, 1968 Malcolm X Summer of 1965 Antiwar protests Kent State University, 1970

33 The Civil Rights Movement.In the early 1960s, Martin Luther King Jr. and his Southern Christian Leadership Conference organized a variety of activities to pursue the goal of racial equality. He is shown here with his wife Coretta (right) and Rosa Parks and Ralph Abernathy (far left) leading a march against racial discrimination in 1965. p. 909

34 Development of Canada Economic development Military concernsSupports the United Nations NORAD

35 Postwar Society The Structure of European SocietyMiddle class joined by new group of white collar workers Further urbanization Rising income Mass tourism

36 Images of Everyday Life: The Rise of the Supermarket.

37 Images of Everyday Life: The Rise of the Supermarket.

38 Images of Everyday Life: The Rise of the Supermarket.

39 Patterns Old and New: Women in the Postwar Western WorldParticipation in the workforce declines until end of 1950s “Baby boom” Increased employment in the 1960s Feminist Movement: The Quest for Liberation Right to vote, Higher salaries, Divorce laws, etc. Simone de Beauvoir ( ) The Second Sex, 1949 Betty Friedan ( ) The Feminine Mystique, 1963 Gloria Steinem (1934) MS. Magazine 1970’s

40 Revolutions: Sexual & StudentPermissive Society Sexual revolution (birth control) Breakdown of the traditional family Drug culture Education and Student Revolt Higher education becoming more widespread Problems Overcrowding Professors who paid too little attention to students Authoritative administrators Seemingly irrelevant education Student strikes in France, 1968 Protest Western society and the war in Vietnam

41 Revolutions: Sexual & Student (Continued)Postwar Art---Abstract Expressionism Jackson Pollock Andy Warhol Postwar literature Samuel Beckett Waiting for Godot Albert Camus and Jean Paul Sartre Existentialism Karl Barth Religious revivalism

42 Jean Dubuffet, Portrait of Jean Paulhan.In 1947, Jean Dubuffet exhibited more than seventy portraits of his friends and colleagues at the Galerie Rene Drouin in Paris. The subjects of Dubuffet’s portraits included both Nazi sympathizers and fighters against the German occupation. Jean Paulhan, the subject of this portrait, was a well-known critic and writer. Paulhan, who promoted Dubuffet’s work, had led an underground movement to resist Nazi propaganda during World War II. p. 914

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44 Jackson Pollock Painting.After World War II, Abstract Expressionism moved to the center of the artistic mainstream. One of its best-known practitioners was the American Jackson Pollock, who achieved his ideal of total abstraction in his drip paintings. He is shown here at work in his Long Island studio. Pollock found it easier to cover his large canvases with spontaneous patterns of color when he put them on the floor. p. 915

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46 The Explosion of Popular CultureCulture as a Commodity Mass consumer society (Cars, T.V.’s, Stereos, home appliances, etc.) Americanization of the World Movies, music, advertising, and television British Broadcasting Corporation Rock-and-roll Elvis Presley British Invasion: Beatles, Rolling Stones, etc.

47

48 The Beatles. Although rock-and-roll originated in the United States, it inspired musical groups around the world. This was certainly true of Britain’s Beatles, who caused a sensation among young people when they came to the United States in the 1960s. Here the Beatles are shown during a performance on The Ed Sullivan Show. p. 916

49

50 Timeline, p. 918

51 Discussion Questions What was the reasoning behind the ending of colonial holdings? What changes in the Eastern European countries took place under Khrushchev? Was the problem in post-Colonial India more politically or religiously based? Why would France not become the third super power that De Gaulle wanted? What societal changes, especially in the US, took place in the 1970’s?