1 Coloquio La Frontera Noreste de México: migración y desarrollo. Monterrey, N. L. 24 y 25 de septiembre 2015. El Colegio de la Frontera Norte Víctor Zúñiga, Tecnologico de Monterrey, doctorado en ciencias sociales

2  Purposes:  To present the main quantitative findings drawn from four surveys we conducted in Nuevo León (2004/2005), Zacatecas (2005/2006), Puebla (2009/2010), Jalisco (2010/2011).

3  Binational (U.S./Mexico team), interdisciplinary working in return migration from the U.S. to Mex: Edmund T. Hamann, UNL, anthropology/education Juan Sánchez, IIIEPE-Nuevo León, education Rubén Hernández-León, UCLA, sociology Shinji Hirai, CIESAS-Noreste, anthropology William England, UNL, education/geography Anabela Sánchez, UDEM, sociology Mariana Gabarrot, Monterrey-Tec, geography Catalina Panait, Monterrey-Tec, linguistics Betsabé Román, education Jennifer Stacy, UNL, education José Juan Olvera, CIESAS-Noreste, sociology Víctor Zúñiga, UDEM, sociology

4  Our research journey:  1997-2004: Georgia (Dalton city, and Whitfield, Murray, Chattooga, Calhoun, and Tifton counties).  2004-2005: Nuevo León.  2005:-2006: Zacatecas.  2009:-2010: Puebla  2010-2011: Jalisco  2013-2016: Morelos

5  In 1997, conducting fieldwork in Dalton and Whitfield County, Georgia, we heard from local principals and teachers that Latino students sometimes “disappeared” from the schools (Hamann, 2003; Hernández-León and Zúñiga, 2000; Zúñiga and Hernández-León, 2009).  The “disappearances” led one of us (Hamann, 2001) to develop a concept—the sojourner student (which resisted the either/or nature of the sojourner vs. settler debate)—and draw from it various pedagogical/political conclusions.

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7 CategoriesN.L 2004 N. L. % Zac 2005 Zac % Puebla 2009 Pue% Jalisco 2010 Jal % returnees11,000 2.5 4,000 3.3 4,000 1.2 30,000 4.7 International migrants 6,0005,0008,00034,000 Children left behind (*) 32,000 4.5 43,000 15.3 85,000 8.8 58,000 4.3 No links with migration to the U.S. 655,000 93.0 230,000 81.4 869,000 90.0 1,226,000 91 Total enrolment 704,000 100 282,000 100 966,000 100 1,348,000 100

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10 Returning geographies: The case of Puebla

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12 MIGRANTS (returnees and international migrants) NON MIGRANTS Separated from their mothers Separated from their fathers Separated from their mothers Separated from their fathers STATES yesnoyesnoyesnoyesno NL (2004) 7.5%91.7%19.0%81.0%0.5%99.5%4.1%95.9% ZAC (2005) 4.3%95.7%30.1%69.9%1.4%98.6%15.3%84.7% PUE (2009) 9.9%90.1%30.3%69.7%2.0%98.0%8.1%91.9% JAL (2010) 4.0%96.0%19.3%80.7%0.6%99.4%4.6%95.4%