1 “Conservatism, Complacency, and Contentment” “Anxiety, Alienation, andTHE 1950s: “Conservatism, Complacency, and Contentment” OR “Anxiety, Alienation, and Social Unrest” ??

2 1957  1 baby born every 7 seconds1A. Baby Boom It seems to me that every other young housewife I see is pregnant British visitor to America, 1958 1957  1 baby born every 7 seconds

3 Dr. Benjamin Spock and the Anderson Quintuplets1B. Baby Boom Dr. Benjamin Spock and the Anderson Quintuplets

4 $7,990 or $60/month with no down payment.2A. Suburban Living Levittown, L. I.: “The American Dream” 1949  William Levitt produced houses per week. $7,990 or $60/month with no down payment.

5 2A. Suburban Living: The New “American Dream”1 story high 12’x19’ living room 2 bedrooms tiled bathroom garage small backyard front lawn By 1960  1/3 of the U. S. population in the suburbs.

6 SHIFTS IN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, 1940-19702B. Suburban Living SHIFTS IN POPULATION DISTRIBUTION, Central Cities % % % % Suburbs % % % % Rural Areas/ % % % % Small Towns U. S. Bureau of the Census.

7 2c. Suburban Living: The Typical TV Suburban FamiliesThe Donna Reed Show Leave It to Beaver Father Knows Best The Ozzie & Harriet Show

8 1950  Introduction of the Diner’s Card3a. Consumerism 1950  Introduction of the Diner’s Card All babies were potential consumers who spearheaded a brand-new market for food, clothing, and shelter Life Magazine (May, 1958)

9 3B. Consumerism

10 4A. A Changing Workplace Corporate Consolidation: Automation: factory workers decreased by %, eliminating 1.5 million blue-collar jobs. By 1956  more white-collar than blue-collar jobs in the U. S. Computers  Mark I (1944). First IBM mainframe computer (1951). Corporate Consolidation: By 1960  600 corporations (1/2% of all U. S. companies) accounted for % of total corporate income. WHY?? Cold War military buildup.

11 4B. A Changing Workplace New Corporate Culture: “The Company Man”1956  Sloan Wilson’s The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit

12 5A. The Culture of the Car Car registrations:  25,000,  60,000,000 2-family cars doubles from 1958 Pink Cadillac 1959 Chevy Corvette 1956  Interstate Highway Act  largest public works project in American history! Cost $32 billion. 41,000 miles of new highways built.

13 5C. The Culture of the Car The U. S. population was on the move in the 1950s. NE & Mid-W  S & SW (“Sunbelt” states) 1955  Disneyland opened in Southern California (40% of the guests came from outside California, most by car.) Frontier Land Main Street Tomorrow Land

14 5B. The Culture of the Car America became a more homogeneous nation because of the automobile. First McDonald’s (1955) Drive-In Movies Baseball games Diner’s & Drive-in’s

15 Results  Mobility Stimulated production & jobs in other areasAutomobile accidents Pollution increased Upper & middle classes suburbs Increased pop.  West More leisure time in recreational places More dependency on oil

16 “The Golden Age” of Television1946  7,000 TV sets in the U. S  50,000,000 TV sets in the U.S. Mass Audience  TV celebrated traditional American values. Truth, Justice, and the American way!

17 6B. Television – The WesternDavy Crockett King of the Wild Frontier Sheriff Matt Dillon, Gunsmoke The Lone Ranger (and his faithful sidekick, Tonto): Who is that masked man??

18 6C. Television - Family ShowsGlossy view of mostly middle-class suburban life. But... I Love Lucy The Honeymooners Social Winners?... AND… Loosers?

19 Teen Culture: “ROCK ‘N ROLL”In the 1950s  the word “teenager” entered the American language. By 1956  13 mil. teens with $7 bil. to spend a year. Even Frank Sinatra opined: "His kind of music is deplorable, a rancid smelling aphrodisiac. It fosters almost totally negative and destructive reactions in young people." "definite danger to the security of the United States." His actions and motions were called "a strip-tease with clothes on" Elvis Presley  “The King”  symbol of teenage rebellion

20 psychologists feared that teenage girls and boys could easily be "aroused to sexual indulgence and perversion by certain types of motions and hysteria," Presley was considered by some to be a threat to the moral well-being of young women, because "Elvis Presley didn’t just represent a new type of music; he represented sexual liberation."

21 Teen Culture “Juvenile Delinquency”1951  J. D. Salinger’s A Catcher in the Rye Originally published for adults, it has since become popular with adolescent readers for its themes of teenage confusion, angst, alienation, and rebellion. Marlon Brando in The Wild One (1953) James Dean in Rebel Without a Cause (1955)

22 Teen Culture The “Beat” Generation: Lita perceived underground, anti-conformist youth movement in New York celebrated non-conformity and spontaneous creativity

23 Behavioral Rules of the 1950s:7D. Teen Culture Behavioral Rules of the 1950s: Obey Authority. Control Your Emotions. Don’t Make Waves  Fit in with the Group. Don’t Even Think About Sex!!!

24 8A. Religious Revival Today in the U. S., the Christian faith is back in the center of things Time magazine, 1954 Church membership: 1940  64,000,  114,000,000 Television Preachers: 1. Catholic Bishop Fulton J. Sheen  “Life is Worth Living” 2. Methodist Minister Norman Vincent Peale  The Power of Positive Thinking 3. Reverend Billy Graham  ecumenical message; warned against the evils of Communism.

25 8B. Religious Revival Hollywood: apex of the biblical epics.The Robe The Ten Commandments Ben Hur It’s un-American to be un-religious! The Christian Century, 1954

26 9A. Well-Defined Gender RolesThe ideal modern woman married, cooked and cared for her family, and kept herself busy by joining the local PTA and leading a troop of Campfire Girls. She entertained guests in her family’s suburban house and worked out on the trampoline to keep her size 12 figure Life magazine, 1956 Marilyn Monroe The ideal 1950s man was the provider, protector, and the boss of the house Life magazine, 1955 1956  William H. Whyte, Jr.  The Organization Man a middle-class, white suburban male is the ideal.

27 9B. Well-Defined Gender RolesChanging Sexual Behavior: Alfred Kinsey:  Sexual Behavior in the Human Male  Sexual Behavior in the Human Female Premarital sex was common. Extramarital affairs were frequent among married couples. Kinsey’s results are an assault on the family as a basic unit of society, a negation of moral law, and a celebration of licentiousness Life magazine, early 1950s

28 10A. Progress Through ScienceFirst IBM Mainframe Computer Hydrogen Bomb Test DNA Structure Discovered Salk Vaccine Tested for Polio First Commercial U. S. Nuclear Power Plant NASA Created Press Conference of the First American Astronauts

29 10B. Progress Through Science 1957  Russians launch SPUTNIK I1958  National Defense Education Act

30 10C. Progress Through ScienceUFO Sightings skyrocketed in the 1950s. War of the Worlds Hollywood used aliens as a metaphor for whom ??

31 10D. Progress Through ScienceAtomic Anxieties: “Duck-and-Cover Generation” Atomic Testing:  U. S. exploded nuclear weapons over the Pacific and in Nevada.

32 The 50s Come to a Close 1959  Nixon-Khrushchev “Kitchen Debate”Cold War -----> Tensions <----- Technology & Affluence

33 Class Discussion Topic:The postwar era witnessed tremendous economic growth and rising social contentment and conformity. Yet in the midst of such increasing affluence and comfortable domesticity, social critics expressed a growing sense of unease with American culture in the 1950s. Assess the validity of the above statement and explain how the decade of the 1950s laid the groundwork for the social and political turbulence of the 1960s.

34 Unit 12 Civil Rights and Women’s RightsWe Must Learn To Live Together As Brothers Or Perish Together As Fools. "From Rosa to Rodney"

35 Aim: Did African Americans take the right course of action to try to achieve equality?Do now: Is it possible for there to be equality in the United States? Why or Why not?

36 Steps to Racial Equality1. Emancipation Proclamation – freed slaves in states of rebellion amendment – abolish slavery 14 amendment – due process, equal protection 15 amendment – voting rights

37 3. NAACP – (1909) use legal action to achieve equality4. Brown vs. Board of Ed – overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson – segregation is illegal 5. Little Rock Arkansas – federal troops used to enforce integration

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39 Rosa Parks

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41 6. Sit ins and freedom rides - Rosa Parks Movements, protests to gain equality7. March on D.C. – 1963 –250, 000 people “ I have a dream” speech

42 8. Voting Rights Act – 1965 – outlaws literacy tests9. Civil rights Act – 1965 – ends segregation in public places

43 WEB Dubois, Thurgood Marshall Equality through legal actionNAACP – 1909 WEB Dubois, Thurgood Marshall Equality through legal action

44 Form a separate nation, spread IslamBlack Muslims 1930 Elijah Mohammed Form a separate nation, spread Islam

45 Malcolm X

46 Use civil disobedienceSouthern Christian Leadership Conference 1957 Martin Luther King Jr. End segregation Use civil disobedience

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48 Protect African American interestsBlack Panthers 1966 Huey Newton Protect African American interests

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50 Aim Has the Women’s movement for equality become a reality?

51 Women’s Liberation MovementBetty Friedan “The Feminine Mystique” 1963 denied that all women were happy house wives As capable as men 1966 (NOW) – National Organization of Women – take action to bring American women into full participation in mainstream society

52 Devoted to feminism – and issues of the women’s movementGloria Steinem – magazine MS. Devoted to feminism – and issues of the women’s movement

53 Founder of the Birth Control movement Planned Parenthood foundation Margaret Sanger – nurse Founder of the Birth Control movement Planned Parenthood foundation Objected to women as sex objects

54 Margaret Mead – said women’s status was due to sociological factors not biology

55 Results Cannot discriminate based on sexEducation –1972 Equal Access to Education Act Cannot discriminate based on sex Fair admissions to military, law, medical school

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57 EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENTEquality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Passed the House and the Senate Did not pass 2/3 of state legislatures Backlash by conservative women's groups.

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59 Laws about maternity leave and child care Employment – equal employment Laws about maternity leave and child care Equal Pay Act – 1963 same wages as men Civil Rights Act – bans discrimination based on sex

60 Court Cases Gave women the right to abort a fetusRoe vs. Wade – 1973 Gave women the right to abort a fetus Overturned state laws prohibiting abortions

61 Supreme Court said states could pass laws restricting abortionsWebster vs. Reproductive Health Services 1989 Supreme Court said states could pass laws restricting abortions

62 Women need to receive information about childbirth Planned Parenthood vs. Casey – 1992 Penn law Women need to receive information about childbirth Must wait 24 hrs before an abortion Supported Roe vs. Wade

63 Aim:How did JFK try to improve American society in the 1960’s?

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66 JFK’s Domestic PoliciesNew Frontier - medical care, improvements in education, urban reform Civil Rights – supported equality, worked with MLK Apollo Program – space race – 1962 John Glenn orbits the earth Alliance for progress – offered grants and loans to Latin America to help economy and increase trade

67 ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS “THEREFORE I HAVE CALLED ON ALL PEOPLE OF THE HEMISPHERE TO JOIN IN A NEW ALLIANCE FOR PROGRESS -- ALIANZA PARA PROGRESO -- A VAST COOPERATIVE EFFORT, UNPARALLELED IN MAGNITUDE AND NOBILITY OF PURPOSE TO SATISFY THE BASIC NEEDS OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE FOR HOMES, WORK AND LAND, HEALTH AND SCHOOLS - TECHO, TRABAJO Y TIERRA, SALUD Y ESCUELA.” JOHN F. KENNEDY, MARCH 13, 1961 March 13, 1961 at the White House: President Kennedy describes his plans to maintain democracy, promote industrial and agrarian development, and achieve a more equal distribution of wealth in Latin American countries. His speech was heard in the western hemisphere in Spanish, Portuguese, French and English. PRESIDENT AND MRS. KENNEDY CONGRATULATE THE SON OF A NEW HOME OWNER AT LA MORITA RESETTLEMENT PROJECT NEAR CARACAS, VENEZUELA.

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69 Domestic Policies Africa, Asia, Latin AmericaPeace Corps. – American Volunteers sent abroad to help people Africa, Asia, Latin America

70 IN HIS INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF JANUARY 20, 1961, PRESIDENT JOHN FIN HIS INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF JANUARY 20, 1961, PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY CHALLENGES A NEW GENERATION OF AMERICANS TO JOIN "...A GRAND AND GLOBAL ALLIANCE...TO FIGHT TYRANNY, POVERTY, DISEASE, AND WAR..." KENNEDY CONTINUES IN HIS SPEECH, "TO THOSE PEOPLE IN THE HUTS AND VILLAGES ACROSS THE GLOBE STRUGGLING TO BREAK THE BONDS OF MASS MISERY, WE PLEDGE OUR BEST EFFORTS TO HELP THEM HELP THEMSELVES." On March 1, 1961, President Kennedy signs an executive order establishing the Peace Corps. Three days later, Sargent Shriver is appointed its first Director.   In July, Peace Corps assignments have been planned for Ghana, Tanzania, Colombia, the Philippines, Chile, and St. Lucia. More than 5,000 applicants take the first exams to enter the Peace Corps.

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72 Kennedy’s Foreign PolicyA move from “Massive Retaliation” to “Flexible Response” Focus on building conventional, rather than nuclear weapons Creation of the “Green Berets”

73 Foreign Policy US pledges support to West BerlinBay of Pigs – 1961 – Americans train Cuban exiles, but abandon them the day of the attack Berlin Wall – 1961 – Soviets build wall US pledges support to West Berlin

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75 Foreign Policy Russian missiles in CubaSupport for South Vietnam – sent advisors and aid to try and contain communism Cuban Missile Crisis – 1962 – brink of nuclear war Russian missiles in Cuba

76 DECLASSIFIED 1962 MAP SHOWING THE DISTANCES NUCLEAR ARMED MISSILES WOULD GO IF FIRED FROM CUBA. ALMOST ALL MAJOR US POPULATION CENTERS WERE WITHIN RANGE. MAPS LIKE THIS CONVINCED JFK THAT THE SOVIET MISSILES MUST BE REMOVED FROM CUBA.

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78 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS FROM U. SAERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS FROM U.S. SPY PLANES LEFT NO DOUBT THAT THE RUSSIANS WERE INSTALLING NUCLEAR MISSILES IN CUBA AIMED AT THE U.S.

79 JFK HAD TWO CHOICES OF HOW TO DEAL WITH THE SITUATION IN CUBA: FIRST: HE COULD ORDER AIRSTRIKES ON THE MISSILE SITES IN CUBA AND RISK AN ALL OUT NUCLEAR WAR WITH THE USSR SECOND: HE COULD ORDER A NAVAL BLOCKADE AND STOP SOVIET SHIPS FROM BRINGING IN MISSILES AND OTHER EQUIPMENT. NO ONE KNEW HOW THE RUSSIANS WOULD REACT TO THIS. HE CHOSE THE NAVAL BLOCKADE

80 Beginnings of Detente Détente: the easing of tensions between the USA and USSR Attempting to “cool down” the Cold War “Hot Line” created between Washington and Moscow Limited Test Ban Treaty prohibited nuclear testing in the atmosphere

81 JFK’s Assassination November 22, 1963 Dallas, TexasWarren Commission investigated his murder Lee Harvey Oswald, Jack Ruby

82 Aim: What were the goals of Johnson’s “Great Society” and what were its limits? Do Now: What was the name of JFK’s Domestic Program. What is the biggest social problem facing the U.S. today?

83 Lyndon Baines Johnson Civil Rights Act of ends segregation in public facilities Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) Michael Harrington “The Other America” Impetus for the “Great Society”

84 The Great Society Aid Education Health Care Poverty CultureDept of Transportation Dept of Housing and Urban Development Voting Rights Bill 24th Amendment

85 Medicare – 1965 - Provided healthcare for agedCivil Rights Act – banned racial discrimination in public places Voting Rights Act – guaranteed equal voting rights

86 Aid to Cities – Housing and Urban Development ActAid to Education – funds to schools to help raise test scores War on Poverty – created Job Corps to help train the unemployed

87 Limits of the Great SocietyA picture is worth a thousand words Society was too turbulent to enact massive change

88 What factors caused the downfall of the Great Society?The cost of the war in Vietnam The cost in $$ The cost in lives The big protest movement Massive upheavals in society Civil Rights Movement Chaos in the Democratic Party

89 Aim: How did the US become involved in VietnamAim: How did the US become involved in Vietnam? Do Now: What do you know about the war in Vietnam?

90 Conditions before US involvementSince the 19th century France controlled Vietnam 1954 – forces of Ho Chi Minh defeated French Geneva accords divide Vietnam 17th parallel N and S agree to hold elections to reunite the country 1956 S Vietnam refuses to hold the elections

91 What was the Debate? Prevent spread of communismAmerican politicians feared parts of S.E. Asia would fall to communism Reasons for involvement Prevent spread of communism Protect position as a superpower Defender of democracy

92 Gulf of Tonkin ResolutionAugust 1964– USS Maddox reported being fired upon Led to the Resolution President could take any measures necessary to repel an armed attack against the forces of the US

93 US Bombs North Vietnam

94 HOMEWORK DUE FRIDAY Find a member of your family or a close relation who was alive during the Vietnam War (15 or older) Create 8 questions to ask them about their memories or whatever they remember about the war Interview answers and questions must be typed. This does not have to be verbatim.

95 Would you volunteer to go to war. Would you go if you were draftedWould you volunteer to go to war? Would you go if you were drafted? Would you protest against the war?

96 Effects in the US US divided between Hawks and DovesStudent protests – sit ins, burn draft cards, Draft Resisters – 10,000 fled the country, college Counter Culture – hippies, music, drug use

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98

99 Students protest about Vietnam WarKent State University May 2, 1970 National Guard Troops open fired on a crowd Four killed Nine wounded

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102 Aim: How did the policies of Richard Nixon bring an end to the war in Vietnam?Do Now: What do you know about Nixon?

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104 Richard Nixon 1969 - 1974 Loss to Kennedy in 1960Came back in 1969 to win!! “ We have endured a long night….let us gather the light”

105 Nixon’s Foreign Policy

106 Vietnam War Vietnaminization – shift the burden of war to the South Vietnamese 1973 – Paris Peace Accords – end US involvement in Vietnam 1975 – South Vietnam fell to communism

107 Re-Opening Relations With China1971 Visited China and opened normal relations Toured the Great Wall Met Mao Zedong Agreed on scientific and cultural exchanges

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109 Visit to Moscow 1972 1st to visit since WWIIMarked beginning of DÉTENTE DÉTENTE – relaxation of tension between the superpowers

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111 SALT Strategic Arms Limitation TalksRestricted the # of nuclear warheads and missiles that each country could build

112 Domestic Policy Give power back to the state and local gov’tNew Federalism – decrease power of the Federal gov’t Give power back to the state and local gov’t Economy – Stagflation – inflation up and employment up

113 Aim: Did the events at Watergate strengthen or weaken the US government?

114 Watergate

115 Supreme Court showed its power - made Nixon hand over the tapes –1974 – US vs. NIXON – executive privilege – court ruled that no one is above the law Role of press – uncovering misconduct and informing the public

116 Impact of Watergate Lowered public confidence in public officialsProved that checks and balances works Two party system works Congress passed new laws to curb Presidential powers Gov’t based on laws not individuals

117 Aim: How did Ford and Carter lead the nation?DO Now: How did Nixon’s actions as president impact the nation?

118 FORD

119 Domestic Policy Economic Concerns – US suffers from high unemployment and high inflation Problems with oil prices – Arab Israeli War

120 Nixon Pardoned One of Fords first actions as President is to pardon Richard Nixon for all offenses against the United States. Controversial Wanted the nation to move on.

121

122 Foreign Policy - Respect human rights Congress refuses to give moneyIndochina Falls 1975 – S. Vietnam and Cambodia become communist Congress refuses to give money Sent troops to rescue U.S. ship in Cambodia Helsinki Accords – 35 nations - greater cooperation between east and west - Respect human rights

123 Carter 1977 – 1981 (Dem)

124 Domestic Policy Dept of Energy – solar powerCreation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Rachel Carson – wrote Silent Spring Earth Day Nuclear Power – three mile island

125 Domestic Policy Increase oil pricesTax on cars that wasted gasoline- Nat’l Energy Act Cut Federal Spending to combat Stagflation

126 Foreign Policy Camp David Accords – made peace with Israel (Menachem Begin) and Egypt (Anwar el-Sadat) Revolution in Iran – Ayatollah Khomeini turns Iran into islamic state Nov Iran hostage crisis – 52 Americans held for 444 days

127 Foreign Policy 1980 boycott Olympics in MoscowPanama Canal Treaty – 1999 goes back Problems with USSR – Salt II talks fail 1980 boycott Olympics in Moscow Soviet Invade Afghanistan 1979

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129

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131 Aim: How did the policies of Reagan and Carter differ?Do Now: What was Carter’s domestic policy?

132 Ronald Reagan

133 Foreign Policy USSR collapses – Gorbachev INF TreatyUnder Bush in 1992 Cold War officially ends 1989 Berlin Wall falls China – Tiananmen Square – students protest for democracy

134 1981 – support contras – guerilla force Nicaragua – Sandinista rebels – 1979 set up communist regime 1981 – support contras – guerilla force Congress passed the Boland Amerndment banning US military aid Grenada – invaded to prevent a communist takeover

135 Found out that Reagan sold arms to Iran to release hostagesIran Contra Affair – 1986 Found out that Reagan sold arms to Iran to release hostages $ goes to Contras to fight communism – (banned by Congress) Reagan advisors indicted, pardoned by Bush in 1988

136 1987 Reagan and Gorbachev agree to dismantle nuclear missiles1989 – Berlin wall falls

137

138 Aim: How did Reagan’s views on the economy change our country?Do Now:Do you think the Iran-Contra affair affected what people thought of Reagan? HW: Review Book pg 321 # 1-15 Please answer on a separate piece of paper

139 Domestic Policy Reduced Welfare Programs Deregulate industriesReduced Gov’t in American life Increase military spending Nat’l Debt mill to 4 tril Traditional conservative values Moral majority

140 Reaganomics “supply side economics” Large tax cuts (for wealthy)will increase private investments Which will in turn increase the supply of goods produced Large # of goods will bring prices down Create jobs

141 Appointed the first woman to Supreme Court – Sandra Day O’ConnorMarch 30, 1981 John Hinckley Jr. assassination attempt

142 Aim: How did George Bush and Bill Clinton handle global problems as president?Do Now: What is Reaganomics? TEST ON FRIDAY

143 George Bush

144 Domestic Issues AIDS “America 2000” education reformsAbortion restrictions L.A. riots – Rodney King Affirmative Action restrictions “ read my lips, no new taxes”

146 Invasion of Panama 1989 Ordered American troops to invade Panamarestore democracy Capture Manuel Noriega (drug dealer/dictator)

147 Soviet Relations Continued policy of Détente1991 Soviet Union dissolved Formed a commonwealth of independent states Economic aid from the US 1993- START II – cut nuclear arsenals

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149 Persian Gulf War 1990 - 1991 Do not remove Saddam Hussein1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait New World Order – peaceful countries against aggression Operation Desert Storm – free Kuwait – less than 400 casualties Do not remove Saddam Hussein

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151 Somalia North East Africa Airlift food and sent troopsPeople Attacked by warlords Removed by Clinton

152 William Clinton

153 Domestic Policies led to disputes between congress and the presidentHealth-care reform Welfare reform Government shutdown – conservative (Republican) reforms in Congress led to disputes between congress and the president federal gov’t shutdown Government services were delayed

154 NAFTA 1993 North American Free Trade Agreement US, Canada, MexicoLow tariffs To free trade in North America

155 IRAQ & Haiti IRAQ -Keep troops in and around borderEconomic sanctions by UN HAITI – 1994 – sent troops to support democratic leader Fr. Jean Bartrande Aristide

156 Bosnia 1995 Negotiate cease fireSent US troops to keep the peace as part of NATO

157 IMPEACHMENT