1 Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

2 Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Introduction The purpose of the chapter is to: Introduce the disciplines of anatomy and physiology Discuss the organization of the human body Reveal shared properties of all living things Discuss the concept of homeostasis Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

3 Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Anatomy vs. Physiology Anatomy is the study of structure whereas physiology is the study of how body parts function Word is derived from the Greek and means “to cut” or “cutting backwards” (putting things together from slices). Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

4 Levels of Structural OrganizationCopyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

5 Systems of the Human BodyThe eleven systems of the human body are the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic/immune, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

6 Systems of the Human BodyCopyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

7 Systems of the Human BodyCopyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

8 Systems of the Human BodyCopyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

9 Systems of the Human BodyCopyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

10 Systems of the Human BodyCopyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

11 Systems of the Human BodyCopyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

12 Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Basic Life Processes All living things have certain characteristics that distinguish them from nonliving things Life processes in humans include metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

13 Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Homeostasis Homeostasis is a condition of equilibrium, or balance, in the body’s internal environment Homeostasis is maintained by the body’s regulatory processes Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

14 Body Fluids & HomeostasisThe survival of our body cells is dependent on the precise regulation of the chemical composition of their surrounding fluid This fluid is known as extracellular fluid Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

15 Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Homeostasis Homeostatic imbalances occur because of disruptions from the external or internal environments Interactions Animation Communication, Regulation, and Homeostasis Negative Feedback Control of Temperature Regulation Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

16 Control of HomeostasisThe basic components of a feedback loop Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

17 Control of Homeostasis: Negative FeedbackCopyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

18 Control of Homeostasis: Positive FeedbackInteractions Animation: Positive Feedback Control of Labor Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

19 Homeostatic ImbalancesWhen homeostasis is disrupted it may result in disease, disorder, or even death Factors such as the your genetic make-up, the air you breathe, the food you eat, and the thoughts you think can all affect your health Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

20 Types of Anatomical TerminologyBody positions Regional names Directional terms Planes and sections Body cavities Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

21 Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Body Positions Anatomical position is a standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical reference Person stands erect, facing the observer, the upper extremities are places at the sides, the palms of the hands are turned forward, and the feet are flat on the floor Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

22 Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Regional Names Regional names are names given to specific regions of the body for reference Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

23 Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Directional Terms Directional terms are used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to another Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

24 Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Directional Terms Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

25 Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Planes & Sections Planes are imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

26 Practicing Planes & SectionsCopyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

27 Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Body Cavities Body cavities are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

28 Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Serous Membranes Serous membranes are thin, double-layered membranes that covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominal cavities and also lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen Visceral layer Parietal layer Serous membranes reduce friction Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

29 Serous Membranes in the Thoracic CavityThe pericardium and pleura cover the heart and lungs, respectively Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

30 Serous Membranes in the Thoracic CavityCopyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

31 Serous Membrane in the Abdominal CavityThe peritoneum, covers many of the abdominal organ Retroperitoneal – the classification some organs are given because they are not surrounded by the peritoneum, rather, they are posterior to it Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

32 Abdominopelvic Regions & QuadrantsThe abdominal cavity can be divided into regions to easily describe the location of organs Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

33 Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Medical Imaging Medical imaging involves techniques that allow physicians to view images of the human body This allows physicians to diagnose anatomical and physiological abnormalities Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

34 Medical Imaging Procedures RadiographyCopyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

35 Medical Imaging Procedures MRI and CTCopyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

36 Medical Imaging Procedures Ultrasound ScanningCopyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

37 Medical Imaging Procedures CCTA and PET scanCopyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

38 Medical Imaging Procedures EndoscopyCopyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

39 Medical Imaging Procedures Radionuclide ScanningCopyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

40 Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.Aging and Homeostasis Aging is a normal process characterized by a progressive decline in the body’s ability to restore homeostasis Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

41 Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.