1 Cryogenics based chilling, energy supply and services for deeper or hotter mines.Daniel L. Cluff CEO CanMIND Associates Fellow Camborne School of Mines

2 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 CryogenicsInterrelations Glencore Funding Engineering Critique Real Mine Design CanMIND Associates Principle Investigator Physics Engineering Concept Development Highview Power Liquid Air Energy Storage Pilot plant 5 MW plant CEMI Project Management Business Acumen Dearman Engine Co. Engine Development Techno-economic Analysis In Kind Contribution UDMN Funding Industry Network Commercialisation 31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

3 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 CryogenicsProject Elements Large UG Equipment Powered by Dearman Engines UG Cryogenic Piping and Storage Cryogenic Chilling CFD Modelling Compressed Air System Design Heat Exchanger Receiver size Piping Modularity design Rapid Response Chilling on Demand PRU Design 5 to 10 MWe 31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

4 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 CryogenicsWhy LAES LAES technology provides plant size economy of scale Energy storage is an emerging technological niche The cryogenic liquids are produced on the surface in a standard cryogenic liquefaction plant. Cryogenic liquid is piped to the depth required Depends on mine design decision Sent to a central location and chill air in downcast shaft Sent to individual levels to chill on demand 31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

5 LAES Simplified SchematicOn Surface LA to Underground Storage Chilling on demand Heat air in winter PRU can be placed Underground 5 to 10 MWe + Chilling 31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

6 Highview Power Slough UK350 kW 2.5 MWH Pilot Plant Highview Power Slough UK 31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

7 Six 3600 tpd O2 plants in China31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

8 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 CryogenicsLAES Process A Liquid Air Energy Storage (LAES) system is comprised of a charging system, an energy storage section and a discharging system. Standard industrial air liquefaction plant the electrical grid or a renewable energy project supply the electrical energy. Air drawn from the ambient environment. The process creates liquid air a cryogenic liquid at temperatures near -196oC (78 K). The liquid air is stored in a low pressure insulated tank. Easily accessed energy storage repository Low risk to the environment When power is required liquid air is pumped to a high pressure and evaporated through a turbine system. Capable of providing the pressure necessary to power a piston engine or turbine resulting in useful work to generate electricity or drive a cryogenically powered vehicle. 31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

9 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 CryogenicsAncillary Economics Includes Argon, Oxygen Markets Both Continue to Grow 31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

10 700+ l Gaseous Air Per 1 l Liquid AirChange of State 31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

11 A Basic Calculation to Illustrate the Heat Absorbed on Change of StateThe heat absorbed per kg of liquid air: Ambient Ta = 29.85oC ( = 303K) Cryogenic Tc = 78 K Latent Heat of vaporisation Lv = 205 kJ/kg Step 1: The mass “m kg” absorbs ΔQL, Becomes a gas at or near Tc ΔQL = mLv = (m kg)(205 kJ/kg) = (m kg)205 kJ/kg Change of state is approximately 180l (gaseous) / 1l (liquid) 31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

12 A Basic Calculation to Illustrate the Heat Absorbed on ExpansionStep 2: Very cold air (≈ 80 K) warms up to Ta Expansion with heat absorbed ΔQa. ΔTg = Ta – Tc = 303 – 78 = 225 K change in gas temperature ΔQa = mCpΔTg = (m kg)(1.005 kJ/kg-K)( 225 K) = kJ/kg Heat absorbed due to change in gas temperature ΔQT = ΔQL + ΔQa = mLv + mCpΔTg = (m kg)(451.13) kJ/kg Total heat absorbed due to change of state and expansion 31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

13 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 CryogenicsFor 1 MWr Chilling So let ΔQT = 1 MJ The total heat absorbed by the ambient air The mass of liquid air required is kg So a liquid flow kg/s will provide 1 MWr chilling. The density of liquid air is about 870 kg/m3 So a flow of about 2.55 l (liquid) provides 1MWr Final gaseous volume l (gaseous) or 1.9 m3 31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

14 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

15 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

16 Psychrometrics to Liquid Air31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

17 Chilling on Demand Yearly Atmospheric Conditions Sudbury Ontario31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

18 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

19 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 CryogenicsDemand for Liquid Air (tpd) to Create a 12/12 DB/WB oC Environment at 1915 Depth Gap between daily MAX and MIN Allows for offsetting of LA production during cheaper electricity rates 31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

20 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

21 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 CryogenicsA 2400 tpd plant production frontier when the surplus produced over the least expensive energy cost is redistributed to the peak time cost 31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

22 Summary of the cryogen production and power production31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

23 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 CryogenicsSummary of the cryogen production and power production implications for a 10 MW PRU Plant Size tonnes 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2500 Energy Cost $3,170 $2,345 $1,520 $775 $787 $781 Fan Savings -$1,271 Final Cost $1,899 $1,074 $248 -$496 -$484 -$490 YEAR at this rate $693,071 $391,886 $90,701 -$180,987 -$176,752 -$178,869 MWH paid 218.84 218.91 219.04 218.98 10 MWH PRU recovered FAN MWH recovered -10.20 TOTAL 88.64 88.71 88.84 88.77 Tonnes produced Tonnes required Power Generation 10 Operating Period 12 MWH Produced 120 Efficiency 54.83% 54.82% 54.78% 54.80% 31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

24 Cost of Chilling When Time shifting and Using a Power Recovery Unit31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

25 Plant Configuration CostingWaste heat Standalone Liquefaction capacity (tonnes/day) 2500 3000 2000 1700 Power input charge time) 21.4 25 16.6 14.3 Charge time hrs 6 8 Consumed energy MWH 128.4 150 132.8 114.4 Discharge time 5 MW 18 16 Energy output (MWH) 90 80 Liquid air store capacity (tonnes) 570 510 Round trip efficiency 70% 60% CAPEX (million $) 46 40 33 38 PRU (turbines/generators/grid) 8.15 Storage cost 3 2.7 Cost per kilowatt ($) 9285 8098 6569 7545 Cost per kilowatt-hour ($) 516 450 411 472 31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

26 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 CryogenicsAncillary Systems Chilling accounts for a major share of consumption There are a number of other services that can be implemented that provide a service while also simultaneously chilling as a side benefit. Compressed air Electricity production Vehicles, pumps or fans that can be driven by liquid air 31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

27 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 CryogenicsCompressed Air The production of compressed air exploits the liquid nature of the cryogen, which is simply squirted into a receiver tank and allowed to reach ambient temperature – quickly! 31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

28 Compressed Air Supply With Chilling PowerConsumption Receiver Size Chilling Power kW ft3/min Mass flow Liq flow Plant impact m3/hr m3 kg/s l/s tpd 500 850 1.79 124 0.248 0.29 0.33 25 1000 1699 3.6 248 0.58 0.67 50 2000 3398 7.28 496 1.16 1.33 100 3000 5097 11.06 744 1.74 2.00 150 5000 8495 18.54 1240 2.9 3.33 250 31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

29 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 CryogenicsAssuming continuous demand the liquid air can be configured to provide a modular compressed air system which will simultaneously chill at the location the receiver tank is located akin to spot chilling. Chilling Power as a function of the Compressed Air Supply 31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

30 Recall the earlier LAES Simplified SchematicIn the schematic it was indicated that the PRU could be placed underground. Part of the PRU process is to pump the liquid air to a pressure of about 1000 psi before evaporating and expanding through the turbomachinery. At 2000 m the pressure is about 2500 psi Sufficient pressure to eliminate the pumps 31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

31 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 CryogenicsRecall the earlier discussion regarding the gap between the MAX and MIN daily temperature was about 500 tpd, Below for a 5 MWe PRU Waste heat Standalone Liquefaction capacity (tonnes/day) 2500 3000 2000 1700 Power input charge time) 21.4 25 16.6 14.3 Charge time hrs 6 8 Consumed energy MWH 128.4 150 132.8 114.4 Discharge time 5 MW 18 16 Energy output (MWH) 90 80 Liquid air store capacity (tonnes) 570 510 Round trip efficiency (waste heat) 70% 60% CAPEX (million $) 46 40 33 38 PRU (turbines/generators/grid) 8.15 Storage cost 3 2.7 Cost per kilowatt ($) 9285 8098 6569 7545 Cost per kilowatt-hour ($) 516 450 411 472 Typically the cold would be recycled to cold storage, but here it is absorbed by the air at depth 31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

32 Exploitation of the Joule Thompson EffectWith 2500 psi available as a forcing pressure the Joule Thompson Effect, which is part of the liquefaction process, can be exploited to provide further chilling commonly referred to as free expansion or a throttling process. T2 = T1 - Uj(P1 - P2), P2 = 14.5 psi, T1 = 25oC where Uj is the JT coefficient - ambient T1 - contained P1 For a contained pressure of 880 psi, Uj = T2 = (880 – 14.5) = K = oC 31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

33 CFD Model for Chilling the Entire Airflow, Similar to a BAC31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

34 CFD Model for Chilling the Entire Airflow, Similar to a BAC31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

35 CFD Model Flow Trajectories31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

36 Close up View of Heat Exchanger 1.67 sec31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

37 Close up View of Heat Exchanger 8.2 sec31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

38 Average Temperature of Air in Shaft31/05/2017 Dr. Daniel L Cluff CAP 2017 Cryogenics

39 Dr. Daniel L. Cluff CanMIND Associates www.deepmining.caCryogenics based chilling, energy supply and services for deeper or hotter mines. Thank you to: Glencore for Financial Support and Engineering Excellence. UDMN for financial support. CEMI for business expertise and project management Dearman Engine Company for Cryogenics expertise and technoeconomic analysis. Highview Power Storage for LAES expertise and technical support. Camborne School of Mines for academic support Dr. Daniel L. Cluff CanMIND Associates